# National Vanguard Party

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Political party in Mauritania

National Vanguard Party حزب الطليعة الوطني Parti Avant-Garde nationale Leader Mohamed Ould Abdellahi Ould Eyye Founded 1991 (1991) Ideology Ba'athism Saddamism International affiliation Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party Colors Black, Red, White and Green (Pan-Arab colors) Party flag Politics of Mauritania Political parties Elections

Part of a series on Ba'athism Organizations Arab Ba'ath Arab Ba'ath Movement Ba'ath Party Ba'ath Party (pro-Iraqi) Ba'ath Party (pro-Syrian) Variants Neo-Ba'athism Assadism Saddamism People Aflaq al-Arsuzi Assad (Bashar) Assad (Hafez) al-Bakr Bitar al-Douri Ghanim Hussein Jadid al-Rikabi Rimawi Literature On the Way of Resurrection (1943) The Battle for One Destiny (1958) The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue (1943) History Ba'athist Iraq Attempted assassination of Abdul-Karim Qasim Ramadan Revolution November 1963 coup d'état 17 July Revolution 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge Iran–Iraq War Gulf War Sanctions Iraq War De-Ba'athification Ba'athist Syria Syrian Committee to Help Iraq 1963 coup d'état 1966 coup d'état Syrian invasion of Jordan Corrective Revolution Intervention in Lebanon Syrian occupation of Lebanon Syrian civil war Fall of the Assad regime Regional organizations Algeria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Bahrain pro-Iraq pro-Syria Egypt pro-Iraq pro-Syria Iraq pro-Iraq pro-Syria Jordan pro-Iraq pro-Syria Kuwait pro-Iraq Lebanon pro-Iraq pro-Syria Libya pro-Iraq Mauritania pro-Iraq pro-Syria Palestine pro-Iraq pro-Syria Sudan pro-Iraq pro-Syria Syria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Tunisia pro-Iraq pro-Syria Yemen pro-Iraq pro-Syria Splinter groups Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party Socialist Lebanon Arab Revolutionary Workers Party Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party Sudanese Ba'ath Party Armed groups Arab Liberation Front Al-Awda Al-Abud Network Jeish Muhammad Rejectionists Snake Party Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation Naqshbandi Army General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries Free Iraqi Army Related topics Arab nationalism Arab socialism Assadist–Saddamist conflict Nasserism Pan-Arabism Waḥda, Ḥurriyya, Ishtirākiyya Politics portal Socialism portal v t e

The **National Vanguard Party** ([Arabic](/source/Arabic_language): حزب الطليعة الوطني, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Arabic): *Hizb Al-Taliyeh Al-Watani*, [French](/source/French_language): *Parti Avant-Garde nationale* or PAGN), is an illegal political party in Mauritania. It is the Mauritanian regional branch of the [Iraqi-led Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party](/source/Ba'ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)) (Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي, [transliterated](/source/Romanization_of_Arabic): *Hizb Al-Ba'ath Al-'Arabi Al-Ishtiraki*).

## History

### Original Ba'ath movement

The first pro-Iraqi Ba'athist activities in [Mauritania](/source/Mauritania) began in 1968, but nothing was organizationally established until 1972. The Mauritanian Ba'athists divide their history into two phases; founding (1976–1982) and deployment (1982–1990). There is little available information on the 1968–1970 period, and Ba'athist activity started in earnest in the early 1970s. The party's first clandestine congress was held in 1976. They opposed the rule of [Moktar Ould Daddah](/source/Moktar_Ould_Daddah) and used most of their early years in trying to infiltrate the ruling [Mauritanian People's Party](/source/Mauritanian_People's_Party) and state institutions. In the aftermath of the [1978 coup](/source/1978_Mauritanian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat), the Ba'ath branch took the conscious decision of trying to recruit [Haratin people](/source/Haratin). They started publishing *The Baʿth and the Haratine in Mauritania* to help them in their quest. In the period 1978–1984 the party intensified its effort of recruiting members within the Military establishment. The Ba'ath party was one of the most fervent supporters of the [Arabization](/source/Arabization) policies in [Mauritania](/source/Mauritania). Because of their efforts Mohammed Yehdih Ould Breideleil, the Ba'ath leader, was appointed Minister of Information for a short period in 1984. Under the rule of [Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla](/source/Mohamed_Khouna_Ould_Haidalla), the Ba'ath were harassed, and in between 1982 and 1983 55 Ba'athists were arrested by the Government. However, by 1986–1987 the Ba'athists had managed to infiltrate the officer corps and the enlisted ranks, making them a threat to [Ould Taya](/source/Maaouya_Ould_Sid'Ahmed_Taya) and his regime. [Ould Taya](/source/Maaouya_Ould_Sid'Ahmed_Taya), with [Saddam Hussein](/source/Saddam_Hussein)'s approval, expelled and banned Ba'athist personnel in the military in 1988. With Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the Ba'ath party lost its popular appeal, and the financial aid from the Iraqi embassy dried up. By 1990, there wasn't much left of the original Ba'ath movement.

### National Vanguard Party

The party was founded in 1991, during the [Gulf War](/source/Gulf_War), replacing the old Ba'ath movement which had disintegrated in 1990.[1] It remains the largest [Arab nationalist](/source/Arab_nationalism) political force in the country. The party has maintained good relations with the [Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party](/source/Arab_Socialist_Ba'ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region) even after [Saddam Hussein](/source/Saddam_Hussein)'s downfall following the [2003 invasion of Iraq](/source/2003_invasion_of_Iraq).[2] The party was able to field candidates for seats in parliament during the [1992 parliamentary elections](/source/1992_Mauritanian_parliamentary_election), and was the only party, with the exception of the [Republican Party for Democracy and Renewal](/source/Republican_Party_for_Democracy_and_Renewal) (PRDS), to field candidates for the Senate elections. However, the party secured only 1 percent of the vote nationwide, and did not secure a seat in neither parliament nor senate. Kabry Ould Taleb Jiddou, the party's leader, was rewarded the office of Secretary of State by the newly elected Government because of his electoral campaign.[3]

The branch supports full [Arabization](/source/Arabization) of the [country](/source/Mauritania), a view considered [racist](/source/Racism) by critics. [President](/source/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mauritania) [Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla](/source/Mohamed_Khouna_Ould_Haidalla) introduced an anti-Ba'athist policy when in power (1980–1984). This policy was continued under his successor [President](/source/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mauritania) [Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya](/source/Maaouya_Ould_Sid'Ahmed_Taya). Despite this, the Mauritanian Government supported [Iraq](/source/Iraq) during the [Gulf War](/source/Gulf_War). In 2003, several members of the party were jailed on suspicion of trying to overthrow the Government.[2] The party was banned in 1999, following the restoration of bilateral relations with Israel.[4][5] It was accused of developing plans in collaborations with the Iraqi government to foment a Coup within the country.[6]

Mohamed Ould Abdellahi Ould Eyye, the party's leader, was arrested in 2003 following an anti-Government protest which demanded the Government to break its relations with Israel and the United States, and help [Ba'athist Iraq](/source/Ba'athist_Iraq). Ould Eyye, along with 13 other Ba'athists, was arrested by Government forces, and the party's headquarters were raided in May.[7] Another pro-Iraqi Ba'ath party did take its place, the **Party for Work and National Unity** ([French](/source/French_language): *Parti pour le Travail et l'Unité Nationale*, abbreviated PTUN). However, while PTUN is close to the Iraqi Ba'ath branch, the group is small and largely inactive.[8]

## See also

- [Sawab](/source/Sawab_(Mauritania))

- [Socialist Democratic Unionist Party](/source/Socialist_Democratic_Unionist_Party)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Lane, Jan-Erik; Redissi, Hamadi; Ṣaydāwī, Riyāḍ (2009). *Religion and Politics: Islam and Muslim Civilization*. [Ashgate Publishing](/source/Ashgate_Publishing). p. [217](https://books.google.com/books?id=UouRFVxywIQC&pg=PA217). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7546-7393-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7393-4).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ME_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ME_2-1) Seddon, David (2004). *A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East*. [Taylor & Francis](/source/Taylor_%26_Francis). p. [87](https://books.google.com/books?id=qmYMy1Ls8ucC&pg=PA87). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [020340291X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/020340291X).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Banks, Arthur S.; Muller, Thomas; Overstreet, William (2008). *Political Handbook of the World 2008*. [CQ Press](/source/CQ_Press). p. [848](https://books.google.com/books?id=vXU_CplFBLYC&q=%22baathist%22+Pag). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-87289-528-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87289-528-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** East, Roger; Thomas, Richard (1999). *Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders*. [Routledge](/source/Routledge). p. [345](https://books.google.com/books?id=Mz–fXRsedPMC&pg=PA345). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-85743-126-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85743-126-X).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** [Europa Publications](/source/Routledge) (2003). *Africa South of the Sahara 2003*. Routledge. p. 661.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Banks, Arhur S.; Muller, Thomas; Overstreet, William (2008). *Political Handbook of the World 2008*. [CQ Press](/source/CQ_Press). p. [848](https://books.google.com/books?id=vXU_CplFBLYC&q=%22national+vanguard+party%22). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-87289-528-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87289-528-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** [Europa Publications](/source/Routledge) (2003). *Africa South of the Sahara 2004*. [Routledge](/source/Routledge). p. [702](https://books.google.com/books?id=jj4J-AXGDaQC&pg=PA702). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-85743-183-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85743-183-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["Summary Of Political Parties And Coalitions In Mauritania, May 2006"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120516225354/http://cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=06NOUAKCHOTT568). [Cablegate](/source/Cablegate). 15 May 2006. Archived from [the original](http://www.cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=06NOUAKCHOTT568&q=baath) on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013.

v t e Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Iraqi-dominated faction Syrian-dominated faction History Predecessors Arab Ba'ath Arab Ba'ath Movement Arab Socialist Movement Syrian Committee to Help Iraq Founders Michel Aflaq Salah al-Din al-Bitar Pre-split 1954 Syrian coup d'état 14 July Revolution 1959 Mosul uprising Attempted assassination of Abdul-Karim Qasim 1961 Syrian coup d'état Ramadan Revolution 1963 Syrian coup d'état Ba'athist Syria Politics National Council for the Revolutionary Command Ar-Rashid revolt November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 1964 Hama riot 1966 Syrian coup d'état Post-split 17 July Revolution Ba'athist Iraq Revolutionary Command Council Members Arab Belt Corrective Revolution Corrective Movement Union of Arab Republics Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge Assadist–Saddamist conflict 1984 Syrian coup attempt 8th Regional Congress of the Syrian Ba'ath Party Faith Campaign Iraqi conflict De-Ba'athification in Iraq Ba'ath Party archives Syrian civil war Fall of the Assad regime Leadership General Secretaries Pre-split Michel Aflaq Munif Razzaz Iraqi-dominated faction Michel Aflaq Saddam Hussein Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri Salah Al-Mukhtar* Syrian-dominated faction Nureddin al-Atassi Hafez al-Assad Abdullah al-Ahmar (de facto) Bashar al-Assad Regional Secretaries Iraq Fuad al-Rikabi Talib El-Shibib Ali Salih al-Sa'di Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Saddam Hussein Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed* Jordan Abdullah Rimawi Munif Razzaz Akram al-Homsi* Lebanon Assem Qanso Abd al-Majid al-Rafei Palestine Isam al-Qadi Rakad Salem* Syria Hammud al-Shufi Shibli al-Aysami Amin al-Hafiz Nureddin al-Atassi Hafez al-Assad Bashar al-Assad Members of the National Command Hadiya Khalaf Abbas Michel Aflaq Abdullah al-Ahmar Zaki al-Arsuzi Bashar al-Assad Hafez al-Assad Nureddin al-Atassi Mansur al-Atrash Shibli al-Aysami Ali Abdullah Ayyoub Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Salah al-Din al-Bitar Elias Farah Hakem Al-Fayez Wahib al-Ghanim Amin al-Hafiz Akram al-Hourani Salah Jadid Zuheir Mohsen Munif Razzaz Fuad al-Rikabi Abdullah Rimawi Ali Salih al-Sa'di Talib El-Shibib Khaled Yashruti Members of the Regional Commands Iraq Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur Ghanim Abdul-Jalil Saad Abdul-Majid Jamal Mustafa Abdullah Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed Salah Omar al-Ali Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash Salih Mahdi Ammash Hussein Al-Awadi Tariq Aziz Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri Saadoun Ghaidan Fadil Mahmud Gharib Mizban Khadr al-Hadi Sa'dun Hammadi Qusay Hussein Saddam Hussein Latif Nassif Jassim Rashid Taan Kazim Adnan Khayr Allah Ali Hassan al-Majid Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi Samir Abdul Aziz al-Najim Aziz Saleh Al-Numan Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi Taha Yassin Ramadan Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi Rashid al-Rifai Fuad al-Rikabi Ali Salih al-Sa'di Abd Al-Baqi Abd Karim Al-Sadun Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun Abdul Khaliq al-Samarra'i Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i Talib El-Shibib Nayef Shindakh Thamer Khamis Sirhan Hardan al-Tikriti Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi Tahir Yahya Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi Ibrahim Hesqel Lebanon Musa Shuaib Syria Hadiya Khalaf Abbas Abdullah al-Ahmar Hussein Arnous Bashar al-Assad Hafez al-Assad Maher al-Assad Rifaat al-Assad Nureddin al-Atassi Shibli al-Aysami Ali Abdullah Ayyoub Mahmoud al-Ayyubi Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan Muhsen Bilal Mahdi Dakhlallah Ahmad Diyab Ali Duba Fahd Jassem al-Freij Marwan Habash Ibrahim al-Hadid Amin al-Hafiz Muhammad Ali al-Halabi Wael Nader al-Halqi Adnan Badr Hassan Salim Hatum Hilal Hilal Mohammad al-Hussein Hisham Ikhtiyar Salah Jadid Abdul-Karim al-Jundi Sami al-Jundi Abdul Rauf al-Kasm Abdul Halim Khaddam Imad Khamis Ahmad al-Khatib Abdul Rahman Khleifawi Mohammad Jihad al-Laham Ibrahim Makhous Zuhair Masharqa Muhammad Mustafa Mero Muhammad Naji al-Otari Abdul Qadir Qaddura Hammouda Sabbagh Farouk al-Sharaa Hikmat al-Shihabi Hammud al-Shufi Mustafa Tlass Hasan Turkmani Muhammad Umran Salim Yasin Mahmoud Al-Zoubi Yusuf Zuayyin Yemen Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab Heads of state Iraq Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Saddam Hussein Syria Amin al-Hafiz Nureddin al-Atassi Ahmad al-Khatib Hafez al-Assad Presidency Abdul Halim Khaddam (interim) Bashar al-Assad Presidency Heads of government Iraq Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Saddam Hussein Sa'dun Hammadi Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai Syria Salah al-Din al-Bitar Amin al-Hafiz Yusuf Zuayyin Nureddin al-Atassi Hafez al-Assad Abdul Rahman Khleifawi Mahmoud al-Ayyubi Muhammad Ali al-Halabi Abdul Rauf al-Kasm Mahmoud Al-Zoubi Muhammad Mustafa Mero Muhammad Naji al-Otari Adel Safar Riyad Farid Hijab Wael Nader al-Halqi Imad Khamis Hussein Arnous Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali * = incumbent Organization Regional branches Iraqi-dominated faction Algeria Bahrain Egypt Iraq Regional Command Jordan Lebanon Libya Mauritania Palestine Sudan Tunisia Yemen Syrian-dominated faction Jordan Lebanon Mauritania Palestine Yemen Sudan Syria Central Command History National Security Bureau Yemen Committees Control and Inspection Committee Military Committee Newspapers Al-Ba'ath Sawt al-Jamahir Al-Thawra Al-Souria Popular fronts National Progressive Front (Iraq) National Progressive Front (Syria) Wings Paramilitary Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order Ba'ath Brigades Fedayeen Saddam General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries Jaysh Muhammad al-Fatih National Defense Battalions National Defence Forces Popular Army Popular Resistance of the Eastern Region Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation Syrian Popular Resistance Others General Federation of Trade Unions General Union of Peasants National Union of Syrian Students Revolutionary Youth Union Associated organizations Armed groups Al-Abud Network Free Iraqi Army Rejectionists Snake Party Breakaway groups Arab Revolutionary Workers Party Arab Socialist Movement Damascus branch Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party Arabic Toilers' Movement Al-Awda Arab Democratic Socialist Ba'ath Party Palestinian Arab Front Socialist Lebanon Sudanese Ba'ath Party Political alliances Current Alliance of Palestinian Forces Forces of Freedom and Change March 8 Alliance National Consensus Forces National Democratic Alliance Palestine Liberation Organization Palestinian National and Islamic Forces Former Ahd Bloc Front of Patriotic and National Parties Lebanese National Movement Lebanese National Resistance Front National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria National Union Front Palestinian National Alliance Palestinian National Salvation Front Rejectionist Front Political parties Arab Socialist Union Party Arab Democratic Union Party Democratic Socialist Unionist Party Kurdistan Revolutionary Party Libyan National Movement National Covenant Party Popular Unity Party Sawab Social Democratic Unionists Socialist Unionist Party Syrian Communist Party Bakdash Unified Syrian Social Nationalist Party Intifada Wing in Lebanon Miscellaneous Ideology Anti-imperialism Anti-Zionism Arab nationalism Arab socialism Assadism Ba'athism Left-wing populism Neo-Ba'athism Pan-Arabism Progressivism Republicanism Revolutionary socialism Romantic nationalism Saddamism Secularism Socialism Ta'addudiyya Vanguardism Literature The Battle for One Destiny On the Way of Resurrection Symbolism Arḍulfurātayni Pan-Arab colors Waḥda, Ḥurriyya, Ishtirākiyya

v t e Political parties in Mauritania Represented in the National Assembly (176 seats) Government Equity Party (107) UDP (10) Supporting AND (6) El Islah (6) El Karama (5) Nida El Watan (5) HATEM (3) HIWAR (3) El Vadila (2) Opposition Tewassoul (11) Hope Mauritania (7) DAP (RAG 4, Sawab 1) AJD/MR (4) State of Justice (1) Represented in regional councils UFP APP RFD El Ravah CAP PUD Parties dissolved after the 2023 Mauritanian parliamentary election PMM (1) PRDR PSJN Ribat PCP Portal:Politics List of political parties Politics of Mauritania

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [National Vanguard Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Vanguard_Party) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Vanguard_Party?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.