# Nanotomography

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{{primary sources|date=September 2008}}
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: framed|SkyScan-2011 NanoTomograph -->
'''Nanotomography''', much like its related modalities [tomography](/source/tomography) and [microtomography](/source/microtomography), uses [x-ray](/source/x-ray)s to create cross-sections from a 3D-object that later can be used to recreate a virtual model without destroying the original model, applying [Nondestructive testing](/source/Nondestructive_testing). The term nano is used to indicate that the pixel sizes of the cross-sections are in the nanometer range

Nano-CT beamlines have been built at 3rd generation [synchrotron radiation](/source/synchrotron_radiation) facilities, including the [Advanced Photon Source](/source/Advanced_Photon_Source) of [Argonne National Laboratory](/source/Argonne_National_Laboratory),<ref>De Andrade, V, Deriy, A, Wojcik, MJ, Gürsoy, D, Shu, D, Fezzaa, K, and De Carlo, F. (2016) "Nanoscale 3D imaging at the Advanced Photon Source", SPIE Newsroom [https://doi.org/10.1117/2.1201604.006461 DOI:10.1117/2.1201604.006461].</ref> SPring-8,<ref>Takeuchi, A, Uesugi, K, Takano, H, and Suzuki, Y (2002) "Submicrometer-resolution three-dimensional imaging with hard x-ray imaging microtomography", Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73, 4246 [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1515385 DOI:10.1063/1.1515385].</ref> and ESRF<ref>Schroer, C G, Meyer, J, Kuhlmann, M, Benner, B, Günzler, T F, Lengeler, B, Rau, C, Weitkamp, T, Snigirev, A and Snigireva, I. (2002) "Nanotomography based on hard x-ray microscopy with refractive lenses", Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1527, [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1501451 DOI:10.1063/1.1501451].</ref> from early 2000s. They have been applied to wide variety of three-dimensional visualization studies, such as those of comet samples returned by the Startdust mission,<ref>Flynn, G J et al. (2006) "Elemental compositions of Comet 81P/Wild 2 samples collected by Stardust", Science 314, 1731-1735 [https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1136141 DOI:10.1126/science.1136141].</ref> mechanical degradation in lithium-ion batteries,<ref>Müller, S, Pietsch, P, Brandt, B, Baade, P, De Andrade, V, De Carlo, F, and Wood, V. (2018) "Quantification and modeling of mechanical degradation in lithium-ion batteries based on nanoscale imaging", Nat. Commun. 9, 2340 [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04477-1 DOI:10.1038/s41467-018-04477-1].</ref> and neuron deformation in schizophrenic brains.<ref>Mizutani, R et al. (2019) "Three-dimensional alteration of neurites in schizophrenia", Transl. Psychiatry 9, 85 [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0427-4 DOI:10.1038/s41398-019-0427-4].</ref> 

Although a lot of research is done to create nano-CT scanners, currently there are only a few available commercially. The SkyScan-2011<ref>[http://www.skyscan.be SkyScan-2011]</ref> has a range of about 150 to 250 nanometers per pixel with a resolution of 400&nbsp;nm and a [field of view](/source/field_of_view) (FOV) of 200 micrometers.  The Xradia nanoXCT<ref>[http://www.xradia.com Xradia nanoXCT]</ref> has a spatial resolution of better than 50&nbsp;nm and a FOV of 16 micrometers.<ref>Tkachuk, A, Duewer, F, Cui, H, Feser, M, Wang, S and Yun, W (2007) "X-ray computed tomography in Zernike phase contrast mode at 8 keV with 50-nm resolution using Cu rotation anode X-ray source", ''Z. Kristallogr.'' 222. pp. 650-655</ref>

At the [Ghent University](/source/Ghent_University), the UGCT team developed a nano-CT scanner based on commercially available components. The UGCT facility is an open nano-CT facility giving access to scientists from universities, institutes and industry.<ref>[http://www.ugct.ugent.be UGCT-website]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|1}}

Category:Medical imaging
Category:Microscopes

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Nanotomography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotomography) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotomography?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.