# Natural class

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{{short description|Set of sounds in a language sharing certain distinctive features}}

In [phonology](/source/phonology), a '''natural class''' is a set of [phoneme](/source/phoneme)s in a [language](/source/language) that share certain [distinctive feature](/source/distinctive_feature)s.<ref>{{Cite book|title = English Phonology: An Introduction|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ALJKvQWP8FAC|publisher = Cambridge University Press|date = 1992-10-15|isbn = 9780521336031|language = en|first = Heinz J.|last = Giegerich}}</ref> A natural class is determined by participation in shared [phonological process](/source/phonological_process)es, described using the minimum number of features necessary for descriptive adequacy.

==Overview==
Classes are defined by distinctive features having reference to [articulatory](/source/Articulatory_phonetics) and [acoustic](/source/Acoustic_phonetics) phonetic properties,<ref>{{Cite book|title = Phonological Studies|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AE1djAYnwmQC|publisher = Walter de Gruyter|date = 2002-01-01|isbn = 9783110173628|language = en|first = Roman|last = Jakobson}}</ref> including [manners of articulation](/source/Manner_of_articulation), [places of articulation](/source/Place_of_articulation), [voicing](/source/Voice_(phonetics)), and [continuance](/source/Continuant). For example, the set containing the sounds {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}} is a natural class of [voiceless](/source/voicelessness) [stop](/source/stop_consonant)s in American Standard English. This class is one of several other classes, including the [voiced](/source/voiced) stops (/b/, /d/, and /g/), voiceless [fricatives](/source/Fricative_consonant) (/f/, /θ/, /s/, /ʃ/, and /h/), [sonorant](/source/sonorant)s, and [vowel](/source/vowel)s.

To give a further example, the system of Chomsky and Halle defines the class of voiceless stops by the specification of two binary features: [-[continuant](/source/continuant)] and [-[voice](/source/voice_(phonetics))].<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Sound Pattern of English|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cJB9QgAACAAJ|publisher = MIT Press|date = 1991-01-01|isbn = 9780262530972|language = en|first = Noam|last = Chomsky|first2 = Morris|last2 = Halle}}</ref> Any sound with both the feature [-continuant] (not able to be pronounced continuously) and the feature [-voice] (not pronounced with vibration of the vocal cords) is included in the class, thus specifying all and only the voiceless stops.

By implication, the class is also described as ''not'' having the features [+continuant] or [+voice]. This means that all sounds with either the feature [+continuant] (able to be lengthened in pronunciation) or [+voice] (pronounced with vibration of the vocal cords) are excluded from the class. This excludes all natural classes of sounds besides voiceless stops. For instance, it excludes voiceless fricatives, which have the feature [+continuant], voiced stops, which have the feature [+voice], and [liquid](/source/liquid_consonant)s and [vowel](/source/vowel)s, which have the features [+continuant] and [+voice].

Voiceless stops also have other, redundant, features, such as [+consonantal] and [-[lateral](/source/Lateral_consonant)]. These are not relevant to the description of the class and are unnecessary, since the features [-continuant] and [-voice] already include all voiceless stops and exclude all other sounds.

It is expected that members of a natural class will behave similarly in the same [phonetic environment](/source/Phonetic_Environment), and will have a similar effect on sounds that occur in their environment.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://glossary.sil.org/term/natural-class Glossary of linguistic terms: What is a natural class?]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Natural Class}}
Category:Phonology

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