# Myinsaing

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{{infobox settlement
| name = Myinsaing
| native_name = မြင်စိုင်း
| official_name = 
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map = Burma
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Myanmar
| image_skyline = 
| image_map = 
| map_caption = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|Myanmar}}
| subdivision_type1 = [Region](/source/Administrative_divisions_of_Myanmar)
| subdivision_name1 = [Mandalay](/source/Mandalay)
| subdivision_type2 = [District](/source/Districts_of_Myanmar)
| subdivision_name2 = [Kyaukse District](/source/Kyaukse_District)
| subdivision_type3 = Township
| subdivision_name3 = [Kyaukse Township](/source/Kyaukse_Township)
| subdivision_type4 = [Village tract](/source/Village_tract)
| subdivision_name4 = [Hngetkataung](/source/Hngetkataung)
| unit_pref = metric
| area_total_km2 = 
| population_as_of = 
| population_footnotes = 
| population_blank1_title = Ethnicities
| population_blank2_title = Religions
| population_density_km2 = auto
| coordinates = {{coord|21|36||N|96|12||E|region:MM|display=inline,title}}{{refn|group=note|Based on the geo coordinates of the [Nan Oo Pagoda, Myinsaing](/source/Nan_Oo_Pagoda%2C_Myinsaing).<ref name=location>{{cite web | title=Myinsaing Nan Oo Pagoda | url=https://www.google.com/maps/place//@21.5991511,96.1978755,17z | publisher=Google Maps | accessdate=2024-06-09}}</ref>}}
| leader_title = 
| elevation_m = 
| timezone = [MMT](/source/Time_in_Myanmar)
| utc_offset = +6.30
| website = 
}}

'''Myinsaing''' ({{langx|my|မြင်စိုင်း}}, {{IPA|my|mjɪ̀ɰ̃ záɪɰ̃|pron}}; also transliterated as '''Myinzaing''') is a historical site, located in [Kyaukse Township](/source/Kyaukse_Township), Mandalay Region, Myanmar. It was one of the [three de facto capitals of Myanmar](/source/List_of_capitals_of_Myanmar) from 1297 to 1310 during the [Myinsaing period](/source/Myinsaing_Kingdom). In the present day, the historical capital area is known as the Myinsaing Old Town (မြင်စိုင်း မြို့ဟောင်း). To its north lies a settlement known colloquially as "Myinsaing Village".

==History==
===Early history===
According to the [royal chronicles](/source/Burmese_chronicles), Myinsaing  in the 1170s was a small settlement that later became part of the Nine Irrigated Districts (ရေလွှဲ ကိုးခရိုင်) of [Kyaukse](/source/Kyaukse).{{refn|group=note|Queen [Weluwaddy](/source/Weluwaddy) (r. 1174–1186) was born in Myinsaing.<ref name=my-1-208>Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 208</ref><ref name=hy-1-312>Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 312</ref> <br/> The earliest of the nine districts were founded by King [Sithu II](/source/Narapatisithu) (r. 1174–1211), Weluwaddy's husband. Kyaukse was the administrative center of the districts, which consisted of five districts along the [Zawgyi River](/source/Zawgyi_River) and four along the [Panlaung River](/source/Panlaung_River).<ref name=bg-156>Neild, et al 1925: 156</ref>}} The settlement is mentioned in a 1266 stone inscription.{{refn|group=note|The inscription describes a series of religious donations by the daughter of Minister Thingathu. The donations were made on Thursday, the 7th waxing of [Wagaung](/source/Wagaung) 628 ME,<ref name=tft-122>Taw, Forchhammer, Tun Nyein 1899: 122</ref> which translates to ''Friday'', 9 July 1266. If it was on a Thursday, the date should be 8 July 1266.}} It remained a small village until the 1280s when the [Mongol invasions](/source/First_Mongol_invasions_of_Burma) toppled the [Pagan Empire](/source/Pagan_Kingdom), and Myinsaing's native sons—the brothers [Athinkhaya](/source/Athinkhaya), [Yazathingyan](/source/Yazathingyan) and [Thihathu](/source/Thihathu)—emerged as the main power brokers in the postwar era. By 1293, Myinsaing was a ''myo'' (မြို့) a district-level town ruled by a royal governor, Athinkhaya.{{refn|group=note|It may have become a ''myo'' as early as 1289, the year of King Kyawswa's accession. Chronicles do not agree on who was appointed governor of Myinsaing by Kyawswa: {{bulleted list
| The ''[Maha Yazawin](/source/Maha_Yazawin)'' chronicle (1724) says [Yazathingyan](/source/Yazathingyan) was appointed governor of Myinsaing by King Kyawswa.<ref name=my-1-254>Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 254</ref>
| The ''[Yazawin Thit](/source/Yazawin_Thit)'' (1798) says Athinkhaya was appointed governor of Myinsaing.<ref name=yt-1-154>Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 154</ref>
| The ''[Hmannan Yazawin](/source/Hmannan_Yazawin)'' (1832) accepts the ''Yazawin Thit's'' correction.<ref name=hy-1-361>Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 361</ref>
}}

Per inscriptional evidence, Kyawswa became king on 30 May 1289.<ref name=tt-1959-119-120>Than Tun 1959: 119–120</ref> Furthermore, a contemporary inscription, dated 19 February 1293, states that the brothers were lords of Myinsaing, Mekkhaya and Pinle.<ref name=tt-121>Than Tun 1959: 121</ref>
}}

===Myinsaing period===
{{main|Myinsaing Kingdom}}
[[File:Nan Oo Pagoda.jpg|thumb|[Nan Oo Pagoda](/source/Nan_Oo_Pagoda%2C_Myinsaing) in Myinsaing.]] 
Myinsaing became one of the three de facto capitals of the rump kingdom in 1297 when the brothers overthrew King [Kyawswa](/source/Kyawswa_of_Pagan) for having submitted to the Mongols earlier in the year.<ref name=tt-1959-119-122>Than Tun 1959: 119, 121–122</ref><ref name=mha-74-75>Htin Aung 1967: 74–75</ref><ref name=mat-25-26>Aung-Thwin 2017: 25–26</ref> The brothers put up a puppet king in [Pagan](/source/Bagan) (Bagan) but they effectively ruled the kingdom out of their respective fiefs: Myinsaing, [Mekkhaya](/source/Mekkhaya) and [Pinle](/source/Pinle).<ref name=mha-74-75/><ref name=mat-25-26/> To be sure, Myinsaing was the primary capital of the three. When the Mongols [invaded again in 1301](/source/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma), it was at Myinsaing where the brothers made their last stand. The town's fortified defenses with triple adjoining ramparts<ref name=mat-28>Aung-Thwin 2017: 28</ref> withstood a 10-week siege by the Mongols who withdrew after receiving a bribe.{{refn|group=note|The siege began on 25 January 1301.<ref name=tt-1959-122>Than Tun 1959: 122</ref><ref name=tt-1964-137>Than Tun 1964: 137</ref> Upon receiving a bribe of 800 taels (30 kg) of gold and 2200 taels (83 kg) of silver,<ref name=geh-77>Harvey 1925: 77</ref> the Mongol army withdrew between 6 April 1301 and 8 April 1301.<ref name=tt-1959-122/><ref name=tt-1964-137/>}} 

In commemoration of the victory, Athinkhaya built the [Nan Oo Pagoda](/source/Nan_Oo_Pagoda%2C_Myinsaing) as well as a proper palace in 1301.<ref name=tt/> Myinsaing's status as the premier de facto capital ended when Athinkhaya died in 1310. The youngest brother [Thihathu](/source/Thihathu), based out of Pinle, emerged as the undisputed ruler, and chose to build a new capital at [Pinya](/source/Pinya), {{cvt|40|km}} northwest of Myinsaing, in 1313.<ref name=hy-1-369-370>Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 369–370</ref><ref name=geh-78>Harvey 1925: 78</ref>

===Post-Myinsaing period===
Myinsaing remained a symbolically important fief for another century. Its governorship was held by the closest members of the royal family including Gov. [Sithu of Myinsaing](/source/Sithu_of_Pinya), who served as the regent of the [Pinya Kingdom](/source/Pinya_Kingdom) between 1340 and 1344,<ref name=tt-124>Than Tun 1959: 124</ref> and Prince [Thray Sithu of Myinsaing](/source/Thray_Sithu_of_Myinsaing) (r. 1386–1426).<ref name=yt-1-271>Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 271</ref><ref name=hy-2-59>Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 59</ref> During the [Ava–Hanthawaddy War (1401–1403)](/source/Ava%E2%80%93Hanthawaddy_War_(1401%E2%80%931403)), Myinsaing was listed as one of the 53<ref name=hy-1-446-447-452>Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 446–447, 452</ref><ref name=mat-255>Aung-Thwin 2017: 255</ref> or 54<ref name=my-1-311-315>Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 311, 315</ref> fortified towns of Ava. 

By 1802/03, it was no longer a royal governorship but instead was governed by a mayor, ''myothugyi'' (မြို့သူကြီး).{{refn|group=note|Per the two extant ''sittans'' (စစ်တန်း; {{lit|census}}) of 1164 ME (1802/03 CE) and 1239 ME (1877/78 CE) by the ''myothugyis'' of Myinsaing<ref name=bg-122>Neild, et al 1925: 122</ref>}} It was still an appanage awarded to members of the royal family. Its last feudal lord was Prince [Thado Minye Yanshein](/source/Thado_Minye_Yanshein), better known as the "Myinsaing Prince", who after the [Third Anglo-Burmese War](/source/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War) continued the fight against the British until 1886.<ref name=mmk-116-120>Mya Myintzu, et al 2020: 116, 120</ref> A 1925 [British colonial era](/source/British_rule_in_Burma) report states that the Myinsaing old town by then was "a brick-strewn area, which [contained] two large but much damaged pagodas", surrounded by "traces of the walls".<ref name=bg-156/>

==Present day==
Today, Myinsaing is part of the [Kyaukse Township](/source/Kyaukse_Township). The historical old town is located about {{cvt|7|km}} east of [Kyaukse](/source/Kyaukse) town.<ref name=yt-1-154-fn5>Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 154, footnote 5</ref> Its main attraction is the [Nan Oo Pagoda](/source/Nan_Oo_Pagoda%2C_Myinsaing),<ref name=tno>Than Naing Oo 2017</ref><ref name=tt>Tein Taman 2020</ref> which has been partially repaired.{{refn|group=note|The pagoda is no longer brick strewn but most of the original stoneworks around the pagoda have been lost.<ref name=tno/> Only two of the original votive tablets have survived; one of which is chipped on the upper righthand corner.<ref name=tno/><ref name=tt/>}} Other areas of interest include traces of the three rings of ancient ramparts and the excavated foundation base of the old palace inside the walls.<ref name=tt/>

North of the old town along the road to the Kyaukse Industrial Zone lies a settlement known colloquially as "Myinsaing Village".<ref name=tno/> Neither the old town nor the village appears to be incorporated as a village or ward under the name of Myinsaing. Burmese government maps of Kyaukse Township from 2019 and 2020 show the area immediately east of Kyaukse town as Taungnatha (တောင်နံ့သာ).{{refn|group=note|Myinsaing was not explicitly listed as an officially incorporated "ward" or "village tract" in the [2014 census](/source/2014_Myanmar_census).<ref name=mimu-2017-8-11>MIMU 2017: 8–11</ref> A 2019 [General Administration Department](/source/General_Administration_Department) (GAD) report shows the area immediately east of Kyaukse town's boundary as Taungnatha,<ref name=mimu-2019-12>MIMU 2019: 12</ref> and as being part of the {{ill|Hngetkataung|my|ငှက္ကတောင်ရွာ၊ ကျောက်ဆည်မြို့နယ်}} [village tract](/source/village_tract).<ref name=mimu-2019-11>MIMU 2019: 11</ref> A 2020 government map also shows the area east of Kyaukse as Taungnatha.<ref>{{cite web|title=Myanmar: Kyaukse Township – Mandalay Region – As per the September 2019 Government Gazette (revised November 2020 with Commonly-used Local Names) (27 Nov 2020) [EN/MY]| publisher=Myanmar Information Management Unit |url=https://reliefweb.int/attachments/589516f7-d7c5-46f5-9327-b6ee8f262fd8/Tsp%20Map_VL_Kyaukse-Mandalay_MIMU154v05_27Nov2020_A1_Eng.pdf |lang=en}}</ref>}} At any rate, a 2017 article in ''[The Irrawaddy](/source/The_Irrawaddy)'' states that the "large village" of "Myinsaing" had a post-primary school and a few district-level offices, and that new wards were being planned.<ref name=tno/>

==Transport==
Myinsaing is part of the Kyaukse road network. The modern village is situated alongside the Kyaukse–[Hpyauk Seik Pin](/source/Hpyauk_Seik_Pin) Road that connects Kyaukse in the west to the Kyaukse Industrial Zone in the east.<ref name=tno/><ref name=tt/> In 2017, a {{cvt|0.8|km}} long dirt road connected the old town and the main road, which in turn was connected to [National Highway 1](/source/National_Highway_1_(Myanmar)) via the Kyaukse 15th Street Exit.<ref name=tno/>

==See also==
* [List of rulers of Myinsaing](/source/List_of_rulers_of_Myinsaing)

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Aung-Thwin|first=Michael A.| author-link=Michael Aung-Thwin | title=Myanmar in the Fifteenth Century | publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|year=2017|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-8248-6783-6}}
* {{cite book | last=Harvey | first=G. E.| author-link=G.E. Harvey | title=History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 | publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd | year=1925 | location=London}}
* {{cite book | last=Htin Aung | author-link=Htin Aung | first=Maung | title=A History of Burma | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=New York and London | year=1967}}
* {{cite book | last=Kala | first=U | title=[Maha Yazawin](/source/Maha_Yazawin) | publisher=Ya-Pyei Publishing | location=Yangon | orig-year=1724 | year=2006 | edition=4th printing | language=my | volume=1–3 | authorlink=U Kala}}
* {{cite book | author=Maha Sithu | author-link=Twinthin Taikwun Maha Sithu | title=[Yazawin Thit](/source/Yazawin_Thit) | publisher=Ya-Pyei Publishing | location=Yangon |orig-date=1798 | year=2012 |edition=2nd | language=my | volume=1–3 | editor1=Kyaw Win |editor2=Thein Hlaing}}
* {{cite journal | author1=Mya Myintzu | author2=Moe Moe Pyone | author3=Kyaw Min | title=Prince Myinzaing and Early Armed Resistance Movements | url=https://meral.edu.mm/records/7641?community=mtlu | journal=Meiktila University Research Journal | volume=XI | number=1 | year=2020 | publisher=Meiktila University | location=Meiktila}}
* {{cite book | author=Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU) | title=The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census: Mandalay Region, Kyaukse District, Kyaukse Township Report | url=https://themimu.info/sites/themimu.info/files/documents/TspProfiles_Census_Kyaukse_2014_ENG.pdf | publisher=Department of Population, Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population, Myanmar | year=2017 | location=Naypyidaw}}
* {{cite report |author=Myanmar Information Management Unit |date=September 2019 |title=Kyaukse Myone Daetha-hsaing-ya Achet-alet Mya|script-title=my:ကျောင်ဆည် မြို့နယ် ဒေသဆိုင်ရာ အချက်အလက်များ|trans-title=Kyaukse Township Regional Information |url=https://themimu.info/sites/themimu.info/files/documents/TspProfiles_GAD_Kaukse_2019_MMR.pdf |publisher=MIMU |access-date=7 July 2024 | language=my}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Neild | first1=Ralph | last2=Searle | first2=H.F. | last3=Stewart | first3=J.A. | journal=Burma Gazetteer | title=Kyaukse District | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FiwKAQAAIAAJ | volume=A | location=Rangoon | year=1925 | publisher=Government Printing and Stationery, Burma}}
* {{cite book | author=[Royal Historical Commission of Burma](/source/Royal_Historical_Commission_of_Burma) | title=[Hmannan Yazawin](/source/Hmannan_Yazawin) | volume=1–3 | orig-year=1832 | year=2003 | location=Yangon | language=my | publisher=Ministry of Information, Myanmar}}
* {{cite book | last=Taw | author-link=Taw Sein Ko | first=Sein Ko |author2=Emanuel Forchhammer | author-link2=Emanuel Forchhammer | author3=Tun Nyein | author-link3=Tun Nyein | title=Inscriptions of Pagan, Pinya and Ava: Translation, with Notes | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wjc9AAAAYAAJ | publisher=Archaeological Survey of India | year=1899 | location=Rangoon}}
* {{cite news | author=Tein Taman | title=မြင်စိုင်းနန်းဦးစေတီတွင် ရှေးဟောင်းဇာတ်တော် စဉ့်ကွင်းများနှင့် စဉ့်ကွင်းစာများကို ယနေ့တိုင်လေ့လာနိုင် | url=https://www.mdn.gov.mm/en/node/99150 | publisher=Myanmar Digital News | date=27 September 2020 | language=my}}
* {{cite news | author=Than Naing Oo | title=ကျောက်ဆည်လွင်ပြင်ထဲက မြင်စိုင်း | url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/article/2017/05/27/135533.html | date=27 May 2017 | work=The Irrawaddy}}
* {{cite journal | author=Than Tun | author-link=Than Tun | title=History of Burma: A.D. 1300–1400 | journal=Journal of Burma Research Society | date=December 1959 | volume=XLII | number=II}}
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{{Mandalay Region}}

Category:Pagan kingdom
Category:Populated places in Mandalay Region

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Myinsaing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myinsaing) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myinsaing?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.