# Nabidh

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{{Short description|Traditional fermented drink from the Arabian Peninsula}}
{{Islam}}
'''Nabīdh''' ([Arabic](/source/Arabic_language): {{lang|ar|نبيذ}} {{IPA|ar|naˈbiːð|}}) is a traditional [fermented drink](/source/fermented_drink) from the [Arabian Peninsula](/source/Arabian_Peninsula) typically made from [date](/source/Date_(fruit))s steeped in water, although it can also be made with dried grapes (raisins). Nabidh is usually non-intoxicating, but if left for a certain period of time, it can turn mildly intoxicating, or heavily intoxicating depending on the level of [fermentation](/source/fermentation_(food)).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tillier |first1=Mathieu |last2=Vanthieghem |first2=Naïm |date=2022-09-02 |title=Des amphores rouges et des jarres vertes: Considérations sur la production et la consommation de boissons fermentées aux deux premiers siècles de l'hégire |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ils/30/1-2/article-p1_001.xml |journal=Islamic Law and Society |volume=30 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–64 |doi=10.1163/15685195-bja10025 |s2cid=252084558 |issn=0928-9380}}</ref>

Nabidh is known to increase [alcoholic](/source/alcoholic) content to intoxication levels, depending on the surrounding conditions. As alcohol is considered [haram](/source/haram) by many modern Muslims, Nabidh is only fermented for a certain amount of time before it becomes alcohol. According to the hadith collection by [Imam Malik Ibn Anas](/source/Imam_Malik), it is forbidden to "prepare nabidh in a gourd or in a jug smeared with pitch."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/muwatta/042-mmt.php |title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement |website=www.usc.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506080403/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/muwatta/042-mmt.php |archive-date=2013-05-06}} </ref>

== History ==
[Rufus of Ephesus](/source/Rufus_of_Ephesus) ([fl.](/source/floruit) 100 AD) wrote a tract on the beverage nabīdh, which [Qusta ibn Luqa](/source/Qusta_ibn_Luqa) in his times translated into [Arabic](/source/Arabic_language) by the name ''Risālah fī al-Nabīdh''.<ref>Risâlah fī al-Nabidh of Qustâ bin Lûqâ, introduced by [Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman](/source/Hakim_Syed_Zillur_Rahman), Supplement to 'Studies in the History of Medicine and Science' (SHMS), [Jamia Hamdard](/source/Jamia_Hamdard), Vol. IX (1985), pp. 185-201</ref><ref>Risâlah fī al-Nabidh by Qustâ bin Lûqâ, ''Tajdid-i Ṭibb'' (Volume 1), Department of Kulliyat, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, March 1988, page 55-70</ref> In 2007, after collecting and collating copies of this manuscript from different libraries around the world, [Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman](/source/Hakim_Syed_Zillur_Rahman) again reintroduced and published this rare work in [Urdu](/source/Urdu_language) and [Arabic](/source/Arabic_language).<ref>Risâlah fī al-Nabidh, (Arabic translation of Qusta ibn Luqa by Rufus. Edited with translation and commentary by [Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman](/source/Hakim_Syed_Zillur_Rahman), [Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences](/source/Ibn_Sina_Academy_of_Medieval_Medicine_and_Sciences), [Aligarh](/source/Aligarh), 2007 ({{ISBN|978-81-901362-7-3}})</ref>

[Arab](/source/Arab) writer [Ibn Fadlan](/source/Ibn_Fadlan) describes an encounter on the Volga with a people he calls "Rūsiyyah," who may have been either [Russians](/source/Russians) or [Vikings](/source/Vikings). He relates how the Rusiyyah would drink an alcoholic drink he refers to by the name "nabidh". It is not clear what drink it actually was, but from context it is clear that it was intoxicating.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ibn Fadlān and the Rūsiyyah |url=https://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/montgo1.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160304193157/https://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/montgo1.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=www.library.cornell.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://idrisi.narod.ru/montgo1.pdf | title=Ibn Fadlān and the Rūsiyyah | website=idrisi.narod.ru}}</ref>

In [Modern Standard Arabic](/source/Modern_Standard_Arabic) the meaning of nabidh has shifted to mean [wine](/source/wine) in general, replacing the [Classical Arabic](/source/Classical_Arabic) word for wine, ''[khamr](/source/khamr)''.<ref>{{cite web|title=نبيذ|url=http://www.almaany.com/en/dict/ar-en/%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B0/|website=Almaany English-Arabic Dictionary|publisher=Almaany.com|access-date=June 23, 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [Naqe'e Al Zabib](/source/Naqe'e_Al_Zabib)
* [Şıra](/source/%C5%9E%C4%B1ra)

==References==
<References/>

Category:Arabic words and phrases
Category:Date dishes
Category:Drinks
Category:Fruit wines
Category:Religion and alcohol

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Nabidh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabidh) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabidh?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.