# Nature documentary > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Nature_documentary > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Nature_documentary.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_documentary > Source revision: 1353388975 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Documentary genre Shooting of a wildlife film in [Namibia](/source/Namibia) A **nature documentary** or **wildlife documentary** is a [documentary film](/source/Documentary_film) or [series](/source/Television_documentary) about [animals](/source/Animal), [plants](/source/Plant), or other non-human living creatures. Nature documentaries usually concentrate on video taken in the subject's natural [habitat](/source/Habitat), but often including footage of trained and captive animals, too. Sometimes they are about [wildlife](/source/Wildlife) or [ecosystems](/source/Ecosystems) in relationship to human beings. Such programmes are most frequently made for [television](/source/Television), particularly for [public broadcasting](/source/Public_broadcasting) channels, but some are also made for the [cinema](/source/Movie_theater). The proliferation of this [genre](/source/Film_genre) occurred almost simultaneously alongside the production of similar television series which is distributed across the world. ## Cinema [Robert J. Flaherty](/source/Robert_J._Flaherty)'s 1922 film *[Nanook of the North](/source/Nanook_of_the_North)* is typically cited as the first feature-length documentary.[1] Decades later, [Walt Disney Productions](/source/Walt_Disney_Productions) pioneered the serial theatrical release of nature-documentaries with its production of the [True-Life Adventures](/source/True-Life_Adventures) series, a collection of fourteen full length and [short subject](/source/Short_subject) nature films from 1948 to 1960.[2] Prominent among those were *[The Living Desert](/source/The_Living_Desert)* (1953) and *[The Vanishing Prairie](/source/The_Vanishing_Prairie)* (1954), both written and directed by [James Algar](/source/James_Algar). The first full-length nature-documentary films pioneering colour [underwater cinematography](/source/Underwater_videography) were the Italian film *[Sesto Continente](/source/Sesto_Continente)* (*The Sixth Continent*) and the French film *[Le Monde du silence](/source/The_Silent_World)* (*The Silent World*). Directed by [Folco Quilici](/source/Folco_Quilici) *Sesto Continente* was shot in 1952 and first exhibited to Italian audiences in 1954.[3] *The Silent World*, shot in 1954 and 1955 by [Jacques Cousteau](/source/Jacques_Cousteau) and [Louis Malle](/source/Louis_Malle), was first released in 1956.[4] ## Television [David Attenborough](/source/David_Attenborough), longest and internationally renown nature documentary [presenter](/source/TV_presenter) and [producer](/source/TV_producer) (from *[Great Barrier Reef](/source/Great_Barrier_Reef_(2015_TV_series))*)[5] In 1954, the BBC started airing [Zoo Quest](/source/Zoo_Quest), featuring [David Attenborough](/source/David_Attenborough). Other early nature documentaries include *Fur and Feathers* shown on [CBC](/source/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation) from 1955 to 1956 and hosted by [Ian McTaggart-Cowan](/source/Ian_McTaggart-Cowan).,[6] and *Look*, a studio-based BBC magazine-program with filmed inserts, hosted by [Sir Peter Scott](/source/Peter_Scott) from 1955 to 1981. The first 50-minute weekly documentary series, *The World About Us*, began on BBC2 in 1967 with a color installment from the French filmmaker Haroun Tazieff, called "Volcano". Around 1982, the series changed its title to *[The Natural World](/source/Natural_World_(BBC_TV_series))*, which the [BBC Natural History Unit](/source/BBC_Natural_History_Unit) in [Bristol](/source/Bristol) continued to produce as of 2023[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nature_documentary&action=edit). In 1961, [Anglia Television](/source/Anglia_Television) produced the first of the award-winning *[Survival](/source/Survival_(TV_series))* series. Between 1974 and 1980, the Spanish nature documentary television series *[El Hombre y la Tierra](/source/El_Hombre_y_la_Tierra)* (The Man and the Earth), produced by [TVE](/source/Television_Espanola) and presented by naturalist [Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente](/source/F%C3%A9lix_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_la_Fuente) used 35 mm film, which posed significant logistic and technical challenges at the time. The show gained international recognition.[7] During the late 1970s and early 1980s, several other television companies round the world set up their own specialized natural-history departments, including the [Australian Broadcasting Corporation](/source/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation) in [Melbourne](/source/Melbourne), [Australia](/source/Australia) and [TVNZ](/source/Television_New_Zealand)'s unit in [Dunedin](/source/Dunedin), [New Zealand](/source/New_Zealand) — both still in existence, the latter having changed its name to "[NHNZ](/source/NHNZ)". [ITV](/source/ITV_Network)'s contribution to the genre, *Survival*, became a prolific series of single films. It was eventually axed when the network introduced a controversial new schedule which many commentators have criticized as "[dumbing down](/source/Dumbing_down)". Wildlife and natural history films have boomed in popularity and have become one of modern society's most important sources of information about the natural world.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Yet film and television critics and scholars have largely ignored them.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The BBC television series *Walking With*, narrated by [Kenneth Branagh](/source/Kenneth_Branagh), used computer-generated imagery (CGI) and [animatronics](/source/Animatronics) to film prehistoric life in a similar manner to other nature documentaries. The shows (*[Walking with Dinosaurs](/source/Walking_with_Dinosaurs)*, *[Walking with Beasts](/source/Walking_with_Beasts)*, and *[Walking with Monsters](/source/Walking_with_Monsters)*) had three spinoffs, two of which featured [Nigel Marven](/source/Nigel_Marven): *[Chased by Dinosaurs](/source/Chased_by_Dinosaurs)* and [*Sea Monsters: A Walking with Dinosaurs Trilogy*](/source/Sea_Monsters_(TV_series)). [Robert Winston](/source/Robert_Winston) presented *[Walking with Cavemen](/source/Walking_with_Cavemen)*. ## Content Most nature documentary films or television series focus on a particular [species](/source/Species), [ecosystem](/source/Ecosystem), or [scientific](/source/Science) idea (such as [evolution](/source/Evolution)). Although most take a scientific and [educational](/source/Education) approach, some [anthropomorphise](/source/Anthropomorphism) their subjects or present animals purely for the viewer's pleasure. In a few instances, they are presented in [ethnographic film](/source/Ethnographic_film)[8] formats and contain stories that involve humans and their relationships with the natural world, as in *[Nanook of the North](/source/Nanook_of_the_North)* (1922), *[The Story of the Weeping Camel](/source/The_Story_of_the_Weeping_Camel)* (2003), and *[Grass: A Nation's Battle for Life](/source/Grass%3A_A_Nation's_Battle_for_Life)* (1925). Although almost all have a human presenter, the role varies widely, ranging from explanatory [voice-overs](/source/Voice-over) to extensive interaction or even confrontation with animals. Most nature documentaries are made for television and are usually of 45 to 50 minutes duration,[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] but some are made as full-length cinematic presentations. Such films include: - *[Among the Great Apes with Michelle Yeoh](/source/Among_the_Great_Apes_with_Michelle_Yeoh)* (2009) - *[Animals Are Beautiful People](/source/Animals_Are_Beautiful_People)* (1974) - *[Chang: A Drama of the Wilderness](/source/Chang%3A_A_Drama_of_the_Wilderness)* (1927) - *[Coral Reef Adventure](/source/Coral_Reef_Adventure)* (2003) - *[The Cove](/source/The_Cove_(film))* (2009) - *[Encounters at the End of the World](/source/Encounters_at_the_End_of_the_World)* (2007) - *[Grizzly Man](/source/Grizzly_Man)* (2005) - *[The Last Paradises: On the Track of Rare Animals](/source/The_Last_Paradises%3A_On_the_Track_of_Rare_Animals)* (1967) - *[The Leopard Son](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Leopard_Son&action=edit&redlink=1)* (1996) - *[The Living Desert](/source/The_Living_Desert)* (1953) - *[March of the Penguins](/source/March_of_the_Penguins)* (2005) - *[Microcosmos](/source/Microcosmos_(film))* (1996) - *[Sharkwater](/source/Sharkwater)* (2006) - *[Serengeti Shall Not Die](/source/Serengeti_Shall_Not_Die)* (1959) - *[Serengeti Symphony](/source/Serengeti_Symphony)* (1998) - *[The Silent World](/source/The_Silent_World)* (1956) - *[The Story of the Weeping Camel](/source/The_Story_of_the_Weeping_Camel)* (2003) - *[Grass: A Nation's Battle for Life](/source/Grass_(1925_film))* (1925) - *[The Vanishing Prairie](/source/The_Vanishing_Prairie)* (1954) - *[The Wild Parrots of Telegraph Hill](/source/The_Wild_Parrots_of_Telegraph_Hill)* (2003) - *[White Wilderness](/source/White_Wilderness_(film))* (1958) - *[Winged Migration](/source/Winged_Migration)* (2001) In addition, the [BBC](/source/BBC)'s *[The Blue Planet](/source/The_Blue_Planet)* and *[Planet Earth](/source/Planet_Earth_(2006_TV_series))* series have both been adapted by [BBC Worldwide](/source/BBC_Worldwide) and Greenlight Media for theatrical release.[9] In some cases, nature documentaries are produced in the [short subject](/source/Short_subject) form and are subsequently screened in theaters or broadcast on television. Often they are about the relationship between humans and nature. Notable examples include: - *Agafia's Taiga Life* (2013) - *[Grand Canyon](/source/Grand_Canyon_(1958_film))* (1958) - *[In Beaver Valley](/source/In_Beaver_Valley)* (1950) - *The Land* (1942) 45-minute documentary made for the [U.S. Department of Agriculture](/source/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture) - *[The Plow That Broke the Plains](/source/The_Plow_That_Broke_the_Plains)* (1936) - *[The River](/source/The_River_(1938_film))* (1938) - *[Seal Island](/source/Seal_Island_(film))* (1948) Every two years the [Wildscreen](/source/Wildscreen) Trust, of Bristol in the [UK](/source/United_Kingdom) presents the [Panda Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panda_Awards&action=edit&redlink=1) for nature documentaries. ## Criticism The "naturalness" of nature documentaries has been disputed.[10][11][12] Some, particularly those involving animals, have included footage of staged events that appear "natural" while actually contrived by filmmakers or occurring in captivity.[13] In a famous example, [Walt Disney](/source/Walt_Disney)'s *[White Wilderness](/source/White_Wilderness_(film))* (1958), [lemmings](/source/Lemming) were herded to their deaths from a cliff by the filmmakers.[13][14] Examples also occur in modern nature documentaries, such as *[Hidden Kingdoms](/source/Hidden_Kingdoms)* (2014)[15] and *[Blue Planet II](/source/Blue_Planet_II)* (2017),[16] indicating that such practices are still routine.[17][18] Due to the difficulties of recording sounds on locations, it is common for nature documentary makers to record sounds in post-production using [Foley](/source/Foley_(filmmaking)) and to use [sound effect](/source/Sound_effect) libraries.[19][20] [Compositing](/source/Compositing) and [computer-generated imagery](/source/Computer-generated_imagery) are also sometimes used to construct shots.[21][22][23] Wild animals are often filmed over weeks or months, so the footage must be condensed to form a [narrative](/source/Narrative) that appears to take place over a short space of time.[24] Such narratives are also constructed to be as compelling as possible—rather than necessarily as a reflection of reality—and make frequent use of voice-overs, combined with emotional and intense music to maximise the audience's engagement with the content.[25] One common technique is to follow the "story" of one particular animal, encouraging the audience to form an emotional connection with the subject and to root for their survival when they encounter a [predator](/source/Predation).[11] In 1984, David Attenborough stated: There is precious little that is natural ... in any film. You distort speed if you want to show things like plants growing, or look in detail at the way an animal moves. You distort light levels. You distort distribution, in the sense that you see dozens of different species in a jungle within a few minutes, so that the places seem to be teeming with life. You distort size by using close-up lenses. And you distort sound. What the filmmaker is trying to do is to convey a particular experience. ... The viewer has to trust in the good faith of the filmmaker.[25] Nature documentaries have been criticized for leaving viewers with the impression that wild animals survived and thrived after encounters with predators, even when they sustain potentially life-threatening injuries.[26] They also cut away from particularly violent encounters,[11][27] or attempt to downplay the [suffering](/source/Wild_animal_suffering) endured by the individual animal, by appealing to concepts such as the "[balance of nature](/source/Balance_of_nature)" and "the good of the herd".[28] ## Notable filmmakers Among the many notable filmmakers, scientists, and presenters who have contributed to the medium include: - [James Algar](/source/James_Algar) - [Sir David Attenborough](/source/David_Attenborough) - [Harry Butler](/source/Harry_Butler) - [Gordon Buchanan](/source/Gordon_Buchanan) - [Richard Brock](/source/Richard_Brock) - [Jacques Cousteau](/source/Jacques_Cousteau) - [Jeff Corwin](/source/Jeff_Corwin) - [Gerald Durrell](/source/Gerald_Durrell) - [Alastair Fothergill](/source/Alastair_Fothergill) - [Robert Flaherty](/source/Robert_J._Flaherty) - [Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente](/source/F%C3%A9lix_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_la_Fuente) - [Bernhard Grzimek](/source/Bernhard_Grzimek) - [Tim Haines](/source/Tim_Haines) - [Judy Irving](/source/Judy_Irving) - [Steve Irwin](/source/Steve_Irwin) - [Hugo van Lawick](/source/Hugo_van_Lawick) - [Jasper James](/source/Jasper_James) - [Nigel Marven](/source/Nigel_Marven) - [Greg MacGillivray](/source/Greg_MacGillivray) - [Ian McTaggart-Cowan](/source/Ian_McTaggart-Cowan) - [Desmond Morris](/source/Desmond_Morris) - [Neil Nightingale](/source/Neil_Nightingale) - [Marlin Perkins](/source/Marlin_Perkins) - [Coyote Peterson](/source/Coyote_Peterson) - [Jacques Perrin](/source/Jacques_Perrin) - [Louie Psihoyos](/source/Louie_Psihoyos) - [Eugen Schuhmacher](/source/Eugen_Schuhmacher) - [Heinz Sielmann](/source/Heinz_Sielmann) - [Marty Stouffer](/source/Marty_Stouffer) - [Mark Strickson](/source/Mark_Strickson) - [David Suzuki](/source/David_Suzuki) - [Valmik Thapar](/source/Valmik_Thapar) ## Notable series ### Sir David Attenborough See also: [David Attenborough filmography](/source/David_Attenborough_filmography) Sir [David Attenborough](/source/David_Attenborough)'s contributions to conservation are widely regarded, and his television programs have been seen by millions of people throughout the world. Series narrated and/or presented by him include: - *[Zoo Quest](/source/Zoo_Quest)* (1954–1964) - *[Life on Earth](/source/Life_on_Earth_(TV_series))* (1979), 13 episodes - *[The Living Planet](/source/The_Living_Planet)* (1984), 12 episodes - *[The Trials of Life](/source/The_Trials_of_Life)* (1990), 12 episodes - *[Life in the Freezer](/source/Life_in_the_Freezer)* (1993), 6 episodes - *[The Private Life of Plants](/source/The_Private_Life_of_Plants)* (1995), 6 episodes - *[The Life of Birds](/source/The_Life_of_Birds)* (1998), 10 episodes - *[The Blue Planet](/source/The_Blue_Planet)* (2001), 8 episodes - *[The Life of Mammals](/source/The_Life_of_Mammals)* (2002), 10 episodes - *[Life in the Undergrowth](/source/Life_in_the_Undergrowth)* (2005), 5 episodes - *[Planet Earth](/source/Planet_Earth_(2006_TV_series))* (2006), 11 episodes - *[Life in Cold Blood](/source/Life_in_Cold_Blood)* (2008), 5 episodes - *[Life](/source/Life_(2009_TV_series))* (2009), 10 episodes - *[Nature's Great Events](/source/Nature's_Great_Events)* (2009) - *[Frozen Planet](/source/Frozen_Planet)* (2011), 7 episodes - *[Kingdom of Plants 3D](/source/Kingdom_of_Plants_3D)* (2012), 3 episodes - *[David Attenborough's Conquest of the Skies 3D](/source/David_Attenborough's_Conquest_of_the_Skies_3D)* (2015), 3 episodes + Extra - *[Planet Earth II](/source/Planet_Earth_II)* (2016), 6 episodes - *[Blue Planet II](/source/Blue_Planet_II)* (2017), 7 episodes - *[Our Planet](/source/Our_Planet)* (2019), 8 episodes - *[Seven Worlds, One Planet](/source/Seven_Worlds%2C_One_Planet)* (2019), 7 episodes - *[The Green Planet](/source/The_Green_Planet_(TV_series))* (2022), 5 episodes - *[Prehistoric Planet](/source/Prehistoric_Planet_(2022_TV_series))* (2022), 5 episodes - *[Planet Earth III](/source/Planet_Earth_III)* (2023), 8 episodes ### Steve Irwin [Steve Irwin](/source/Steve_Irwin)'s documentaries, based on wildlife conservation and environmentalism, aired on [Discovery Channel](/source/Discovery_Channel), and [Animal Planet](/source/Animal_Planet). The series comprises: - *[The Crocodile Hunter](/source/The_Crocodile_Hunter)* (1992–2004), 74 episodes - *[The Crocodile Hunter: Collision Course](/source/The_Crocodile_Hunter%3A_Collision_Course)* (2002)*, Movie* - *[The Crocodile Hunter's Croc Files](/source/Croc_Files)* (1999), 52 episodes - *[The Crocodile Hunter Diaries](/source/The_Crocodile_Hunter_Diaries)* (2001–2003), 30 episodes - *[Ocean's Deadliest](/source/Ocean's_Deadliest)* (2006) ### Other - *[Andes to Amazon](/source/Andes_to_Amazon)* (2000) - *[Animal Atlas](/source/Animal_Atlas)* (2004–) - *[Ark on the Move](/source/Ark_on_the_Move_(TV_series))* (1982) - *[Banded Brothers](/source/Banded_Brothers)* (2010) - *[The Bear Family & Me](/source/The_Bear_Family_%26_Me)* (2011) - *[Big Cat Week](/source/Big_Cat_Diary)* (2013) - *[British Isles – A Natural History](/source/British_Isles_%E2%80%93_A_Natural_History)* (2004) - *[Corwin's Quest](/source/Corwin's_Quest)*: [Animal Planet](/source/Animal_Planet) 2005. - *[Congo](/source/Congo_(BBC_TV_series))* (2001) - *[Cousins](/source/Cousins_(TV_series))* (2000) - *[Dark Days in Monkey City](/source/Dark_Days_in_Monkey_City)* (2009) - *[Earth: The Power of the Planet](/source/Earth%3A_The_Power_of_the_Planet)* (2007) - *[Earthflight](/source/Earthflight)* (2011) - *[Escape to Chimp Eden](/source/Escape_to_Chimp_Eden)* (2008) - *[Europe: A Natural History](/source/Europe%3A_A_Natural_History)* (2005) - *[Eyewitness (British TV series)](/source/Eyewitness_(British_TV_series))* (1994-1997) - *[The First Eden](/source/The_First_Eden)* (1987) - *[The Future Is Wild](/source/The_Future_Is_Wild)* (2002) - *[The Great Rift: Africa's Wild Heart](/source/The_Great_Rift%3A_Africa's_Wild_Heart)* (2010) - *[Ganges](/source/Ganges_(BBC_TV_series))* (2007) - *[Great Migrations](/source/Great_Migrations)* (2010) - *[Going Wild with Jeff Corwin](/source/Going_Wild_with_Jeff_Corwin)* ([Disney Channel](/source/Disney_Channel), 1997–1999) - *[El Hombre y la Tierra](/source/El_Hombre_y_la_Tierra)* (1974–1981) - *[How the Earth Was Made](/source/How_the_Earth_Was_Made)* (2009) - *[How the Universe Works](/source/How_the_Universe_Works)* (2010, 2012, 2014) - *[The Human Animal](/source/The_Human_Animal_(TV_series))* (1994) - *[Human Planet](/source/Human_Planet)* (2011) - *[In the Womb](/source/In_the_Womb)* (2005–2010) - *[Insectia](/source/Insectia)* (1999) - *[Inside Life](/source/Inside_Life)* (2009) - *[The Jeff Corwin Experience](/source/The_Jeff_Corwin_Experience)* (2001–2003) - *[Journeys to the Ends of the Earth](/source/Journeys_to_the_Ends_of_the_Earth)* (1998) - *[King of the Jungle](/source/King_of_the_Jungle_(TV_series))* ([Animal Planet](/source/Animal_Planet), 2003–2004)[29] - *[Land of the Tiger](/source/Land_of_the_Tiger)* (1997) - *[Last Chance to See](/source/Last_Chance_to_See)* (2009) - *[Lemur Street](/source/Lemur_Street)* (2007–2008) - *[The Living Edens](/source/The_Living_Edens)* (1997) - *[Madagascar](/source/Madagascar_(TV_series))* (2011) - *[Meerkat Manor](/source/Meerkat_Manor)* (2005) - *[The Most Extreme](/source/The_Most_Extreme)* (2002) - *[Nature](/source/Nature_(TV_series))* (1982–) - *[Natural World](/source/Natural_World_(TV_series))* (1983–2020) - *[The Nature of Things](/source/The_Nature_of_Things)* (1960–) - *[Ocean Mysteries with Jeff Corwin](/source/Ocean_Mysteries_with_Jeff_Corwin)* ([ABC](/source/American_Broadcasting_Company), 2011–14)[30] - *[Oceans](/source/Oceans_(TV_series))* (2008) - *[Orangutan Diary](/source/Orangutan_Diary)* (2009) - *[Orangutan Island](/source/Orangutan_Island)* (2007) - *[Penguin Island](/source/Penguin_Island_(TV_series))* (2010) - *[Planet Earth: The Future](/source/Planet_Earth%3A_The_Future)* (2006) - *[Really Wild Animals](/source/Really_Wild_Animals)* (1993–98) - *[The Really Wild Show](/source/The_Really_Wild_Show)* (1986–2006) - *[River Monsters](/source/River_Monsters)* (2009) - *[Saving Planet Earth](/source/Saving_Planet_Earth)* (2007) - *[Sea Rescue](/source/Sea_Rescue_(TV_show))* (2012–2018) - *[Secrets of the Whales](/source/Secrets_of_the_Whales)* (2021) - *[The Secret Life of Elephants](/source/The_Secret_Life_of_Elephants)* (2009) - *[South Pacific](/source/South_Pacific_(TV_series))* (2009) - *[State of the Planet](/source/State_of_the_Planet)* (2000) - *[The Stationary Ark](/source/The_Stationary_Ark_(TV_series))* (1975) - *[Supernatural: The Unseen Powers of Animals](/source/Supernatural%3A_The_Unseen_Powers_of_Animals)* (2008) - *[Survival](/source/Survival_(TV_series))* (1961) - *[Suzuki on Science](/source/Suzuki_on_Science)* (1971) - *[Weird Nature](/source/Weird_Nature)* (2001) - *[Wild Africa](/source/Wild_Africa)* (2001) - *[Wild Caribbean](/source/Wild_Caribbean)* (2007) - *[Wild Down Under](/source/Wild_Down_Under)* (2003) - *[Wild Kingdom](/source/Wild_Kingdom)* (1963–1988) - *[Yellowstone](/source/Yellowstone_(UK_TV_series))* (2009) ## See also - [List of documentary films](/source/List_of_documentary_films) - [List of insect documentaries](/source/List_of_insect_documentaries) ## Further reading - Bush, W. Stephen (1915) Wild Life in Films *The Moving Picture World* Vol 23 #10:1462-1463 - Gregg Mitman: *Reel Nature: America's Romance with Wildlife on Film* (Weyerhaeuser Environmental Classics), Paperback (Second Edition), Combined Academic Publishers, 2009, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-295-98886-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-98886-X) - [Chris Palmer](/source/Chris_Palmer_(film_producer)): *Shooting in the Wild: An Insider's Account of Making Movies in the Animal Kingdom*, Sierra Club Books, 2010, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1578051487](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1578051487) ## References 1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Rothman, William (January 1997). *Documentary Film Classics*. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781139172691](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139172691). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [True-Life Adventures](/source/True-Life_Adventures) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [*Sesto Continente* as mentioned at the IMDB website](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0046299/) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** In 1956 *The Silent World* was released in three different countries: France (May 26, 1956), Japan (August 15, 1956) and the United States (September 24, 1956). See the [release information page](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0049518/releaseinfo) at the IMDB website. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-p331_5-0)** ["Longest career as a TV presenter"](https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/66907-most-durable-tv-presenter). *Guinness World Records*. 2025-01-17. Retrieved 2026-04-28. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [Ian McTaggart-Cowan bio shines light on pioneering TV nature program host](http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/ian-mctaggart-cowan-bio-shines-light-on-pioneering-tv-nature-program-host-1.3271571) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente, el divulgador más mediático"](https://Historia.Nationalgeographic.com.es/a/Felix-Rodriguez-Fuente-divulgador-mas-mediatico_15162). 13 March 2020. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** [Ethnographic film](/source/Ethnographic_film) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** [BBC Press Office: *Planet Earth* set for movie release](https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/bbcworldwide/worldwidestories/pressreleases/2005/02_february/planet_earth_movie.shtml) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Malnick, Robert; Malnick, Edward (2011-12-18). ["BBC accused of routine 'fakery' in wildlife documentaries"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/bbc/8963053/BBC-accused-of-routine-fakery-in-wildlife-documentaries.html). *Daily Telegraph*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0307-1235](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235). Retrieved 2019-10-09. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Lopatto_2016_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Lopatto_2016_11-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Lopatto_2016_11-2) Lopatto, Elizabeth (2016-08-15). ["How natural are nature documentaries?"](https://www.theverge.com/2016/8/15/12471540/the-hunt-bbc-nature-documentary-realism-predators-truth-and-art). *The Verge*. Retrieved 2019-10-09. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Ivakhiv, Adrian J. (2013). ["Writing, Seeing, and Faking Nature"](https://www.wlupress.wlu.ca/Books/E/Ecologies-of-the-Moving-Image2). *Ecologies of the Moving Image: Cinema, Affect, Nature*. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781554589050](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781554589050). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-D'Amico_2013_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-D'Amico_2013_13-1) D'Amico, Lisa Nicole (2013-07-19). [*Ecopornography and the Commodification of Extinction: The Rhetoric of Natural History Filmmaking, 1895-Present*](https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/151234) (Thesis). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Mikkelson, David (27 February 1996). ["Did Disney Fake Lemming Deaths for the Nature Documentary 'White Wilderness'?"](https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/white-wilderness/). *Snopes.com*. Retrieved 2019-10-14. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Lawson, Mark (2014-01-08). ["BBC telling us it staged sequences makes Hidden Kingdoms hard to watch"](https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2014/jan/08/bbc-staged-nature-hidden-kingdoms). *The Guardian*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). 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["It's about time we recognised that nature documentary makers regularly deceive us – and we're partly to blame"](https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/bbc-david-attenborough-nature-documentaries-fake-a8291961.html). *The Independent*. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/bbc-david-attenborough-nature-documentaries-fake-a8291961.html) from the original on 2022-06-18. Retrieved 2019-10-09. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["Sounds Natural"](https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/sounds-natural/). *99% Invisible*. Retrieved 2019-10-09. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Collins, Karen (April 2017). "Calls of the wild? 'Fake' sound effects and cinematic realism in BBC David Attenborough nature documentaries". *The Soundtrack*. **10** (1): 59–77. 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["When does fakery in nature documentaries go too far and what about the scientists in them?"](https://polarresearch.net/index.php/polar/article/view/13527). *Polar Research*. **44**. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ["Filming Wildlife: Producers Discuss the Challenges"](https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/filming-wildlife-producers-discuss-challenges/11402/). *PBS*. 2007-12-11. Retrieved 2019-10-09. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Lopez_2017_25-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Lopez_2017_25-1) Lopez, German (2017-04-29). ["The tricks that nature documentaries use to keep you watching"](https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/29/15470180/nature-documentaries-tricks-fake-sound). *Vox*. Retrieved 2019-10-09. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Norcross, Desli (2019-02-28). ["Wildlife Documentaries: What Happens to the Limping Gazelle?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200804034955/https://www.natureethics.org/words/wildlife-documentaries). *Nature Ethics*. Archived from [the original](https://www.natureethics.org/words/wildlife-documentaries) on 2020-08-04. Retrieved 2019-10-09. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Rustin, Susanna (2011-10-21). ["David Attenborough: 'I'm an essential evil'"](https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2011/oct/21/david-attenborough-frozen-planet-climate-change). *The Guardian*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved 2020-04-19. People who accuse us of putting in too much violence, [should see] what we leave on the cutting-room floor. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Pearce, David. ["The Post-Darwinian Transition"](http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-m/pearce01.htm). *The Animal Rights Library*. Retrieved 2019-10-09. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** [Information on King of the Jungle series](http://www.tv.com/king-of-the-jungle/show/23074/summary.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080917131901/http://www.tv.com/king-of-the-jungle/show/23074/summary.html) 2008-09-17 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). Tv.com (2005-07-14). Retrieved on 2012-09-05. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** [Official show page for Ocean Mysteries](http://www.georgiaaquarium.org/ocean-mysteries/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140129053738/http://www.georgiaaquarium.org/ocean-mysteries/) 2014-01-29 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). Georgiaaquarium.org (2011-08-31). Retrieved on 2012-09-05. ## External links - [Light & Shadow Productions: German nature documentary company](http://www.lightandshadow.tv/index.php) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180902123326/http://lightandshadow.tv/index.php) 2018-09-02 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) - ["The Mysterious Bee" An award winning documentary about Honey Bees](http://www.midcoast.com.au/~psimon/) - [Trouble in Lemur Land](https://web.archive.org/web/20110903120448/http://vimeo.com/25109845) – a professional 50 minute HD film about illegal rosewood logging in Madagascar and the impact on the silky sifaka lemur - [List of Nature Documentaries](http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/category/nature-wildlife/) - [*Nature* at BBC](https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/) - [*Nature* at PBS](https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/) - [*TV/Radio Programmes at BBC*](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/) - *[Outdoors Country](https://youtube.com/watch?v=BwoleWw8q8c)*, ca. 1957, Archives of Ontario 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