# Mutilated victory

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Italian nationalist term

**Mutilated victory** ([Italian](/source/Italian_language): *vittoria mutilata*) is a term coined by [Gabriele D'Annunzio](/source/Gabriele_D'Annunzio) at the end of [World War I](/source/World_War_I), used by a part of Italian nationalists to denounce the partial infringement (and request the full application) of the [1915 Treaty of London](/source/Treaty_of_London_(1915)) concerning territorial rewards for [Kingdom of Italy](/source/Kingdom_of_Italy).

In the 1915 treaty, Italy had agreed to join the powers of the [Triple Entente](/source/Triple_Entente) in their war against [Austria-Hungary](/source/Austria-Hungary) and the [German Empire](/source/German_Empire) in exchange for the Entente powers’ recognition of Italy’s control over [Trentino](/source/Trentino) and [South Tyrol](/source/South_Tyrol), the [Austrian Littoral](/source/Austrian_Littoral) and territories in [Dalmatia](/source/Dalmatia). These lands were inhabited by [Italians](/source/Italians)—alongside [Austrian Germans](/source/Austrian_German) ([Tyroleans](/source/Tyrol)) and Slavs ([Slovenes](/source/Slovenes) and [Croats](/source/Croats))—but had not become part of the Kingdom upon [Italian unification](/source/Italian_unification) in the late 19th century. Additionally, Italy was assured ownership of the [Dodecanese](/source/Italian_Islands_of_the_Aegean), possessions in [Albania](/source/Principality_of_Albania), and a sphere of influence around the Turkish city of [Antalya](/source/Antalya), alongside a possible enlargement of its colonial presence in [Africa](/source/Africa).

At the end of the war, the [United Kingdom](/source/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland) and [France](/source/Third_French_Republic) initially intended to remain faithful to the pact, but the [United States](/source/United_States) saw these provisions as inconsistent with the concept of [self-determination](/source/Self-determination) spelled out by President Wilson in his [Fourteen Points](/source/Fourteen_Points). Eventually, the British and French supported the U.S. position, and some of the promises made in 1915 were retracted. Italy annexed the provinces of [Trento](/source/Trento) and [Trieste](/source/Trieste)—additions regarded as the [completion of Italian unification](/source/National_Unity_and_Armed_Forces_Day)—and also gained [South Tyrol](/source/South_Tyrol), [Istria](/source/Istria) and some colonial compensations. However [Dalmatia](/source/Dalmatia), with the [exception of the city of Zara](/source/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1920)), was awarded to the [Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes](/source/Kingdom_of_Serbs%2C_Croats_and_Slovenes). [Fiume](/source/Fiume), a city with a sizeable Italian population, although not included in the Pact of London, was [occupied for a year](/source/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro) by volunteers led by D'Annunzio, leading to an international crisis.

Together with the rise of [political violence](/source/Political_violence) and the [social turmoil](/source/Biennio_Rosso) ensuing from the end of wartime mobilization, the partial infringement of the treaty is generally believed to have fuelled the [propaganda](/source/Propaganda_of_Fascist_Italy) of the [National Fascist Party](/source/National_Fascist_Party). However, given the Italian annexation of many territories, numerous scholars question the extent of the "mutilated victory", viewing it as a largely political myth; historians such as Emilio Gentile and Paolo Soave also argue that the concept had a minor role in the genesis of Fascism.

## Description

Further information: [Istrian Italians](/source/Istrian_Italians) and [Dalmatian Italians](/source/Dalmatian_Italians)

Austrian linguistic map from 1896. In green the areas where [Slavs](/source/Slavs) were the majority of the population, in orange the areas where [Istrian Italians](/source/Istrian_Italians) and [Dalmatian Italians](/source/Dalmatian_Italians) were the majority of the population. The boundaries of [Venetian Dalmatia](/source/Venetian_Dalmatia) in 1797 are delimited with blue dots.

Italy joined [World War I](/source/World_War_I) in 1915 on the side of the [Allies](/source/Allies_of_World_War_I), after negotiating the secret [Treaty of London](/source/Treaty_of_London_(1915)) with the [Triple Entente](/source/Triple_Entente) (Britain, France, and Russia). According to the secret pacts of London, the following territories were promised to Italy in case of victory: [Trentino](/source/Trentino) and [South Tyrol](/source/South_Tyrol), the [Austrian Littoral](/source/Austrian_Littoral) ([Trieste](/source/Trieste), [Gorizia and Gradisca](/source/Princely_County_of_Gorizia_and_Gradisca), and [Istria](/source/Istria)), territories in [Dalmatia](/source/Dalmatia), possessions in [Albania](/source/Albania) ([Vlora](/source/Vlora) and [Saseno](/source/Saseno)), and compensations in case of a colonial partition of the [Central Powers](/source/Central_Powers)' empires. The content of the pact of London was made public in 1917 by the Russians, following their withdrawal from the War after the [communist revolution](/source/Communist_revolution), in order to criticize the "old diplomacy" of the capitalist European powers. While France and Britain remained bound by the treaty of London, the US president [Woodrow Wilson](/source/Woodrow_Wilson) (who joined the Allies in 1917) opposed it and presented on January 8, 1918 [Fourteen Points](/source/Fourteen_Points) to redraw the map of [Europe](/source/Europe) on the basis of [nationality](/source/Nationality) and [ethnicity](/source/Ethnicity). During the [decisive Italian offensive](/source/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto), the nationalist poet [Gabriele D'Annunzio](/source/Gabriele_D'Annunzio) coined the term *mutilated victory* by publishing an article in the [Corriere della Sera](/source/Corriere_della_Sera) dated October 24, 1918 and titled "Our victory will not be mutilated".[1]

Italy's prime minister [Vittorio Orlando](/source/Vittorio_Orlando), one of the [Big Four](/source/Big_Four_(World_War_I)) of World War I, and his foreign minister [Sidney Sonnino](/source/Sidney_Sonnino), an [Anglican](/source/Anglican) of British origins, arrived at the [Paris Peace Conference, 1919](/source/Paris_Peace_Conference%2C_1919) in order to secure most of the London pacts. Considerable results were achieved with the treaties and agreements signed in 1919 and 1920. Most importantly, [Trent](/source/Province_of_Trento)-[South Tyrol](/source/South_Tyrol) and the [Austrian Littoral](/source/Austrian_Littoral) ([Trieste](/source/Trieste), [Gorizia and Gradisca](/source/Princely_County_of_Gorizia_and_Gradisca), and [Istria](/source/Istria)) became part of the Italian regions of [Trentino-Alto Adige](/source/Trentino-Alto_Adige) and [Friuli](/source/Friuli)-[Venezia Giulia](/source/Venezia_Giulia). The colonial compensations obtained by Italy were: the recognition and enlargement of the [Italian Islands of the Aegean](/source/Italian_Islands_of_the_Aegean); the enlargement of the Italian possessions in Libya and in the Horn of Africa; and the establishment of an Italian sphere of influence over the Ottoman area of [Antalya](/source/Antalya), later abandoned with the independence of [Turkey](/source/Turkey). Italy also received the province of [Zadar](/source/Zadar) with some islands in [Dalmatia](/source/Dalmatia) and set up a [protectorate over Albania](/source/Italian_Protectorate_on_southern_Albania) with the occupation of Vlora, which lasted until 1920 when domestic opposition within the Italian Armed Forces and the [Vlora war](/source/Vlora_war) led Italy to voluntarily abandon Albania; with the treaty of Tirana, Italy retained the island of Saseno and recognition of Albania as being within its sphere of influence (which was confirmed by the League of Nations in 1921). Finally, the disintegration of its two main rival powers ([Austria-Hungary](/source/Austria-Hungary) in Europe and the [Ottoman Empire](/source/Ottoman_Empire) in the Mediterranean) and the entrance in the [League of Nations](/source/League_of_Nations)' security council as a permanent member, cemented Italy's status as a [great power](/source/Great_power).

Changes to the Italian eastern border from 1920 to 1975.
  The [Austrian Littoral](/source/Austrian_Littoral), later renamed [Julian March](/source/Julian_March), which was assigned to Italy in 1920 with the [Treaty of Rapallo](/source/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1920)) (with adjustments of its border in 1924 after the [Treaty of Rome](/source/Treaty_of_Rome_(1924))) and which was then ceded to Yugoslavia in 1947 with the [Treaty of Paris](/source/Paris_Peace_Treaties%2C_1947)

  Areas annexed to Italy in 1920 and remained Italian even after 1947

  Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the [Free Territory of Trieste](/source/Free_Territory_of_Trieste) in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Italy in 1975 with the [Treaty of Osimo](/source/Treaty_of_Osimo)

  Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the Free Territory of Trieste in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Yugoslavia in 1975 with the Osimo treaty

Therefore, most of the criticism directed against the Allies and the government focused on [Dalmatia](/source/Dalmatia) and the city of [Fiume](/source/Fiume) (which was later occupied by a contingent led by [Gabriele D'Annunzio](/source/Gabriele_D'Annunzio)). A more substantial transfer of Dalmatian territories to Italy (favoured by Sonnino) was complicated to achieve because of its Slavic population, whereas Fiume was ethnically an Italian city (and as such proposed by Orlando as an alternative), but not included in the Pact of London. Wilson vetoed these proposals on the ground that already many Germanophones and Slavs were to be placed under Italian administration. This led Orlando and Sonnino to temporarily abandon the conference in protest. Orlando had refused to see the outcome of the war as a mutilated victory and once replied to calls for greater expansion that "Italy today is a great state... on par with the great historic and contemporary states. This is, for me, our main and principal expansion." But the disgruntled climate ultimately forced Orlando to resign, and the treaties he had negotiated were signed by his successors [Francesco Saverio Nitti](/source/Francesco_Saverio_Nitti) and [Giovanni Giolitti](/source/Giovanni_Giolitti).[2]

From a contemporary historical point of view, it has sometimes been observed how much of [Benito Mussolini](/source/Benito_Mussolini)'s foreign policy was presented as an attempt to amend the injustices lamented as stemming from the mutilated victory: Fiume was taken in 1924, Albania was turned into a client state under [Zog I](/source/Zog_I_of_Albania) and merged into the Kingdom in 1939, and Dalmatia was annexed during the [occupation of Yugoslavia](/source/Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia)—events that have been sporadically accused of prolonging Italy's participation in World War II. Some historians have at times seen the actions carried by the Fascist government on the subject as part of a larger imperialist project that brought Italy to descend into foreign affairs, by [intervening in Spain](/source/Italian_military_intervention_in_Spain), [conquering Ethiopia](/source/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War), and occupying [southern France](/source/Occupation_of_France) and [Tunisia](/source/Tunisia). For historian [Gaetano Salvemini](/source/Gaetano_Salvemini) "Fascism originated, grew, triumphed, and ultimately died, on the myth of mutilated victory".[3] Conversely, attempts to include in the Italian [nation state](/source/Nation_state) the detached lands populated by Italophones have also been lauded and supported, with subjects failing to recognize said urgency being decried by poet [Gabriele D’Annunzio](/source/Gabriele_D%E2%80%99Annunzio) as "insane and vile".[4]

Notwithstanding the political characterisations of the [Interwar period](/source/Interwar_period), the final settlement of peace after the end of World War II, which had deprived Italy of all of the lands to the east of the [Adriatic Sea](/source/Adriatic_Sea) (except for the city of Trieste), proved to be unpopular among the Italian opinion and object of harsh criticism, being described by President [Luigi Einaudi](/source/Luigi_Einaudi) as leading to a condition of "painfully mutilated" national unity.[5]

## Italy and the Triple Alliance

Angered by the French seizure of [Tunisia](/source/Tunisia), in which Italy had extensive economic interests and had viewed as a possible area for colonial annexation, in 1882, Italy joined the [Triple Alliance](/source/Triple_Alliance_(1882)) with [Germany](/source/Germany) and [Austria](/source/Austria) as a means of defending against further French aggression and gaining diplomatic backing for coming disputes.[6] The alliance, however, proved troublesome. Italy and Austria-Hungary had been rivals for many years; the latter had, for years, held northeastern Italy, opposed Italian unification, and it still held [Trieste](/source/Trieste) and [Istria](/source/Istria), [Zara](/source/Zadar) and the coast of [Dalmatia](/source/Dalmatia), the primary targets of the Italian irredentist movement.

As such, in the years before 1914, Italy engaged in diplomatic maneuvers to ally itself with the [United Kingdom](/source/United_Kingdom) and [France](/source/France). In 1902, Italy concluded a secret treaty with Britain in which Italy abandoned the Triple Alliance, with the stipulation that it be given the territories currently controlled by Austria.

## Treaty of London (1915)

Main article: [Treaty of London (1915)](/source/Treaty_of_London_(1915))

After [World War I](/source/World_War_I) erupted, the pressure by both sides for Italy to enter the war increased. On April 26, 1915, the [Triple Entente](/source/Triple_Entente) and Italy signed a secret agreement, called the Treaty of London, that stipulated the terms of Italy’s participation in World War I against the Germany-Austrian Alliance. If Italy declared war on Germany and the Entente emerged victorious, Italy would be awarded territories of the [House of Habsburg](/source/House_of_Habsburg) in the Southern Alps and in the [Balkans](/source/Balkans), specifically the regions of [Trentino](/source/Trentino) and the [South Tyrol](/source/South_Tyrol) (up to the northern limit of the [Brenner Pass](/source/Brenner_Pass)), the Friuli-Julian area, Trieste and the surrounding area, Istria, and the North of the Dalmatian Cost including the city of [Šibenik](/source/%C5%A0ibenik). Other possible territories included in the treaty were the city of [Vlorë](/source/Vlor%C3%AB) in [Albania](/source/Albania), some part on the south [Anatolian](/source/Anatolia) coast, as well as a share of the [German colonial empire](/source/German_colonial_empire).

Map of [Dalmatia](/source/Dalmatia) and [Venezia Giulia](/source/Venezia_Giulia) with the boundaries set by the [Treaty of London (1915)](/source/Treaty_of_London_(1915)) (red line) and those actually obtained from Italy (green line). The black line marks the border of the [Governorate of Dalmatia](/source/Governorate_of_Dalmatia) (1941–1943). The ancient domains of the [Republic of Venice](/source/Republic_of_Venice) are indicated in fuchsia (dashed diagonally, the territories that belonged occasionally).

These demands were outlined by the Italian Foreign Minister [Sidney Sonnino](/source/Sidney_Sonnino) to secure a strong Italian presence in the Mediterranean. The acquisition of the area surrounding the Adriatic, especially the port city of Trieste, would strengthen Italian naval presence and keep pace with possible postwar territorial gains in the area by the other members of the Entente. The demands for lands carved from the Ottoman Empire and the African colonies were motivated by national ambition.

Sonnino however delayed a declaration of war against Germany although Italy had declared war on Austria-Hungary. By May 1915, the Italian push towards Ljubljana reached a stalemate with Austrian forces in the Alps while Britain, France and Germany were embroiled in a stalemate of their own on the Western Front. The outcome of the war was not yet clear, and Sonnino stood by a position of neutrality with Germany. That would soften as Sonnino realized Italy’s army was in no position to carry out a protracted war, and pressure from within Italy demanded solidarity with the Entente. The Italian government declared war on Germany on 28 August 1916.

### Wilson's opposition

In January 1917, British Foreign Secretary [Arthur Balfour](/source/Arthur_Balfour) wrote a letter to American President [Woodrow Wilson](/source/Woodrow_Wilson) expressing his disapproval of the promise to give Italy the Adriatic territories. In a later trip to the United States in May to speak with American diplomat [Edward M. House](/source/Edward_M._House) about the pact, Balfour made it clear that Britain had no particular ill will against Austria-Hungary and that the planned transfer of the Slavic lands to Italy would only create more problems. While American-Italian diplomatic dialogue regarding the claims did not take place prior to the Peace Conference, Wilson’s own stance on the matter was clear in his [Fourteen Points](/source/Fourteen_Points), which urged for the Italian border with Austria to be redrawn along "clearly recognizable lines of nationality". His first point urged for no international agreements to be negotiated in secret so he refused to recognise the arrangements made under the pact. Sonnino's plans for securing the Adriatic were ignored, as were the imperial aims of Italy, and concessions were made in the form of postwar American economic aid.[7]

## Aftermath

The cause of mutilated victory was embraced by many Italians, particularly in the irredentist, monarchical, militaristic factions. The poet [Gabriele D'Annunzio](/source/Gabriele_D'Annunzio) criticized in print and in speeches the failures of Prime Minister [Vittorio Emanuele Orlando](/source/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando) at the proceedings in Versailles, particularly in his attempts to acquire the city of [Fiume](/source/Fiume) ([Croatian](/source/Croatian_language): *Rijeka*), which, notwithstanding the fact that its inhabitants were more than 90% ethnic Italians, was supposed to be ceded by Austria to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. On September 12, 1919, D’Annunzio took matters into his own hands and led a militia of 2,600 men against a mixed force of Allied soldiers to occupy the city. In Fiume, the victors established the [Italian Regency of Carnaro](/source/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro), an unrecognized state based on the [Charter of Carnaro](/source/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro#Constitution).

While the regime would be short-lived, its effect on the people and politics of the Kingdom of Italy would leave their mark on the following decades of Italian history. [Benito Mussolini](/source/Benito_Mussolini) was resolute to endorse the safeguard of national unity during the period of the creation of the *[Fasci Italiani di Combattimento](/source/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento)*, the precursor of the National Fascist Party. Mussolini, an interventionist in World War I, attributed Italy’s great price of over 1.2 million casualties and 148 billion [lire](/source/Italian_lira) of expenditure to the weakness of the national government and to the disloyal attitude of the country’s former allies.[8]

## See also

- [Italian entry into World War I](/source/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I)

- [Italian front (World War I)](/source/Italian_front_(World_War_I))

- [Military history of Italy during World War I](/source/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I)

- [Stab in the back myth](/source/Stab_in_the_back_myth)

- [Pyrrhic victory](/source/Pyrrhic_victory)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Cfr. Gabriele D'Annunzio, in an editorial in *Corriere della Sera*, October 24, 1918, *Vittoria nostra, non sarai mutilata* ('Our victory will not be mutilated')

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Atti Parlamentari, Camera dei Deputati, Discussioni.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [...] Il movimento fascista sorse, crebbe, trionfò, e alla fine si stroncò, sul mito della "vittoria mutilata" [...], Gaetano Salvemini, *Scritti sul Fascismo*, vol. 3, Feltrinelli, 1974, p. 417.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** [...] Nel mondo folle e vile, Fiume è oggi il segno della libertà; nel mondo folle e vile vi è una sola verità: e questa è Fiume; vi è un solo amore: e questo è Fiume! [...], Gabriele D’Annunzio. Speech in Fiume, on *[fiume.vittoriale.it.](https://fiume.vittoriale.it/almanacco/12-settembre-1919-la-santa-entrata/)* Published September 12, 1919. Retrieved January 8, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** [...] Dopo aver salvata, pur nelle diversità regionali e locali e pur dolorosamente mutilata, la indistruttibile unità nazionale dalle Alpi alla Sicilia [...], Luigi Einaudi. Presidential inauguration speech, on *[presidenti.quirinale.it.](http://presidenti.quirinale.it/Einaudi/documenti/ein_a_insediamento.htm)* Published May 12, 1948. Retrieved January 8, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Lowe, C.J. (2002). *Italian Foreign Policy 1870-1940*. Routledge.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Burgwyn, H. James. (1993). The Legend of the Mutilated Victory. Greenwood Press.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Mack Smith, Denis (1997). Modern Italy. The University of Michigan Press.

## Bibliography

- [Burgwyn, H. James](/source/H._James_Burgwyn). *The Legend of the Mutilated Victory* (Greenwood Press, 1993).

- Lowe, C.J. *Italian Foreign Policy 1870-1940* (2002).

- Mack Smith, Denis. *Modern Italy* (University of Michigan Press, 1997).

- Wilcox, Vanda. "From heroic defeat to mutilated victory: The myth of Caporetto in Fascist Italy". in Jenny Macleod, ed. *Defeat and Memory* (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) pp. 46–61.

## External links

- [Vittoria mutilata](https://fondazionefeltrinelli.it/vittoria-mutilata/) on Fondazione Feltrinelli, Erica Grossi.

v t e Gabriele D'Annunzio Novels Il Piacere (1889) Giovanni Episcopo (1891) The Intruder (1892) Il trionfo della morte (1894) The Maidens of the Rocks (1895) The Flame (1900) Forse che sì forse che no (1910) Plays La città morta (1896) La Gioconda (1899) Francesca da Rimini (1902) La figlia di Jorio (1904) La fiaccola sotto il moggio (1905) Poems Halcyon (1903) Works about Tamara (1981 play) D'Annunzio (1987 drama film) The Pike (2013 biography) The Bad Poet (2020 drama film) Miscellaneous Birthplace of Gabriele D'Annunzio Museum La Disperata Flight over Vienna Mutilated victory Italian Regency of Carnaro Rome–Tokyo Raid Vittoriale degli Italiani

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v t e World War I treaties During the war Sykes–Picot St.-Jean-de-Maurienne Damascus London Bucharest 1916 1918 Act of 5th November Acroma Buftea Brest-Litovsk Russia Ukraine Berlin Vienna Batum Paris Peace Conference Versailles Saint-Germain-en-Laye Neuilly-sur-Seine Trianon Sèvres Aftermath Rapallo (1920) Tartu (1920) Warsaw Riga (1920) Suwałki Alexandropol Moscow Riga (1921) Tartu (1921) Cilicia Angora Kars Lausanne Rapallo (1922) Austro-Hungarian reparation payments Italian reparation payments Sino-German Peace Treaty U.S.–German Peace Treaty Montreux Regime of the Straits Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt Egypt Denmark Greece Norway Sweden Portugal See also: Fourteen Points Partition of the Ottoman Empire

v t e Dissolution of Austria-Hungary Treaties Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (for Austria) Treaty of Trianon (for Hungary) Paris Peace Conference 1920 Carinthian plebiscite 1921 Sopron plebiscite Diplomacy Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice of Belgrade Hodža-Bartha Agreement Pichon Line Berthelot-Apáthy Agreement Vix Note Smuts Mission Clemenceau Note Clerk Mission Successor states Czechoslovakia State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs Free State of Fiume Italian Regency of Carnaro Austria Republic of German-Austria German Bohemia Sudetenland Bohemian Forest Region German South Moravia First Austrian Republic Hungary First Hungarian Republic Hungarian Soviet Republic Hungarian Republic Kingdom of Hungary Short-lived Republic of Zakopane Banat, Bačka and Baranja Banat Republic Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic West Ukrainian People's Republic Komancza Republic Republic of Tarnobrzeg Lemko Republic Republic of Heinzenland Slovak People's Republic Hutsul Republic Republic of Prekmurje Slovak Soviet Republic Galician Soviet Socialist Republic (Russian Civil War spill over) Lajtabánság Cessions Galicia to Poland Bukovina and Transylvania to Romania South Tyrol and Austrian Littoral to Italy Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin to China Post World War I armed conflicts Aster Revolution Polish–Ukrainian War Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia Polish–Czechoslovak War Hungarian–Romanian War Hungarian–Czechoslovak War Romanian occupation of Pokuttia Silesian Uprisings Uprising in West Hungary Battle of Budaörs

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Mutilated victory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutilated_victory) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutilated_victory?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.