# Negro

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Historical term for Black people

This article is about the historical term. For the outdated race concept, see [Negroid](/source/Negroid). For other uses, see [Negro (disambiguation)](/source/Negro_(disambiguation)) and [Negress (disambiguation)](/source/Negress_(disambiguation)).

In the English language, the term ***negro*** is a term historically used to refer to people of [Black](/source/Black_people) [African](/source/Africa) heritage. The term *negro* means the color [black](/source/Black) in Spanish and Portuguese (from [Latin](/source/Latin_language) *niger*), where English took it from.[1] The term can be viewed as [offensive](/source/Offensive_language), inoffensive, or completely neutral, largely depending on the context, region or country where it is used, as well as the time period and context in which it is applied. It has various equivalents in other [languages of Europe](/source/Languages_of_Europe).

## In English

A European map of [West Africa](/source/West_Africa), 1736. Included is the archaic mapping designation of [Negroland](/source/Negroland).

Around 1442, the Portuguese first arrived in [Southern Africa](/source/Southern_Africa) while trying to find a sea route to India.[2][3] The term *negro*, literally meaning 'black', was used by the Spanish and Portuguese as a simple description to refer to the [Bantu peoples](/source/Bantu_peoples) that they encountered. *Negro* denotes 'black' in Spanish and Portuguese, derived from the [Latin](/source/Latin) word *[niger](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/niger#Latin)*, meaning 'black', which itself is probably from a [Proto-Indo-European root](/source/Proto-Indo-European_root) **nekw-*, "to be dark", akin to **nokw-*, 'night'.[4][5] *Negro* was also used for the peoples of West Africa in [old maps](/source/History_of_cartography) labelled [Negroland](/source/Negroland), an area stretching along the [Niger River](/source/Niger_River).

From the 18th century to the late 1960s, *negro* (later capitalized) was considered to be the proper [English-language](/source/English_language) term for people of black African origin. According to Oxford Dictionaries, use of the word "now seems out of date or even offensive in both British and US English".[1]

A specifically female form of the word, *negress* (sometimes capitalized), was occasionally used. However, like *[Jewess](/source/Jews)*, it has completely fallen out of use.

*[Negroid](/source/Negroid)* was used within [physical anthropology](/source/Physical_anthropology) to denote one of the three purported races of humankind, alongside [*Caucasoid*](/source/Caucasoid_race) and *[Mongoloid](/source/Mongoloid)*. The suffix "[-oid](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-oid)" means "similar to". *Negroid* as a noun was used to designate a wider or more generalized category than *Negro*; as an adjective, it qualified a noun as in, for example, "negroid features".[6]

### United States

This section needs more citations. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "racial labels" colored Negro Black United States – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

"If on no other issue than this one [the capitalization of the word *Negro*], [Du Bois](/source/W._E._B._Du_Bois) and [Washington](/source/Booker_T._Washington) were in total agreement; each of them consistently urged the adoption of upper-case treatment by mainstream publications. Du Bois's *[Suppression](/source/The_Suppression_of_the_African_Slave-trade_to_the_United_States_of_America)* and *[Philadelphia Negro](/source/The_Philadelphia_Negro)* monographs had been among the first to have the noun placed in capitals, and Washington's success in getting [Doubleday, Page and Company](/source/Doubleday%2C_Page_and_Company) to capitalize the word in *[Up From Slavery](/source/Up_From_Slavery)* represented a significant breakthrough."

— *[W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868–1919](/source/W._E._B._Du_Bois%3A_Biography_of_a_Race%2C_1868%E2%80%931919)* by [David Levering Lewis](/source/David_Levering_Lewis)[7]

*Negro* superseded *[colored](/source/Colored)* as the most polite word for [African Americans](/source/African_Americans) at a time when *black* was considered more offensive.[8][*[better source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources)*][*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability)*] In [17th-century colonial America](/source/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States), the term *Negro* had been also, according to one historian, used to describe [Native Americans](/source/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States).[9] [John Belton O'Neall](/source/John_Belton_O'Neall)'s [The Negro Law of South Carolina](/source/The_Negro_Law_of_South_Carolina) (1848) stipulated that "the term negro is confined to slave Africans, (the ancient [Berbers](/source/Berbers)) and their descendants. It does not embrace the free inhabitants of Africa, such as the Egyptians, [Moors](/source/Moors), or the negro Asiatics, such as the [Lascars](/source/Lascar)."[10] The [American Negro Academy](/source/Negro_Academy) was founded in 1897, to support [liberal arts](/source/Liberal_arts) education. [Marcus Garvey](/source/Marcus_Garvey) used the word in the names of [black nationalist](/source/Black_nationalism) and [pan-Africanist](/source/Pan-Africanism) organizations such as the [Universal Negro Improvement Association](/source/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League) (founded 1914), the *[Negro World](/source/Negro_World)* (1918), the [Negro Factories Corporation](/source/Negro_Factories_Corporation) (1919), and the [Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World](/source/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_the_Negro_Peoples_of_the_World) (1920). [W. E. B. Du Bois](/source/W._E._B._Du_Bois) and Dr. [Carter G. Woodson](/source/Carter_G._Woodson) used it in the titles of their non-fiction books, *[The Negro](/source/The_Negro)* (1915) and *[The Mis-Education of the Negro](/source/The_Mis-Education_of_the_Negro)* (1933) respectively. Du Bois also used in the titles of his books *[The Study of the Negro Problems](/source/The_Study_of_the_Negro_Problems)* (1898) and *[The Philadelphia Negro](/source/The_Philadelphia_Negro)* (1899). *Negro* was accepted as normal, both as [endonym and exonym](/source/Endonym_and_exonym), until the late 1960s, after the later [Civil Rights Movement](/source/Civil_Rights_Movement). One example is [Martin Luther King Jr.](/source/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.) self-identification as *Negro* in his famous "[I Have a Dream](/source/I_Have_a_Dream)" speech of 1963.

Prevalence of *negro* as a [demonym](/source/Demonym) has varied in American English. *[All-Negro Comics](/source/All-Negro_Comics)* was a 1947 comic anthology written by African-American writers and featuring black characters.

However, during the late 1950s and early 1960s, the word *Negro* began to be criticized as having been imposed by white people, and having connotations of racial subservience and [Uncle Tomism](/source/Uncle_Tomism). The term *Black*, in contrast, denoted pride, power, and a rejection of the past. It took root first in more militant groups such as the [Black Muslims](/source/Black_Muslims_(United_States)) and [Black Panthers](/source/Black_Panthers), and by 1967, [SNCC](/source/SNCC) leader [Stokely Carmichael](/source/Stokely_Carmichael) pushed for the abandonment of *Negro*. After the [Newark riots](/source/1967_Newark_riots) in the summer of 1967, one third to one half of young Black males polled in Newark self-identified as *Black*. The term coexisted for a while with *Negro*, with the newer term initially referring only to progressive or radical Blacks, while *Negro* was used more for the Black establishment.[11]: 499 [Malcolm X](/source/Malcolm_X) preferred *Black* to *Negro*, but also started using the term *Afro-American* after leaving the [Nation of Islam](/source/Nation_of_Islam).[12]

Since the late 1960s, various other terms have been more widespread in popular usage. These include *[Black](/source/Black_people)*, *[Black African](/source/Black_African)*, *[Afro-American](/source/Afro-American)* (in use from the late 1960s to 1990) and *[African American](/source/African_American)*.[13] The word *Negro* fell out of favor by the early 1970s and major media including [Associated Press](/source/Associated_Press) and *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)* stopped using it that decade.[14] However, many older African Americans initially found the term *black* more offensive than *Negro.*

The term *Negro* is still used in some historical contexts, such as the songs known as [Negro spirituals](/source/Negro_spirituals), the [Negro leagues](/source/Negro_leagues) of baseball in the early and mid-20th century, and organizations such as the [United Negro College Fund](/source/United_Negro_College_Fund).[15][16] The [academic journal](/source/Academic_journal) published by [Howard University](/source/Howard_University) since 1932 still bears the title *[Journal of Negro Education](/source/Journal_of_Negro_Education)*, but others have changed: e.g. the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (founded 1915) became the Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History in 1973, and is now the [Association for the Study of African American Life and History](/source/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History); its publication *The Journal of Negro History* became *[The Journal of African American History](/source/The_Journal_of_African_American_History)* in 2001. [Margo Jefferson](/source/Margo_Jefferson) titled her 2015 book *[Negroland: A Memoir](/source/Negroland%3A_A_Memoir)* to evoke growing up in the 1950s and 1960s in the [African-American upper class](/source/African-American_upper_class).

African-American linguist [John McWhorter](/source/John_McWhorter) has bemoaned attacks on the use of *Negro* in "utterances or written reproductions of the word when referring to older texts and titles". He cites reports that performances or publishing of certain works ([William L. Dawson](/source/William_L._Dawson_(composer))'s *[Negro Folk Symphony](/source/Negro_Folk_Symphony)*, and an anthology of [Norman Mailer](/source/Norman_Mailer)'s works) have been avoided, "out of wariness of the word 'Negro'” used in titles; and of "two cases" between 2020-2021 "of white college professors having complaints filed against them by students for using the word 'Negro' in class when quoting older texts."[17]

The [United States Census Bureau](/source/United_States_Census_Bureau) included *Negro* on the [2010 Census](/source/2010_United_States_Census), alongside *Black* and *African-American*, because some older black Americans still self-identify with the term.[18][19][20] The [U.S. census](/source/U.S._census) used the grouping "Black, African-American, or Negro". *Negro* was used in an effort to include older African Americans who more closely associate with the term.[21] In 2013, the census removed the term from its forms and questionnaires.[22] The term has also been censored by some newspaper archives.[23]

### Liberia

The [constitution of Liberia](/source/Constitution_of_Liberia) limits Liberian nationality to *Negro* people (see also [Liberian nationality law](/source/Liberian_nationality_law)).[24] [People of other racial origins](/source/Liberia#Ethnic_groups), even if they have lived for many years in [Liberia](/source/Liberia), are thus precluded from becoming citizens of the Republic.[25]

## In other languages

### Spanish language

In [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language), *negro* (feminine *negra*) is most commonly used for the color black, but it can also be used to describe people with dark-colored skin. In Spain, Mexico, and almost all of Latin America, *negro* (lower-cased, as [ethnonyms](/source/Ethnonym) are generally not capitalized in [Romance languages](/source/Romance_languages)) means just 'black colour' and does not refer by itself to any ethnic or race unless further context is provided. As in English, this Spanish word is often used figuratively and negatively, to mean 'irregular' or 'undesirable', as in *mercado negro* ('[black market](/source/Black_market)'). However, in most Spanish-speaking countries, *negro* and *negra* are commonly as a form of endearment, when used to refer to partners or close friends.[26]

### Spanish East Indies

"Negritos o Aetas" illustration in *Bosquejo Geográfico e Histórico-natural del Archipielago Filipino* ([Ramon Jordana i Morera](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramon_Jordana_i_Morera&action=edit&redlink=1) [[ca](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Jordana_i_Morera)], 1885)

In the [Philippines](/source/Philippines), which historically had almost no contact with the [Atlantic slave trade](/source/Atlantic_slave_trade), the Spanish-derived term *negro* (feminine *negra*) is still commonly used to refer to black people, as well as to people with dark-colored skin (both native and foreign). As in Spanish usage, it has no negative connotations when referring to black people. However, it can be mildly pejorative when referring to the skin color of other native Filipinos due to traditional beauty standards. The use of the term for the color black is restricted to Spanish phrases or nouns.[27][28]

*[Negrito](/source/Negrito)* (feminine *negrita*) is also a term used in the Philippines to refer to the various darker-skinned native ethnic groups that partially descended from early [Australo-Melanesian](/source/Australo-Melanesian) migrations. These groups include the [Aeta](/source/Aeta_people), [Ati](/source/Ati_people), [Mamanwa](/source/Mamanwa_people), and the [Batak](/source/Batak_people_(Philippines)), among others. Despite physical appearances, they all speak [Austronesian languages](/source/Austronesian_languages) and are genetically related to other [Austronesian](/source/Austronesian_people) Filipinos. The island of [Negros](/source/Negros) is named after them.[29] The term [Negrito](/source/Negrito) has entered scientific usage in the English language based on the original Spanish/Filipino usage to refer to similar populations in South and Southeast Asia.[30] However, the appropriateness of using the word to bundle people of similar physical appearances has been questioned as genetic evidence show they do not have close shared ancestry.[31][32]

### Other Romance languages

#### Italian

In [Italian](/source/Italian_language), *negro* was the archaic form of the adjective *nero*; as such, the previous form can still be found in literary texts or in surnames (cfr. the English-language surname *Black*), while the latter form is the only one currently used today. However, the word could also be used as a noun and at a certain point it was commonly used as term equivalent to English *negro*, but without its offensive connotation. However, under influence from English-speaking cultures, by the 1970s it had been replaced with *nero* and *di colore*. *Nero* was considered a better translation of the English word *black*, while *di colore* is a loan translation of the English word *colored*.[33]

The noun is considered offensive today,[34][35][36] but some attestations of the previous use can still be found.[37]

In [Italian law](/source/Italian_law), Act No. 654 of 13 October 1975 (known as the "[Reale](/source/Oronzo_Reale) Act"), as amended by Act No. 205 of 25 June 1993 (known as the "[Mancino](/source/Nicola_Mancino) Act") and Act No. 85 of 24 February 2006, criminalizes incitement to and racial discrimination itself, incitement to and racial violence itself, the promotion of ideas based on racial superiority or ethnic or racist hatred and the setting up or running of, participation in or support to any organisation, association, movement or group whose purpose is the instigation of racial discrimination or violence.[38][39] As the [Council of Europe](/source/Council_of_Europe) noted in its 2016 report, "the wording of the Reale Act does not include language as ground of discrimination, nor is [skin] color included as a ground of discrimination."[39] However, the [Supreme Court](/source/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)), in affirming a lower-court decision, declared that the use of the term *negro* by itself, if it has a clearly offensive intention, may be punishable by law,[40] and is considered an [aggravating factor](/source/Aggravating_factor) in a [criminal prosecution](/source/Criminal_prosecution).[41]

#### French

Street plate in [Medina of Tunis](/source/Medina_of_Tunis) showing, in Arabic and French, Negroes street

In the [French language](/source/French_language), the existential concept of *[negritude](/source/Negritude)* ('blackness') was developed by the Senegalese politician [Léopold Sédar Senghor](/source/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor). The word can still be used as a synonym of *sweetheart* in some traditional Louisiana [French creole](/source/French-based_creole_languages) songs.[42] The word *nègre* as a racial term fell out of favor around the same time as its English equivalent *negro*. Its usage in French today (*nègre littéraire*) has shifted completely, to refer to a [ghostwriter](/source/Ghostwriter) (*écrivain fantôme*), i.e. one who writes a book on behalf of its nominal author, usually a non-literary celebrity. However, [French Ministry of Culture](/source/Ministry_of_Culture_(France)) guidelines (as well as other official entities of [Francophone](/source/Francophone) regions[43]) recommend the usage of alternative terms.

#### Haitian Creole

In [Haitian Creole](/source/Haitian_Creole), the word *nèg* (derived from the French *nègre* referring to a dark-skinned man), can also be used for any man, regardless of skin color, roughly like the terms *guy* or *[dude](/source/Dude)* in [American English](/source/American_English).

#### Romanian

In the [Romanian language](/source/Romanian_language), *negru* can refer to either the color or a black person (as a neutral term).

### Germanic languages

The [Dutch](/source/Dutch_language) word *neger* was considered to be a neutral term, but since the start of the 21st century it is increasingly considered to be hurtful, condescending and/or discriminatory. The consensus among language advice services of the Flemish Government and Dutch Language Union is to use *zwarte persoon/man/vrouw* ('black person/man/woman') to denote race instead.[44][45][46][47]

In [German](/source/German_language), *Neger* was considered to be a neutral term for black people, but gradually fell out of fashion in the 1970s. *Neger* is now mostly thought to be derogatory or racist. In 2014, the [Österreichischer Presserat](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%96sterreichischer_Presserat&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterreichischer_Presserat)] (Austrian Press Council) claimed that the use of "*Negerkinder*" (negro children) in a magazine was discriminatory and offensive.[48] In [Bavaria](/source/Bavaria) and [Upper Austria](/source/Upper_Austria), a [mixed drink](/source/Mixed_drink) consisting of wheat beer and cola is traditionally called and sold as *Neger**,* though many restaurateurs have supported renaming it to "*Cola-Weißbier*" after growing criticism of the name.[49][50]

In Denmark, usage of *neger* is up for debate. Linguists and others argue that the word has a historical racist legacy that makes it unsuitable for use today. Mainly older people use the word *neger* with the notion that it is a neutral word paralleling *negro*. Relatively few young people use it, other than for provocative purposes in recognition that the word's acceptability has declined.[51]

In [Swedish](/source/Swedish_language) and [Norwegian](/source/Norwegian_language), *neger* used to be considered a neutral equivalent to *negro*. However, the term gradually fell out of favor between the late 1960s and 1990s. [*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

In [West Frisian](/source/West_Frisian_language), the word *neger* is largely considered to be a neutral term for black people with [African](/source/Demographics_of_Africa) roots.[52][53] The word *nikker* (evil water spirit) is considered to be offensive and derogatory, but not necessarily racist due to the term's historic definition.[53]

## Elsewhere

In the [Finnish language](/source/Finnish_language) the word *neekeri* (cognate with *negro*) was long considered a neutral equivalent for *negro*.[54] In 2002, *neekeri*'s usage notes in the *[Kielitoimiston sanakirja](/source/Kielitoimiston_sanakirja)* shifted from "perceived as derogatory by some" to "generally derogatory".[54] The name of a popular Finnish brand of [chocolate-coated marshmallow treats](/source/Chocolate-coated_marshmallow_treats) was changed by the manufacturers from *Neekerinsuukko* (lit. 'negro's kiss', like the German version) to *Brunbergin suukko* ('Brunberg's kiss') in 2001.[54] A study conducted among native Finns found that 90% of research subjects considered the terms **neekeri** and **ryssä** among the most derogatory epithets for ethnic minorities.[55]

In [Turkish](/source/Turkish_language), the appellation *[zenci](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zenci#Turkish)* can be translated as *negro*, although the two words do not fully correspond. The Turkish appellation was derived from the Arabic *[zanj](/source/Zanj)*, literally meaning "black". Although it has been argued by some in Turkey that *zenci* does not carry a pejorative connotation, the sociologist Ayşegül Kayagil pointed out a semantic relation between the word and "slave" due to its usage in the name of the [Zanj Rebellion](/source/Zanj_Rebellion), a major slave revolt in the 9th century. According to Kayagil, *zenci* is also often accompanied by derogatory adjectives such as "dirty" or "slave". Opinions on the word among [African Turkish](/source/Africans_in_Turkey) interviewees in Kayagil's research were complex, with respondents highlighting its common usage in Turkey in addition to its negative connection to the English word *negro*.[56]

In [Hungarian](/source/Hungarian_language) the word *néger* is still used (see [this Hungarian wikipedia article](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9gerek)) as a neutral term for black people besides *fekete* (meaning black in Hungarian).

In Russia, the term негр (*negr*) was commonly used in the [Soviet](/source/USSR) period without any negative connotation, and its use continues in this neutral sense. In modern Russian media, *negr* is used somewhat less frequently. Чёрный (*chyorny*, 'black') as an adjective is also used in a neutral sense, and conveys the same meaning as *negr*, as in чёрные американцы (*chyornye amerikantsy*, 'black Americans'). Other alternatives to *negr* are темнокожий (*temnokozhy*, 'dark-skinned'), чернокожий (*chernokozhy*, 'black-skinned'). The latter two words are used as both nouns and adjectives.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] See also [Afro-Russian](/source/Afro-Russian).

## See also

- [Free Negro](/source/Free_Negro)

- [Kaffir (racial term)](/source/Kaffir_(racial_term))

- [Nigger](/source/Nigger)

- [Blackfella](/source/Blackfella)

- [Nigga](/source/Nigga)

- [Magical Negro](/source/Magical_Negro), a trope in fiction

- The *[Book of Negroes](/source/Book_of_Negroes)*, a historical document

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Oxford_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Oxford_1-1) ["Negro: definition of Negro in Oxford dictionary (British & World English)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120809235841/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Negro). Oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from [the original](http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Negro) on 9 August 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2014. The word Negro was adopted from Spanish and Portuguese

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Thatcher, Oliver. ["Vasco da Gama: Round Africa to India, 1497–1498 CE"](https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1497degama.asp). *Modern History Sourcebook*. Milwaukee: University Research Extension Co. Retrieved 19 February 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Vasco da Gama's Voyage of 'Discovery' 1497"](http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/vasco-da-gamas-voyage-discovery-1497). *South African History Online*. Retrieved 19 February 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** [*The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language*](https://archive.org/details/americanheritage0000unse_a1o7/page/2039). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2000. p. [2039](https://archive.org/details/americanheritage0000unse_a1o7/page/2039). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-395-82517-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-82517-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Mann, Stuart E. (1984). *An Indo-European Comparative Dictionary*. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag. p. 858. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [3-87118-550-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87118-550-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Queen Charlotte of Britain"](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/royalfamily.html). pbs.org. Retrieved 19 May 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Lewis_Biography_7-0)** Lewis, David Levering (1993). *W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868–1919*. Henry Holt. p. 385. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8050-2621-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-2621-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Nguyen, Elizabeth. ["Origins of Black History Month", *Spartan Daily*, Campus News. San Jose State University. 24 February 2004. Accessed 12 April 2008.](http://www.thespartandaily.com/news/2004/02/24/CampusNews/Origins.Of.Black.History.Month.Discussed-1498219.shtml) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20111002025209/http://www.thespartandaily.com/news/2004/02/24/CampusNews/Origins.Of.Black.History.Month.Discussed-1498219.shtml) 2 October 2011 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-true_9-0)** ["6 Shocking Facts About Slavery, Natives and African Americans"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131009153721/https://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/10/09/5-little-known-facts-about-african-americans-natives-and-slavery-17th-century-151664). [Indian Country Today Media Network](/source/Indian_Country_Today_Media_Network). 9 October 2013. Archived from [the original](https://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/10/09/5-little-known-facts-about-african-americans-natives-and-slavery-17th-century-151664) on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Law_10-0)** O'Neall, John Belton. ["The Negro Law of South Carolina"](https://archive.org/stream/negrolawsouthca00goog#page/n8/mode/2up). *Internet Archive*. Printed by J.G. Bowman. Retrieved 1 June 2018. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [public domain](/source/Public_domain).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Smith-1992_11-0)** Smith, Tom W (1992), ["Changing Racial Labels: From 'Colored' to 'Negro' to 'Black' to 'African American'."](http://www.jstor.org/stable/2749204), *The Public Opinion Quarterly*, **56** (4), [OUP](/source/OUP), [AAPOR](/source/AAPOR): 496–514, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/269339](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F269339), [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [2749204](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2749204)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Liz Mazucci, "[Going Back to Our Own: Interpreting Malcolm X's Transition From 'Black Asiatic' to 'Afro-American'", *Souls* 7(1), 2005, pp. 66–83.](http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccbh/mxp/Souls.Going_Back_To_Our_Own.pdf)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Christopher H. Foreman, The African-American predicament, Brookings Institution Press, 1999, p. 99.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["When Did the Word Negro Become Socially Unacceptable? - 2010 - Question of the Month - Jim Crow Museum"](https://jimcrowmuseum.ferris.edu/question/2010/october.htm). *jimcrowmuseum.ferris.edu*. Retrieved 17 April 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["UNCF New Brand"](http://www.uncf.org). Uncf.org. Retrieved 19 May 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NYTimesUNCFName_16-0)** Quenqua, Douglas (17 January 2008). ["Revising a Name, but Not a Familiar Slogan"](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/17/business/media/17adco.html?ex=1358312400&en=9ea1e9b5b0107c07&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** McWhorter, John (7 January 2022). "I Can't Brook the Idea of Banning 'Negro'". *The New York Times*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** [U.S. Census Bureau interactive form, Question 9. Accessed 7 January 2010.](http://2010.census.gov/2010census/how/interactive-form.php) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100108084300/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/how/interactive-form.php) 8 January 2010 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** [CBS New York Local News. Accessed 7 January 2010.](http://wcbstv.com/national/negro.census.form.2.1409469.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100109115238/http://wcbstv.com/national/negro.census.form.2.1409469.html) 9 January 2010 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["Census Bureau defends 'negro' addition"](http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2010/01/06/Census-Bureau-defends-negro-addition/UPI-70241262798663/). *UPI*. 6 January 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Mcfadden, Katie; Mcshane, Larry (6 January 2010). ["Use of word Negro on 2010 census forms raises memories of Jim Crow"](http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2010/01/06/2010-01-06_census_negro_issue_use_of_word_on_forms_raises_hackles_memories_of_jim_crow.html). *Daily News*. New York.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Brown, Tanya Ballard (25 February 2013). ["No More 'Negro' For Census Bureau Forms And Surveys"](https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/02/25/172885551/no-more-negro-for-census-bureau-forms-and-surveys). *NPR*. Retrieved 26 June 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Healy, Paul (12 November 2015) [14 November 1956]. ["Segregation on buses ruled unconstitutional by Supreme Court in 1956"](https://www.nydailynews.com/2015/11/12/segregation-on-buses-ruled-unconstitutional-by-supreme-court-in-1956/). *New York Daily News*. Retrieved 4 November 2025. The case grew out of the boycott by [African-Americans] of segregated buses in Montgomery.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Tannenbaum, Jessie; Valcke, Anthony; McPherson, Andrew; Mueller, Leah; Conté, Simon (1 May 2009). "Analysis of the Aliens and Nationality Law of the Republic of Liberia". *SSRN Electronic Journal*. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2139/ssrn.1795122](https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1795122). [SSRN](/source/SSRN_(identifier)) [1795122](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1795122).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** American Bar Association (May 2009). ["ANALYSIS OF THE ALIENS AND NATIONALITY LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA"](http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/directories/roli/liberia/liberia_analysis_of_the_aliens_and_nationality_law.authcheckdam.pdf) (PDF). *ABA Rule of Law Initiative*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-DRAE_26-0)** "[negro](http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?LEMA=negro&TIPO_HTML=2&FORMATO=ampliado)" in the *[Diccionario de la Real Academia Española](/source/Diccionario_de_la_Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola)*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Rondilla, Joanne Laxamana (2012). [*Colonial Faces: Beauty and Skin Color Hierarchy in the Philippines and the U.S.*](https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9523k0nb) (PhD). University of California, Berkeley.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-mana_28-0)** Manalansan IV, Martin F. (2003). *Global Divas*. Duke University Press. p. 57. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780822385172](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822385172).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-del_Castillo_29-0)** del Castillo, Clem (22 October 2015). ["A closer look at our indigenous people"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210511015647/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/38381). *SunStar Philippines*. Archived from [the original](https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/38381) on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Snow, Philip. *The Star Raft: China's Encounter With Africa.* Cornell Univ. Press, 1989 ([ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0801495830](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801495830))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Catherine Hill; Pedro Soares; Maru Mormina; Vincent Macaulay; William Meehan; James Blackburn; Douglas Clarke; Joseph Maripa Raja; Patimah Ismail; David Bulbeck; Stephen Oppenheimer; Martin Richards (2006), ["Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080409132033/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/msl124v1.pdf) (PDF), *Molecular Biology and Evolution*, **23** (12), Oxford University Press: 2480–91, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/molbev/msl124](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsl124), [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [16982817](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16982817), archived from [the original](http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/msl124v1.pdf) (PDF) on 9 April 2008

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Chaubey_and_Endicott_32-0)** Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Endicott, Phillip (1 February 2013). ["The Andaman Islanders in a regional genetic context: reexamining the evidence for an early peopling of the archipelago from South Asia"](http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2055&context=humbiol). *Human Biology*. **85** (1–3): 153–172. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3378/027.085.0307](https://doi.org/10.3378%2F027.085.0307). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1534-6617](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1534-6617). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [24297224](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24297224). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [7774927](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7774927).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** [Accademia della Crusca, *Nero, negro e di colore*, 12 ottobre 2012 \[IT\]](http://www.accademiadellacrusca.it/it/lingua-italiana/consulenza-linguistica/domande-risposte/nero-negro-colore)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** ["'Negro'? Per noi è dispregiativo"](http://italians.corriere.it/2013/05/13/negro-per-noi-e-disprigiativo/) ("'Negro'? For us it is a derogatory term") by [Beppe Severgnini](/source/Beppe_Severgnini), *[Corriere Della Sera](/source/Corriere_Della_Sera)*, 13 May 2013 (in Italian)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** "...the most banned word in the [politically correct](/source/Politically_correct) dictionary..." : From ["La Kyenge sdogana la parola tabù - Da oggi si può dire 'negro'"](http://www.liberoquotidiano.it/news/italia/11623894/La-Kyenge-sdogana-la-parola-tabu.html) ("Kyenge clears the taboo word - From today we can say 'negro'") by Franco Bechis, *[Libero Quotidiano](/source/Libero_(newspaper))*, 28 May 2014 (in Italian)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** See also [Racism in Italy](/source/Racism_in_Italy)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** For example, famed [1960s](/source/1960s_in_music) [pop](/source/Pop_music) singer [Fausto Leali](/source/Fausto_Leali) was [nicknamed](/source/Nickname) *il negro bianco* ("the white negro") in Italian media on account of his naturally [hoarse](/source/Hoarse_voice) style of singing. Compare: "[Fausto Leali, il 'negro-bianco' compie 70 anni](http://brescia.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/14_ottobre_25/fausto-leali-negro-bianco-compie-70-anni-335c92aa-5c55-11e4-a063-152f34c0ded7.shtml?refresh_ce-cp)" ("Fausto Leali, the 'white negro', is 70 years old"), *Corriere Brescia*, 25 October 2014; "[Auguri a Fausto Leali, il 'Negro Bianco' compie 70 anni](http://www.ansa.it/sito/photogallery/spettacolo/2014/10/25/auguri-a-fausto-leali-il-negro-bianco-compie-70-anni_32e28c07-3006-4c0c-969e-d27912150f6b.html)" ("Felicitations to Fausto Leali, the 'White Negro' is 70 years old"), [ANSA](/source/Agenzia_Nazionale_Stampa_Associata), 25 October 2014"; [Fausto Leali, i 70 anni del Negro Bianco](http://www.bresciaoggi.it/home/spettacoli/fausto-leali-i-70-anni-del-negro-bianco-1.4085835) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180121071235/http://brescia.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/14_ottobre_25/fausto-leali-negro-bianco-compie-70-anni-335c92aa-5c55-11e4-a063-152f34c0ded7.shtml?refresh_ce-cp) 21 January 2018 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)" ("Fausto Leali, the 70 years of the White Negro"), *Brescia Oggi*, 25 October 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** [Criminal Code of Italy (excerpts)](http://www.legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/19322), *Legislation online*

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-euro_39-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-euro_39-1) "[ECRI Rerport on Italy](https://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/ecri/country-by-country/italy/ita-cbc-v-2016-019-eng.pdf)" by the European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance, [Council of Europe](/source/Council_of_Europe), 7 June 2016

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** ["Dare del 'negro' è reato : lo dice la Cassazione"](http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/cronache/dare-negro-reato-dice-cassazione-1057719.html) ("Calling out 'negro' is a crime : so says the [Supreme Court](/source/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_(Italy))") by Ivan Francese, *[Il Giornale](/source/Il_Giornale)*, 7 October 2014 (in Italian)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** ["Razzismo, la Cassazione: 'Insulti, sempre aggravante di discriminazione'"](https://www.quotidiano.net/cronaca/2013/07/15/920107-razzismo-insulti-discriminazione-sentenza-cassazione.shtml) ("Racism, the Supreme Court: 'Insults are always an aggravating factor'"), *[Quotidiano.net](/source/Quotidiano.net)*, 15 July 2013

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** [Radio Canada, 1971, "Le Son des Français d'Amérique #3 Les Créoles, interview with Revon Reed](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ac8ZyDxzW0U)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** E.g. "[prête-plume](http://www.granddictionnaire.com/ficheOqlf.aspx?Id_Fiche=8870782)", *Office Québécois de la Langue Française* (Quebec Office for the French Language), 2012 (in [French](/source/French_language))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** ["Het n-woord"](https://www.slavernijenjij.nl/de-erfenis-nu/het-n-woord/#item-kun-je-het-woord-nog-gebruiken-of-niet). *[Ninsee](/source/Ninsee)*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** ["Standard Dictionary of the Dutch Language: neger"](https://www.vandale.nl/gratis-woordenboek/nederlands/betekenis/neger). *Van Dale* (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 August 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** ["zwarte / neger / negerin"](https://www.taaltelefoon.be/zwarte-neger-negerin). *www.taaltelefoon.be* (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 August 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** ["neger"](https://vrttaal.net/taaladvies-taalkwestie/neger). *VRT Taal* (in Flemish). Retrieved 11 August 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** ["Presserat: Begriff "Negerkinder" verstößt gegen Ehrenkodex"](https://www.derstandard.at/story/1395365002544/presserat-begriff-negerkinder-verstoesst-gegen-ehrenkodex). *[Der Standard](/source/Der_Standard)* (in German). 11 April 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** [""Neger-Bier" aus dem Verkehr gezogen"](https://www.derstandard.at/story/630857/neger-bier-aus-dem-verkehr-gezogen). *[Der Standard](/source/Der_Standard)* (in German). 28 June 2001. Retrieved 4 December 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** Plötz, Martina (5 August 2009). [""Neger" soll in Bayern verboten werden"](https://web.archive.org/web/20231204133552/https://vorwaerts.de/artikel/neger-bayern-verboten). *[Vorwärts](/source/Vorw%C3%A4rts)* (in German). Archived from [the original](https://vorwaerts.de/artikel/neger-bayern-verboten) on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** Anne Ringgaard, Journalist. ["Hvorfor må man ikke sige neger?"](http://videnskab.dk/sporg-videnskaben/hvorfor-ma-man-ikke-sige-neger). *videnskab.dk*. Retrieved on 2 January 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** ["Neger"](https://taalweb.frl/wurdboekportaal/4d206fb7-8750-4751-9abf-193745beb4c4?previous_search%5Bfilter_options%5D%5B%5D=lemma&previous_search%5Bpage%5D=&previous_search%5Bq%5D=Neger). *Taalweb Frysk*. Retrieved 21 January 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_53-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_53-1) ["Nikker"](https://www.demoanne.nl/nikker/). *de Moanne*. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-rastast_54-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-rastast_54-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-rastast_54-2) Rastas, Anna (2007). [*Neutraalisti rasistinen? Erään sanan politiikkaa*](https://web.archive.org/web/20200219202058/https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/59337) (in Finnish). Tampere: Tampere University Press, 2007. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-951-44-6946-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-44-6946-6). Archived from [the original](http://acta.uta.fi/pdf/Rastas_A6.pdf) (PDF) on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-raittila_55-0)** Raittila, Pentti (2002). [*Etnisyys ja rasismi journalismissa*](https://web.archive.org/web/20120313012759/http://tampub.uta.fi/tup/951-44-5486-3.pdf) (PDF) (in Finnish). Tampere: Tampere University Press. pp. 25–26. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [951-44-5486-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-44-5486-3). Archived from [the original](http://tampub.uta.fi/tup/951-44-5486-3.pdf) (PDF) on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-56)** Kayagil, Ayşegül (8 May 2020). ["Vocabularies of (In)Visibilities: (Re)Making the Afro-Turk Identity"](https://www.ledijournals.com/ojs/index.php/antropologia/article/view/1624). *Antropologia*. **7** (1 N.S.): 45–66. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.14672/ada2020162445-66](https://doi.org/10.14672%2Fada2020162445-66). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2420-8469](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2420-8469).

## External links

Look up ***[negro](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/negro)*** in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Negro (archaic term)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Negro_(archaic_term)).

- ["Negro"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Negro). *[Collier's New Encyclopedia](/source/Collier's_Encyclopedia)*. 1921.

v t e Ethnic slurs by ethnicity Africans Abeed Black Diamond Boerehaat Choc ice Cushi Golliwog Hottentot Kaffir Wog Europeans General Ang mo Angry white male Bule Cracker Farang Gammon Guiri Guizi Gweilo Honky Mat Salleh Redleg Trixie Wasi'chu White monkey White nigger Whitey Wigger Wog Albanians Šiptar Turco-Albanian British Anglo-Saxons Limey Pom Scots Teuchter (Scottish Highlanders) Welsh Crachach (Welsh-speaking elite) Dic Siôn Dafydd (Anglophile Welsh) Sheep shagger Taffy Dutch Cheesehead Finns Chukhna French Cheese-eating surrender monkeys Gabacho Germans Hun Kraut Greeks Grecomans Irish Fenian (Republicans) Knacker (Irish Travellers) Pikey (Irish Travellers) Shoneen (Anglophile Irish) Taig (Irish Catholics) West Brit (Anglophile Irish) Italians Goombah Guido Polentone (Northern Italians) Terrone (South Italians) Wop Wog Poles Polack Russians Moskal Orc Tibla Serbs Shkije Serbomans Spaniards Gachupín Polaco (Catalans) Quinqui (Mercheros) Xarnego Ukrainians Khokhol Ukrop Others Bulgarophiles (Macedonians and Serbs) Hunky (eastern and central europeans) Yestonians (Russified Estonians) Asians East Asians General Banana (westernized East Asians) Gook Sangokujin (Korean and Taiwanese) Toku-A (Chinese and Korean) Twinkie (westernized East Asians) Chinese Ah Beng Chankoro Chinaman Ching chong Chink Chinky Coolie Jook-sing (overseas / westernized Chinese) Locust Shina Toku-A Zhing-zhong Japanese Jap Jjokbari Nip Xiao Riben Koreans Ban-jjokbari (Japan-affiliated Korean people) Gaoli bangzi Sangokujin (also Chinese) Toku-A Taiwanese Sangokujin Tai Ke (Benshengren) South Asians General American-Born Confused Desi (ABCD) Coconut (westernized South Asians) Coolie Wog Bengalis Bong Bongal Danchi babu Dkhar Kalar Malaun Mayang Indians Chinki (Northeast Indians) Coolie Keling (Maritime Southeast Asian-origin Indians) Pajeet Pakistanis Paki Southeast Asians Filipinos Vietnamese Eurasians Arabs Pallywood (Palestinians) Rafida (Shi'ites) Raghead Wog Jews Christ killer Jewish-American princess (JAP) Kafir Khazar (Ashkenazi Jews) Kike Marrano (Conversos / Crypto-Jews) Rootless cosmopolitan Wog Yekke (German Jews) Yid Zhyd / Zhydovka Żydokomuna Turks Kebab Mongol Kanake Romani, Dom, and Lom Didicoy Gypsies (sometimes used against other semi-nomadic groups) Nawar Zott Oceanians Anglo-Saxons (English Australians/New Zealanders) Blackfella (Indigenous Australians) Hori (Māori) Kanaka (Pacific Islander) Coconut (Pacific Islander) North and South Americans Indigenous Eskimo (Inuit / Yupik / Unangan), Indian/Injun (Native American / First Nations / American Indian) Redskin/Red Indian (Native American / First Nations) Squaw (Native American women) Blacks Alligator bait Black American princess Black Buck Cocolo Colored House Negro Jim Crow Macaca Mammy Mulatto Negro Nigger (Nigga) Pickaninny Rastus Queen / Queenie Sambo Schvartze Tar-Baby Uncle Tom Wog Whites Anglo-Saxons (Anglo-Americans) Angry white male Becky Buckra Conch (Bahamians of European descent) Coonass (Cajuns) Cracker Gringo Gweilo Haole Hillbilly / Hilljack Honky Karen Peckerwood Poor White Redleg Redneck Swamp Yankee Trailer trash Trixie Wasi'chu White monkey White nigger White trash Whitey Whitexican Wigger Others Beaner (Mexicans) Canuck (Canadians) Chirigüillo Cholo (Mestizos) Coonass (Cajuns) Greaser Gusano (Cubans) Half-breed Naco Newfie (Newfoundlander) Okie (Oklahomans) Pindos (Americans) Pocho (Mexican Americans) Roto (Chileans) Spic Ugly American (Americans) Veneco (Venezuelans) Wetback Yank / Yankee (Americans) Outsiders Ajam (non-Arabs) Barbarian Fresh off the boat / F.O.B. (immigrant) Gadjo (non-Romani) Gaijin (non-Japanese) Goy (non-Jew) Gringo (non-Latin Americans) Guizi (non-Chinese) Kafir (non-believer) (pl. Kuffar) Reffo / Balt (Non-Anglo immigrant to Australia) Savage (usually Indigenous, regarded as primitive/uncivilized) Shegetz (non-Jewish boy or man) (pl. Shkutzim) Shiksa (non-Jewish woman)

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Negro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.