# Nasoendoscopy

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{{Short description|Endoscopic examination}}
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|purpose         = exam of the nose 
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In speech pathology and medicine, '''nasoendoscopy''' is the [endoscopic](/source/endoscopy) examination of the [velopharynx](/source/velopharynx), or  the [nose](/source/nose), often with a [CCD camera](/source/CCD_camera) or a [fiber optic](/source/fiber_optic) camera on a flexible tube passed through the [nostril](/source/nostril). It can provide information to evaluate speech and velopharyngeal function or dysfunction, as in diseases such as [sinonasal carcinomas](/source/nasopharynx_cancer).<ref>Pegoraro-Krook M. I., Dutka-Souza J. C., Marino V. C. (2008.) "Nasoendoscopy of velopharynx before and during diagnostic therapy", ''J App Oral Sci'', 16(3):181-8.</ref><ref>Seikel J. A., King D. W., Drumright D. G. (2010.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=LFBOhaD1JHwC&dq=nasoendoscopy&pg=PA290 ''Anatomy & Physiology for Speech, Language, and Hearing''], Cengage Learning, p. 290.</ref>

==Procedure==

===Indications===
After removal of nasal packing following [epistaxis](/source/epistaxis), routine nasoendoscopy is not necessarily indicated.<ref>Makarawo T. P., Howe D., Chan S. K. (2011.) "Is routine nasoendoscopy warranted in epistaxis patients after removal of nasal packing?", ''Allergy Rhinol'', 2(1):12-5.</ref> However, widely accepted indications for nasoendoscopy include:<ref>[http://www.whitememorial.com/medical-services/nasoendoscopy-procedure Nasoendoscopy Procedure - White Memorial Medical Center]</ref>
*abnormal speech characteristics: hypernasal resonance, excessive nasal airflow including nasal air escape and nasal turbulence (also called nasal rustle), and absence of or weak intra-oral air pressure for oral pressure consonants;
*limited progress with speech therapy to establish oral pressure sounds;
*difficulty maintaining intra-oral air pressure and velopharyngeal closure during speech;
*patient has known or suspected abnormality of palate or velopharynx; and,
*patient is being considered for pharyngoplasty, maxillary advancement or speech prosthesis.

===Contraindications, complications, and safety===
No absolute contraindications exist for nasoendoscopy; and, while the procedure is relatively safe, the exact risk of the procedure depends on the skill and experience of the endoscope operator.<ref>Tabaee A., Hsu A. K., Kacker A. (2011.) "Indications, technique, safety, and accuracy of office-based nasal endoscopy with biopsy for sinonasal neoplasm", ''Int Forum Allergy Rhinol'', 1(3):225-8.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/diagnostic-tests/nasendoscopy Nasendoscopy] - Macmillan Cancer Support

{{Procedures on the mouth and pharynx}}

Category:Endoscopy
Category:Medical diagnosis
Category:Nose
Category:Speech–language pathology

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Nasoendoscopy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasoendoscopy) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasoendoscopy?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.