# Mustersan

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The **Mustersan** age is a period of [geologic time](/source/Geologic_time) (48.0–42.0 [Ma](/source/Mya_(unit))) within the [Eocene](/source/Eocene) epoch of the [Paleogene](/source/Paleogene), used more specifically within the [South American land mammal age](/source/South_American_land_mammal_age) (SALMA) classification. It follows the [Casamayoran](/source/Casamayoran) and precedes the [Divisaderan](/source/Divisaderan) age.[1][2]

## Etymology

This age is named after [Lake Musters](/source/Lake_Musters) in the [Golfo San Jorge Basin](/source/Golfo_San_Jorge_Basin).

## Formations

Locations of Mustersan formations

Formation bold is type Country Basin Notes Sarmiento Formation Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin [3][4] Abanico Formation Chile Abanico Basin [5][6] Andesitas Huancache Formation Argentina Golfo San Jorge Basin [7] Chota Formation Peru Bagua Basin [8][9] Geste Formation Argentina Puna Plateau [10][11] Paracas Formation Peru Pisco Basin [12] Pozo Formation Peru Ucayali Basin [13][14] Soncco Formation Peru Eastern Peruvian Andes [15] Vaca Mahuida Formation Argentina Neuquén Basin [16] Ventana Formation Argentina Neuquén Basin [17] Yahuarango Formation - Santa Rosa fauna Peru Ucayali Basin [18][9]

## Fossils

Group Fossils Formation Notes Mammals Antepithecus brachystephanus, Guilielmoscottia plicifera, Kramadolops mayoi, Propyrotherium saxeum, Pseudhyrax eutrachytheroides, Eomorphippus sp. Sarmiento [19][20] Chlorocyon phantasma, Ignigena minisculus, aff. Ernestokokenia sp., Borhyaenidae indet., Oldfieldthomasiidae indet. Abanico [21][22] Archaeopithecus cf. rogeri, Asmithwoodwardia subtrigona, Bardalestes hunco, Gashternia ctalehor, Greniodon sylvaticus, Henricosbornia lophodonta, Homalostylops parvus, Palangania cf. brandmayri, Polydolops rothi, P. unicus, Prostegotherium cf. astrifer, Amphidolops sp., Marmosopsis sp., Notostylops sp., Pauladelphys sp., Protodidelphis sp., Riostegotherium sp., Stegosimpsonia sp., Borhyaeninae indet., Caroloameghiniinae indet., Hathlyacininae indet. Andesitas Huancache [23][24] Antofagastia turneri, Bonapartherium serrensis, Parastegosimpsonia cf. peruana, Parutaetus punaensis, Prostegotherium notostylopianum, Pucatherium parvum, Punadolops alonsoi, Punahyrax bondesioi, Punapithecus minor, Punatherium catamarquensis, Reigia punae, Suniodon catamarcensis, Astegotherium sp., Callistoe sp., Colbertia sp., cf. Ernestokokenia sp., cf. Pampahippus sp., Propyrotherium sp., cf. Utaetus sp., Astrapotheriidae indet., Interatheriidae indet., Isotemnidae indet., Litopterna indet., Notohippidae indet., Notostylopidae indet., Notoungulata indet., Oldfieldthomasiidae indet., Typotheria indet. Geste [25][26] [27][28] Eobranisamys riverai, E. romeropittmanae, Eodelphomys almeidacomposi, Eoespina woodi, Eoincamys ameghinoi, E. pascuali, Eopicure kraglievichi, Eopululo wigmorei, Eosachacui lavocati, Eosallamys paulacoutoi, E. simpsoni, Hondonadia pittmanae, Incadolops ucayali, Kirutherium paititiensis, Kiruwamaq chisu, Micoureus laventicus, Parastegosimpsonia peruana, Patene campbelli, Perulestes cardichi, P. fraileyi, Perupithecus ucayaliensis, Rumiodon inti, Sasawatsu mahaynaq, Wamradolops tsullodon, Wirunodon chanku, Yuruatherium tropicalis, Guiomys sp., Scleromys sp., Sipalocyon sp., cf. Microsteiromys sp., Acaremyidae indet., Chiroptera indet., ?Gondwanatheria indet., Glyptodontinae indet., Hystricognatha indet., Interatheriinae indet., cf. Notohippidae indet. Yahuarango [29][30] [31][32] Birds Perudyptes devriesi Paracas [33] Psilopteridae indet. Sarmiento [19] Presbyornithidae indet. Vaca Mahuida [34] Reptiles & amphibians Boidae indet., Sebecidae indet., Testudines indet. Geste [27] Shelania laurenti Vaca Mahuida [16] Boinae indet. Sarmiento [19] Insects Acanthocephalonotum martinsnetoi, Archimyrmex piatnitzkyi, A. smekali, Madres delpueblo, ?Atalophlebia sp., Stratiomyidae indet. Ventana [35][36] [37] Flora Agathis zamunerae, Atherospermophyllum guinazui, Embothrium precoccineum, ?Embothrium pregrandiflorum, Fagus subferruginea, Lomatia preferruginea, Retrophyllum spiralifolium, Blechnum sp. Ventana [17][38] [39][40]

## See also

- [Lake Musters](/source/Lake_Musters)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FWMustersan_1-0)** [Mustersan](http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=displayInterval&interval_no=734) at [Fossilworks](/source/Fossilworks).org

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Woodburne2013_2-0)** Woodburne et al., 2013

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Dozo_p241_3-0)** Dozo et al., 2014, p.241

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Acosta2005_p128_4-0)** Acosta & Tambussi, 2005, p.128

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Godoy2012_5-0)** Godoy et al., 2012

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Munoz2012_6-0)** Muñoz et al., 2006

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Tejedor2009_p6_7-0)** Tejedor et al., 2009, p.6

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Chacaltana_p2_8-0)** Chacaltana et al., 2015, p.2

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-CastroMedina2010_p53_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-CastroMedina2010_p53_9-1) Castro Medina, 2010, p.53

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Ciancio2016_p577_10-0)** Ciancio et al., 2016, p.577

1. **[^](#cite_ref-LopezBond1995_p92_11-0)** López & Bond, 1995, p.92

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Clarke2007_p11545_12-0)** Clarke et al., 2007, p.11545

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Antoine2016_p56_13-0)** Antoine et al., 2016, p.56

1. **[^](#cite_ref-CastroMedina2010_p54_14-0)** Castro Medina, 2010, p.54

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Carlotto_p522_15-0)** Carlotto, 2016, p.522

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FWShelania_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FWShelania_16-1) [*Shelania*](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=37439) at [Fossilworks](/source/Fossilworks).org

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Wilf2005_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Wilf2005_17-1) Wilf et al., 2005

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Campbell2004_p13_18-0)** Campbell et al., 2014, p.13

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FWLaGranHondonada_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FWLaGranHondonada_19-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FWLaGranHondonada_19-2) [La Gran Hondonada](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=38879) at [Fossilworks](/source/Fossilworks).org

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FWSierraChaira_20-0)** [Sierra Chaira](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=186802) at [Fossilworks](/source/Fossilworks).org

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Engelman2018_21-0)** Engelman et al., 2018

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FWTapado_22-0)** [Tapado](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=38880) at [Fossilworks](/source/Fossilworks).org

1. **[^](#cite_ref-GoinetalGreniodon2012_23-0)** Goin et al., 2012

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FWLaBarda_24-0)** [La Barda](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=133039) at [Fossilworks](/source/Fossilworks).org

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Cianco2016_25-0)** Ciancio et al., 2016

1. **[^](#cite_ref-GarciaBabot2014_26-0)** García López & Babot, 2014

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FWGesteAntofagastaSierra_27-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FWGesteAntofagastaSierra_27-1) [Antofagasta de la Sierra](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=41608) at [Fossilworks](/source/Fossilworks).org

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FWGesteSalar_28-0)** [Pozuelos salt flat, Quebrada El Paso](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=175809) at [Fossilworks](/source/Fossilworks).org

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BondPeru2015_29-0)** Bond et al., 2015

1. **[^](#cite_ref-CiancioParastegosimpsonia2012_30-0)** Ciancio et al., 2012

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FWSantaRosafauna_31-0)** [Santa Rosa fauna](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=149523) at [Fossilworks](/source/Fossilworks).org

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FWMD67_32-0)** [MD-67](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=144513) at [Fossilworks](/source/Fossilworks).org

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FWQuebradaPerdida_33-0)** [Quebrada Perdida](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=73817) at [Fossilworks](/source/Fossilworks).org

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FWVacaMahuida_34-0)** [Vaca Mahuida Facies](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=45418) at [Fossilworks](/source/Fossilworks).org

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FWConfluencia_35-0)** [Confluencia locality](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=138697) at [Fossilworks](/source/Fossilworks).org

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FWRP3_36-0)** [Quarry RP3, Río Pichileufú](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=157776) at [Fossilworks](/source/Fossilworks).org

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FWPichi_37-0)** [Pilcaniyeu road, near Río Pichileufú](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=138647) at [Fossilworks](/source/Fossilworks).org

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FWRP3dup_38-0)** [Río Pichileufú: quarry RP3 MEC dup](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=197640) at [Fossilworks](/source/Fossilworks).org

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FWRioPichileufu_39-0)** [Río Pichileufú](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=153416) at [Fossilworks](/source/Fossilworks).org

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FWCerroCoihue_40-0)** [Cerro Coihué](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=136410) at [Fossilworks](/source/Fossilworks).org

### Bibliography

**General**

- Woodburne, M.O.; Goin, F.J.; Bond, M.; Carlini, A.A.; Gelfo, J.N.; López, G.M.; Iglesias, A.; Zimicz, A.N. (2013), ["Paleogene Land Mammal Faunas of South America; a Response to Global Climatic Changes and Indigenous Floral Diversity"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257591980), *[Journal of Mammalian Evolution](/source/Journal_of_Mammalian_Evolution)*, **21**: 1–73, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s10914-012-9222-1](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10914-012-9222-1), [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[11336/31253](https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F31253), retrieved 2019-02-15

**Sarmiento Formation**

- Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina; Tambussi, Claudia (2005), ["Phorusrhacidae Psilopterinae (Aves) en la Formación Sarmiento de la localidad de Gran Hondonada (Eoceno Superior), Patagonia, Argentina \[Phorusrhacidae Psilopterinae (Birds) in the Sarmiento Formation from the Gran Hondonada locality (Upper Eocene), Patagonia, Argentina"](http://www.sepaleontologia.es/revista/anteriores/REP%20%282005%29%20vol.%2020/2/01.%20Acosta%20&%20Tambussi.pdf) (PDF), *[Revista Española de Paleontología](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revista_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Paleontolog%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1)*, **20**: 127–132, retrieved 2018-09-10

- Dozo, María Teresa; Ciancio, Martín; Bouza, Pablo; Martínez, Gastón (2014), ["Nueva asociación de mamíferos del Paleógeno en el este de la Patagonia (provincia de Chubut, Argentina): implicancias biocronológicas y paleobiogeográficas"](http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/andgeol/v41n1/art09.pdf) (PDF), *[Andean Geology](/source/Andean_Geology)*, **41**: 224–247, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.5027/andgeoV41n1-a09](https://doi.org/10.5027%2FandgeoV41n1-a09), retrieved 2017-08-15

- Pérez, María Encarnación; Krause, Marcelo; Vucetich, María Guiomar (2012), "A new species of *Chubutomys* (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the late Oligocene of Patagonia and its implications on the early evolutionary history of Cavioidea sensu stricto", *[Geobios](/source/Geobios)*, **45** (6): 573–580, [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2012Geobi..45..573P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Geobi..45..573P), [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.geobios.2012.06.001](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geobios.2012.06.001)

- Shockey, Bruce J.; Flynn, John J.; [Croft, Darin A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darin_A._Croft&action=edit&redlink=1); Gans, Phillip; Wyss, André R. (2012), ["New leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina : comparative anatomy, character analysis, and phylogenetic hypotheses"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232690741), *[American Museum Novitates](/source/American_Museum_Novitates)* (3737): 1–64, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1206/3737.2](https://doi.org/10.1206%2F3737.2), retrieved 2019-02-15

- Sterli, Juliana; De la Fuente, Marcelo S.; Krause, J. Marcelo (2015), ["A new turtle from the Palaeogene of Patagonia (Argentina) sheds new light on the diversity and evolution of the bizarre clade of horned turtles (Meiolaniidae, Testudinata)"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280972149), *[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society](/source/Zoological_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society)*, **174** (3): 519–548, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/zoj.12252](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fzoj.12252), [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[11336/41594](https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F41594), retrieved 2019-02-13

- Wyss, André R.; Flynn, John J.; [Croft, Darin A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darin_A._Croft&action=edit&redlink=1) (2018), ["New Paleogene notohippids and leontiniids (Toxodontia; Notoungulata; Mammalia) from the Early Oligocene Tinguiririca Fauna of the Andean Main Range, central Chile"](http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/6901), *[Journal of South American Earth Sciences](/source/Journal_of_South_American_Earth_Sciences)*, **3903**: 1–42, [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[2246/6901](https://hdl.handle.net/2246%2F6901), retrieved 2019-02-11

**Abanico Formation**

- Bertrand, Ornella C.; Flynn, John J.; [Croft, Darin A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darin_A._Croft&action=edit&redlink=1); Wyss, André R. (2012), ["Two new taxa (Caviomorpha, Rodentia) from the early Oligocene Tinguiririca fauna (Chile)"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262523787), *[American Museum Novitates](/source/American_Museum_Novitates)* (3750): 1–36, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1206/3750.2](https://doi.org/10.1206%2F3750.2), retrieved 2019-02-15

- Bradham, Jennifer; Flynn, John J.; [Croft, Darin A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darin_A._Croft&action=edit&redlink=1); Wyss, Andre R. (2015), ["New notoungulates (Notostylopidae and basal toxodontians) from the early Oligocene Tinguiririca fauna of the Andean Main Range, central Chile"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284141601), *[American Museum Novitates](/source/American_Museum_Novitates)* (3841): 1–24, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1206/3841.1](https://doi.org/10.1206%2F3841.1), retrieved 2019-02-13

- [Croft, Darin A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darin_A._Croft&action=edit&redlink=1); Flynn, John J.; Wyss, André R. (2008), ["The Tinguiririca fauna of Chile and the early stages of "modernization" of South American mammal faunas"](http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/publicacoes/wp-content/arquivos/Arqs%2066%20n%201%20p%20191-211%20Croft%20et%20al.pdf) (PDF), *[Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arquivos_do_Museu_Nacional,_Rio_de_Janeiro&action=edit&redlink=1)*, **66**: 191–211, retrieved 2019-02-12

- Engelman, Russell K.; Flynn, John J.; Gans, Philip; Wyss, André R.; [Croft, Darin A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darin_A._Croft&action=edit&redlink=1) (2018), ["*Chlorocyon phantasma*, a late Eocene borhyaenoid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Los Helados locality, Andean Main Range, central Chile"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329976567), *American Museum Novitates* (3918): 1–22, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1206/3918.1](https://doi.org/10.1206%2F3918.1), retrieved 2019-02-11

- Godoy, Estanislao (2012), ["Sobre el variable marco geotectónico de las formaciones Abanico y Farellones y sus equivalentes al sur de los 35°LS"](http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-48222012000400008), *[Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina](/source/Revista_de_la_Asociaci%C3%B3n_Geol%C3%B3gica_Argentina)*, **69**: 570–577, retrieved 2017-08-15

- Muñoz, Marcia; Fuentes, Francisco; Vergara, Mario; Aguirre, Luis; Nyström, Jan Olov; Féraud, Gilbert; Demant, Alain (2006), ["Abanico East Formation: petrology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks behind the Cenozoic arc front in the Andean Cordillera, central Chile (33°50'S)"](http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-02082006000100005), *[Revista Geológica de Chile](/source/Andean_Geology)*, **33**: 109–140, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4067/S0716-02082006000100005](https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0716-02082006000100005), [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[10533/177368](https://hdl.handle.net/10533%2F177368), retrieved 2017-08-15

**Andesitas Huancache Formation**

- Goin, Francisco J.; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Chornogubsky, Laura; López, Guillermo M.; Gelfo, Javier N.; Bond, Mariano; Woodburne, Michael O.; Gurovich, Yamila; Reguero, Marcelo (2012), ["Persistence of a Mesozoic, non-therian mammalian lineage (Gondwanatheria) in the mid-Paleogene of Patagonia"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224957258), *[Naturwissenschaften](/source/Naturwissenschaften)*, **99** (6): 449–463, [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2012NW.....99..449G](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012NW.....99..449G), [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s00114-012-0919-z](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00114-012-0919-z), [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [22584426](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22584426), retrieved 2019-02-15

- Tejedor, Marcelo F. (2009), ["New Early Eocene Mammalian Fauna from Western Patagonia, Argentina"](https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/20519/1/KPIM_CARL-AA_2009-2.pdf) (PDF), *[American Museum Novitates](/source/American_Museum_Novitates)* (3638): 1–43, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1206/577.1](https://doi.org/10.1206%2F577.1), retrieved 2018-09-11

**Chota Formation**

- Chacaltana, César; Benites Cañote, Alexandra Lucytania; Valdivia, Waldir; Chumpitaz, Marco (2014), [*La formación Chota en la Cuenca Bagua: Evaluación e implicancias del criterio de clasificación litoestratigráfico*](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281715230), Congreso Peruano de Geología, pp. 1–4, retrieved 2017-08-15

**Geste Formation**

- Ciancio, Martín R; Herrera, Claudia; Aramayo, Alejandro; Payrola, Patricio; Babot, Judith (2016), ["Diversity of cingulate xenarthrans in the middle–late Eocene of Northwestern Argentina"](https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app61/app002082015.pdf) (PDF), *[Acta Palaeontologica Polonica](/source/Acta_Palaeontologica_Polonica)*, **61**: 575–590, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4202/app.00208.2015](https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.00208.2015), retrieved 2018-09-10

- García López, D.A.; Babot, M.J. (2014), ["Notoungulate faunas of north-western Argentina: new findings of early-diverging forms from the Eocene Geste Formation"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268631867), *[Journal of Systematic Palaeontology](/source/Journal_of_Systematic_Palaeontology)*, **13** (7): 557–579, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/14772019.2014.930527](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14772019.2014.930527), retrieved 2019-02-12

- López, Guillermo; Bond, Mariano (1995), ["Un nuevo Notopithecinae (Notoungulata, Typotheria) del Terciario Inferior de la Puna argentina \[A new Notopithecinae (Notoungulata, Typotheria) of Lower Tertiary from the argentinian Puna\]"](http://revistas.usal.es/index.php/0211-8327/article/viewFile/3878/3893), *STVD. Geol. Salmant.*, **31**: 87–99, retrieved 2018-09-10

**Paracas Formation**

- Clarke, Julia A.; Ksepka, Daniel T.; Stucchi, Marcelo; Urbina, Mario; Giannini, Norberto; Bertelli, Sara; Narváez, Yanina; Boyd, Clint A. (2007), ["Paleogene equatorial penguins challenge the proposed relationship between penguin biogeography, body size evolution, and Cenozoic climate change"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6235366), *[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences](/source/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences)*, **104** (28): 11545–11550, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1073/pnas.0611099104](https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0611099104), [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [1913862](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1913862), [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [17601778](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17601778), retrieved 2017-08-15

**Pozo Formation**

- Antoine, P.O.; Marivaux, L.; [Croft, D.A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darin_A._Croft&action=edit&redlink=1); Billet, G.; Ganerod, M.; [Jaramillo, C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Jaramillo_(geologist)&action=edit&redlink=1); Martin, T.; Orliac, M.; Tejada, A. J. Altamirano, F. Duranthon, G. Fanjat, S. Rousse and R. Salas Gismondi, J. (2011), ["Middle Eocene rodents from Peruvian Amazonia reveal the pattern and timing of caviomorph origins and biogeography"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51713935), *[Proceedings of the Royal Society B](/source/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_B)*, **279** (1732): 1319–1326, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1098/rspb.2011.1732](https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2011.1732), [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [3282368](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3282368), [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [21993503](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21993503), retrieved 2019-02-14{{[citation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation)}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list))

- Boivin, Myriam; Marivaux, Laurent; Orliac, Maëva J.; Pujos, François; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo; Tejada Lara, Julia V.; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2017), ["Late middle Eocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia"](http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2017/1822-eocene-amazonian-caviomorphs), *[Palaeontologia Electronica](/source/Palaeontologia_Electronica)*, **20** (1): Article number 20.1.19A, retrieved 2019-02-12

**Soncco Formation**

- Carlotto, Víctor (2016), [*Dataciones por trazas de fisión en los depósitos continentales terciarios de la Región de Cusco*](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237205750), XIII Congreso Peruano de Geología, pp. 521–524, retrieved 2017-08-15

**Vaca Mahuida Formation**

- Montalvo, C.; Bond, M. (1998), ["Un notoungulata de la Formación Vaca Mahuida (Eoceno), provincia de La Pampa, Argentina"](http://www.peapaleontologica.org.ar/index.php/peapa/article/view/177/183), *Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial*, **5**: 55–60, retrieved 2019-02-15

**Ventana Formation**

- Petrulevicius, J.F.; Popov, Y.A. (2014), ["First fossil record of Discocephalinae (Insecta, Pentatomidae): a new genus from the middle Eocene of Río Pichileufú, Patagonia, Argentina"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264245642), *[ZooKeys](/source/ZooKeys)* (422): 23–3, [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2014ZooK..422...23P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ZooK..422...23P), [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3897/zookeys.422.6750](https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.422.6750), [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [4109444](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4109444), [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [25061387](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25061387), retrieved 2019-02-22

- Wilf, P.; Johnson, K.R.; Cúneo, N.R.; Smith, M.E.; Singer, B.S.; Gandolfo, M.A. (2005), ["Eocene Plant Diversity at Laguna del Hunco and Río Pichileufú, Patagonia, Argentina"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312253100), *[The American Naturalist](/source/The_American_Naturalist)*, **165** (6): 634–650, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/430055](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F430055), [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [15937744](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15937744), retrieved 2019-02-22

**Yahuarango Formation**

- Bond, Mariano; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Campbell Jr., Kenneth E.; Chornogubsky, Laura; Novo, Nelson; Goin, Francisco (2015), ["Eocene primates of South America and the African origins of New World monkeys"](http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v520/n7548/abs/nature14120.html), *[Nature](/source/Nature_(journal))*, **520** (7548): 538–546, [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2015Natur.520..538B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.520..538B), [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/nature14120](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14120), [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[11336/79088](https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F79088), [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [25652825](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25652825), retrieved 2017-09-24

- Campbell, K.E.; Frailey, C.D.; Romero Pittman, L. (2004), ["The Paleogene Santa Rosa Local Fauna of Amazonian Perú: Geographic and Geologic Setting"](https://nhm.org/site/sites/default/files/pdf/contrib_science/SS-40.pdf) (PDF), *Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series*, **40**: 1–164, retrieved 2019-02-15

- Ciancio, Martín Ricardo; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Campbell, Kenneth E.; Scillato Yané, Gustavo J. (2013), ["New Palaeogene cingulates (Mammalia, Xenarthra) from Santa Rosa, Perú and their importance in the context of South American faunas"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233992936), *[Journal of Systematic Palaeontology](/source/Journal_of_Systematic_Palaeontology)*, **11** (6): 727–741, [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2013JSPal..11..727C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JSPal..11..727C), [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/14772019.2012.704949](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14772019.2012.704949), [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[11336/23283](https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F23283), retrieved 2019-02-15

v t e South American land mammal ages Ages Lujanian Ensenadan Marplatan Chapadmalalan Montehermosan Huayquerian Chasicoan Mayoan Laventan Colloncuran Friasian Santacrucian Colhuehuapian Deseadan Tinguirirican Divisaderan Mustersan Casamayoran Riochican (sensu stricto) Itaboraian Peligran Tiupampan Defining formations and sites Quaternary Luján Formation Ensenada Formation Uquía Formation Neogene Chapadmalal Formation Monte Hermoso Formation Huayquerías Formation Arroyo Chasicó Formation Río Mayo Formation Honda Group La Venta fauna Collón Curá Formation Río Frías Formation Santa Cruz Formation Colhué Huapí Member Paleogene Deseado Formation Abanico Formation Tinguiririca fauna Divisadero Largo Formation Sarmiento Formation Lake Musters Casamayor Formation Itaboraí Formation Río Chico Group Salamanca Formation Punta Peligro Santa Lucía Formation Tiupampa fauna Sources Bibliography Category • Images

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