# Neonectria ditissima

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{{Short description|Species of fungus}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Nectria galligena rouge.jpg
| image_caption =
| genus = Neonectria
| species = ditissima
| authority = (Tul. & C. Tul.) Samuels & Rossman (2006)
| synonyms = 
{{hidden begin|title = teleomorph}}
{{Species list
  |Nectria ditissima|Tul. & C. Tul. (1865)
  |Cucurbitaria ditissima|(Tul. & C. Tul.) Kuntze (1898)
  |Nectria galligena|Bres. (1901)
  |Dialonectria galligena|(Bres.) Petch ex E.W. Mason & Grainger (1937)
  |Neonectria galligena|(Bres.) Rossman & Samuels (1999)
  }}
{{hidden end}}
{{hidden begin|title = anamorph}}
{{Species list
  |Fusarium heteronemum|Berk. & Broome (1865)
  |Ramularia heteronema|(Berk. & Broome) Wollenw. (1916)
  |Cylindrocarpon heteronema|(Berk. & Broome) Wollenw. (1916)
  |Fusarium mali|Allesch. (1892)
  |Fusarium sarcochroum f. mali|(Allesch.) Ferraris (1910)
  |Cylindrocarpon mali|(Allesch.) Wollenw. (1928)
  |Fusarium willkommii|Lindau (1909)
  |Cylindrocarpon willkommii|(Lindau) Wollenw. (1928)
  }}
{{hidden end}}
}}
thumb|''N. galligena'' canker on trunk

'''''Neonectria ditissima''''' (syn. '''''Neonectria galligena'''''<ref name="Castlebury">{{cite journal|author=Castlebury|display-authors=etal|year=2006|title=Phylogenetic relationships of ''Neonectria''/''Cylindrocarpon'' on Fagus in North America|journal=Can. J. Bot.|volume=84|issue=9|pages=1417–1433|doi=10.1139/b06-105|url=https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/12143/PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025443/https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/12143/PDF|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 16, 2018|format=pdf|url-access=subscription}}</ref>) is a fungal [plant pathogen](/source/plant_pathogen). It causes [canker](/source/canker)s that can kill branches of trees by choking them off.  [Apple](/source/Apple) and [beech](/source/beech) trees are two susceptible species.

==Host range==
''Neonectria ditissima'' host range encompass a variety of hardwood tree species such as, ''Fagus'', ''Populus'', ''Salix'', ''Betula'' and ''Acer'' species.<ref name=Castlebury/> These tree species population are present in both America and Europe. Phylogenetic studies have revealed genetic divergence among both populations, at specific loci (ß-tubulin, RPB2).<ref name=Castlebury/> However, due to high levels of within-population diversity of the American populations, it has been hypothesized that America is ''N. ditissima'' place of origin.<ref name=Gomez-Cortcero/>

==Disease management==
''Neonectria ditissima'' is a difficult pathogen to eradicate—but there are many ways to limit its spread and infection rate. Effective control requires a combination of cultural and chemical treatments.

===Cultural control===
Multiple cultural techniques can manage the spread of ''N. ditissima''. To minimize the number of wounds the pathogen can enter through, select trees that are well adapted to the local climate. In certain areas, trees must be able to resist damage due to environmental stresses such as cold temperatures. If cankers are present, it is important to prune out the damaged tissue in dry conditions. Dry conditions are unfavorable to the pathogen because it prohibits the development of fruiting structures and spore dispersal. It is essential to disinfect the equipment before and after [pruning](/source/pruning) to prevent the spread of the pathogen to uninfected trees.<ref name=Botanical/> Cankered prunings must be removed from the area and burned to eliminate the risk of continuing spore production. It is crucial to limit the use of high nitrogen, especially in manure, because it encourages and facilitates ''N. ditissima''.<ref name=Apple/>

===Chemical control===
Fungicides that control ''N. ditissima'' are limited. Infection by ''N. ditissima'' often occurs through wounds in the autumn and spring-summer period, therefore, it's best to apply fungicides at those times. Fungicides prevent or decrease sporulation of existing cankers, which in turn decreases inoculum available to spread the pathogen. Fungicides may also protect trees from ''N. ditissima'' through a fungitoxic deposit over favorable infection sites. A mixture of [carbendazim](/source/carbendazim) and a scab fungicide, such as dithianon, is the suggested treatment in areas with a severe canker problem. In areas with a reduced risk of canker, it is recommended that a scab fungicide be applied in the spring-summer and copper oxychloride applied at leaf-fall to avoid infection. Although scab fungicides are commonly used for managing [apple scab](/source/apple_scab), cankers are also controlled when applied at the correct time.<ref name=Cooke/> Thiophanate-methyl is another fungicide that is highly effective because it protects trees against the pathogen and suppresses sporulation of already infected plants. However, the application of thiophanate-methyl is limited due to its harm on organisms such as mites.<ref name=Apple/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Cooke>{{Cite journal |last1=Cooke|first1=L.R. |last2=Watters |first2=B.S. |last3=Brown |first3=A.E. |title=The Effect of Fungicide Sprays on the Incidence of Apple Canker (Nectria Galligena) in Bramley's Seedling |journal=Plant Pathology |volume=42 |year=1993 |issue=3 |pages=432–442 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3059.1993.tb01522.x }}</ref>

<ref name=Gomez-Cortcero>{{Cite journal |last1=Gomez-Cortecero|first1=A. |last2=Saville |first2=R. |last3=Scheper |first3=R. |title=Variation in Host and Pathogen in the Neonectria/Malus Interaction; toward an Understanding of the Genetic Basis of Resistance to European Canker |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=7 |year=2016 |page=1365 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3059.1993.tb01522.x |pmid=27695463 |pmc=5023678 }}</ref>

<ref name=Apple>{{cite web
 | title = Nectria - Additional Information
 | work = Apple Best Practice Guide
 | publisher = [Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board](/source/Agriculture_and_Horticulture_Development_Board)
 | url = http://apples.ahdb.org.uk/nectria-rot-additional.asp#link4
 | doi = 
 | accessdate = 2015-10-19
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160306171107/http://apples.ahdb.org.uk/nectria-rot-additional.asp#link4
 | archive-date = 2016-03-06
 | url-status = dead
 }}</ref>

<ref name=Botanical>{{cite web
 | title = Nectria Canker and Dieback
 | work = Missouri Botanical Garden
 | publisher = [Missouri Botanical Garden](/source/Missouri_Botanical_Garden)
 | url = http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-the-home-gardener/advice-tips-resources/pests-and-problems/diseases/cankers/nectria-canker-and-dieback.aspx
 | doi =
 | accessdate = 2015-10-16 }}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q10597558}}

Category:Fungal tree pathogens and diseases
Category:Apple tree diseases
Category:Nectriaceae
Category:Fungi described in 1865
Category:Taxa named by Edmond Tulasne
Category:Fungus species

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Neonectria ditissima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonectria_ditissima) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonectria_ditissima?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.