# Mussaurus

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Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Mussaurus Temporal range: Early Jurassic, Sinemurian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Fossil juvenile skeleton Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Clade: Dinosauria Clade: Saurischia Clade: †Sauropodomorpha Family: †Mussauridae Bonaparte & Vince, 1979 Genus: †Mussaurus Bonaparte & Vince, 1979 Type species †Mussaurus patagonicus Bonaparte & Vince, 1979

***Mussaurus*** (meaning "[mouse](/source/Mouse) [lizard](/source/Lizard)") is a [genus](/source/Genus) of [herbivorous](/source/Herbivorous) [sauropodomorph](/source/Sauropodomorph) [dinosaur](/source/Dinosaur) that lived in southern [Argentina](/source/Argentina) during the [Sinemurian](/source/Sinemurian) stage of the [Early Jurassic](/source/Early_Jurassic). It receives its name from the small size of the skeletons of juvenile and infant individuals, which were once the only known specimens of the genus. However, since *Mussaurus* is now known from adult specimens, the name is something of a misnomer.

In its early stages of life, *Mussaurus* was a small [quadrupedal](/source/Quadrupedalism) herbivore, walking on all four legs. As it grew up, the changes in body proportions may have led its centre of mass to move backwards towards its [pelvis](/source/Pelvis). Adults would have been medium-sized [bipedal](/source/Bipedalism) herbivores, measuring up to 8 metres (26 ft) long and weighing up to 1.2–1.6 metric tons (1.3–1.8 short tons).

Numerous specimens of varying age found in a single locality suggest that *Mussaurus* is one of the earliest dinosaurs to have lived in a gregarious lifestyle. With its possible origin from the [Triassic](/source/Triassic), this complex social behaviour may have given rise to the sauropods' early success as the largest herbivores on land. *Mussaurus* also possessed anatomical features that suggest a close, possibly transitional evolutionary relationship with true sauropods.

## Discovery

Life restoration of adult *Mussaurus*

Infant and juvenile fossils of *Mussaurus* were first discovered by an expedition led by [Jose Bonaparte](/source/Jose_Bonaparte) during the 1970s to the [Laguna Colorada Formation](/source/Laguna_Colorada_Formation), where the team found fossilized eggs and hatchlings, which added insight into the reproductive strategies of *Mussaurus* and other sauropodomorph dinosaurs.[1] The age of the formation is estimated between 192.78 ± 0.14 Ma and 192.74 ± 0.14 Ma.[2] The first adult specimens of *Mussaurus* were described in 2013, although some of these specimens had first been described in 1980 and were originally attributed to the genus *[Plateosaurus](/source/Plateosaurus)*.[3]

## Classification

Previous to the discovery of adult specimens of *Mussaurus*, the [phylogenetic](/source/Phylogenetic) position of this taxon was difficult to establish. Infant and juvenile fossils are known to show more [basal](/source/Basal_(phylogenetics)) traits than adult specimens of the same taxon. Furthermore, the recently discovered of one subadult and three adult specimens assigned to *Mussaurus* are more complete than other material assigned to it. Therefore, a cladistic analysis of basal sauropodomorphs performed by Otero and Pol (2013) to test the phylogenetic relationships of *Mussaurus*, included information only from adult specimens. The following [cladogram](/source/Cladogram) is simplified after their analysis (relationships outside [Plateosauria](/source/Plateosauria) are not shown).[3]

Plateosauria Ruehleia Plateosauridae Unaysaurus Plateosaurus engelhardti Plateosaurus gracilis Plateosaurus ingens Massopoda Riojasauridae Eucnemesaurus Riojasaurus Ignavusaurus Sarahsaurus Massospondylidae Coloradisaurus Glacialisaurus Lufengosaurus Massospondylus Adeopapposaurus Leyesaurus Sauropodiformes Jingshanosaurus Anchisauria Anchisaurus Seitaad Yunnanosaurus Mussaurus Aardonyx Leonerasaurus Melanorosauridae Camelotia Melanorosaurus Sauropoda Blikanasaurus Antetonitrus Lessemsaurus Gongxianosaurus Isanosaurus Gravisauria Vulcanodontidae Tazoudasaurus Vulcanodon Eusauropoda Barapasaurus Patagosaurus Shunosaurus Omeisaurus Mamenchisaurus Cetiosaurus Neosauropoda

## Palaeobiology

Mussaurus specimens. (a,b) hatchling, (c) yearling, (d) adult. Scale bars represent 5 cm (a), (b) 15 cm (c) and 100 cm (d). To better show isolated bones in (c), we used specimen PVL 4587, of the same ontogenetic age as MPM 1813 (except for the ilium, which belongs to MPM 1813).

*Mussaurus* specimens have been found in association with nests that are believed to contain multiple eggs apiece. The skeletons of *Mussaurus* infants were small, measuring about 20 centimetres (7.9 in) long and weighing about 53.3–76.5 grams (1.88–2.70 oz).[4][5] This is about the size of a small lizard. Juveniles differed from adults in proportion in addition to size and mass. As is common for dinosaurs, juvenile *Mussaurus* had tall skulls with short snouts and large eyes. These proportions are common in many infant vertebrates and are often associated with species that provide parental care during the vulnerable early stages of life. Adults are expected to have longer snouts and necks, as typical in early [sauropodomorphs](/source/Sauropodomorph).[1] Ignacio Cerda and Diego Pol reported putative evidence of medullary bone tissue from a specimen of *Mussaurus* in 2013,[6] but both authors with Anusuya Chinsamy subsequently argued in 2014 that this tissue most likely represents a pathologically formed tissue instead based on histological features.[7]

### Social behaviour

As of 2021, *Mussaurus* represents the earliest unequivocal evidence of complex social behaviour in dinosaurs, with over 100 eggs and skeletal specimens of 80 individuals ranging from embryos to adults found in the same locality. This discovery predates the previous records of herd-living dinosaurs by at least 40 million years. It is thought that this behaviour has been originated from the Triassic period, leading them to become successful as large terrestrial herbivores.[2]

### Growth

A study published in May 2019 shows that in its first year of life, during which it weighed 6.5–10.2 kilograms (14–22 lb), *M. patagonicus* probably a was [quadruped](/source/Quadrupedalism), walking on all four limbs. Changes in the relative proportions of its body during growth ([ontogeny](/source/Ontogeny)) may have caused its [centre of mass](/source/Centre_of_mass) to move backwards towards its [pelvis](/source/Pelvis), resulting in the animal adopting a two-legged ([bipedal](/source/Bipedalism)) stance later in life. Adult *Mussaurus* had a tail length of 3.13 metres (10.3 ft) and weighed up to 1.2–1.6 metric tons (1.3–1.8 short tons), significantly larger than subadults which weighed about 106.2–557 kilograms (234–1,228 lb).[5][2] Individuals of such size would have measured up to 8 metres (26 ft) in total body length.[8] It is estimated that *Mussaurus* would have been sexually mature at 23 to 31 years of age, and reached somatic maturity after 14 years.[9]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ageofdinosaursmussaurus_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ageofdinosaursmussaurus_1-1) Dodson, Peter & Britt, Brooks & Carpenter, Kenneth & Forster, Catherine A. & Gillette, David D. & Norell, Mark A. & Olshevsky, George & Parrish, J. Michael & Weishampel, David B. (1993). "Mussaurus". *The Age of Dinosaurs*. Publications International, LTD. p. 40. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7853-0443-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7853-0443-6).{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list))

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Pol21_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Pol21_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Pol21_2-2) Pol, Diego; Mancuso, Adriana C.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Marsicano, Claudia A.; Ramezani, Jahandar; Cerda, Ignacio A.; Otero, Alejandro; Fernandez, Vincent (2021-10-21). ["Earliest evidence of herd-living and age segregation amongst dinosaurs"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8531321). *Scientific Reports*. **11** (1): 20023. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2021NatSR..1120023P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatSR..1120023P). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41598-021-99176-1](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-99176-1). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2045-2322](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [8531321](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8531321). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [34675327](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34675327).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-OP13_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-OP13_3-1) Otero, A.; Pol, D. (2013). "Postcranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of *Mussaurus patagonicus* (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha)". *Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology*. **33** (5): 1138. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2013JVPal..33.1138O](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JVPal..33.1138O). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/02724634.2013.769444](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2013.769444). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[11336/21805](https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F21805). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [86110822](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86110822).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Holtz, T. R.; Rey, L. V. (2007). *Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages*. Random House. [Supplementary Information 2012](https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2011.pdf) [Weight Information](https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/appendix.html)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-OCAS19_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-OCAS19_5-1) Otero, Alejandro; Cuff, Andrew R.; Allen, Vivian; Sumner-Rooney, Lauren; Pol, Diego; Hutchinson, John R. (2019-05-20). ["Ontogenetic changes in the body plan of the sauropodomorph dinosaur *Mussaurus patagonicus* reveal shifts of locomotor stance during growth"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6527699). *Scientific Reports*. **9** (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 7614. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2019NatSR...9.7614O](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...9.7614O). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41598-019-44037-1](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-44037-1). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2045-2322](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [6527699](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6527699). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [31110190](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31110190). [Supplementary Information](https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-019-44037-1/MediaObjects/41598_2019_44037_MOESM1_ESM.pdf)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Cerda I.A.; Pol, D. (2013). "Evidence for gender-specific reproductive tissue in a basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Late Triassic of Argentina". *Ameghiniana*. **50**: 11–12R.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Cerda, I.A.; Chinsamy, A.; Pol, D. (2014). "Unusual Endosteally Formed Bone Tissue in a Patagonian Basal Sauropodomorph Dinosaur". *The Anatomical Record*. **297** (8): 1385–1391. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/ar.22954](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.22954). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[11336/16721](https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F16721). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [24863550](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24863550).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Paul, Gregory S. (2016). [*The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs*](http://worldcat.org/oclc/985402380). Princeton University Press. p. 192. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-78684-190-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78684-190-2). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [985402380](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/985402380).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Ignacio A. Cerda, Diego Pol, Alejandro Otero & Anusuya Chinsamy (2022). ["Palaeobiology of the early sauropodomorph Mussaurus patagonicus inferred from its long bone histology"](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpala.12614). *Palaeontology*. **65** (4). e12614. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2022Palgy..6512614C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Palgy..6512614C). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/pala.12614](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpala.12614). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [251181122](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251181122).{{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal)}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list))

## Further reading

- Bonaparte, J. F.; Vince, M. (1979). "El hallazgo del primer nido de dinosaurios triasicos, (Saurischia, Prosauropoda), Triasico Superior de Patagonia, Argentina [The discovery of the first nest of Triassic dinosaurs (Saurischia, Prosauropoda,) from the Upper Triassic of Patagonia, Argentina]". *Ameghiniana*. **16** (1–2): 173–182.

- Pol, D.; Powell, J. E. (2007). "Skull anatomy of *Mussaurus patagonicus* (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of Patagonia". *Historical Biology*. **19** (1): 125–144. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2007HBio...19..125P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007HBio...19..125P). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/08912960601140085](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08912960601140085). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[11336/83019](https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F83019). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [85170509](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85170509).

## External links

[Wikispecies](/source/Wikispecies) has information related to ***[Mussaurus](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mussaurus)***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Mussaurus](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mussaurus).

- [Dinosaurs portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Dinosaurs)

v t e Sauropodomorpha Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Sauropsida Clade: Avemetatarsalia Clade: Dinosauria Avemetatarsalia see Avemetatarsalia Sauropodomorpha see below↓ Sauropodomorpha Sauropodomorpha Ahvaytum? Buriolestes Eoraptor Gigantoscelus Guaibasaurus Mbiresaurus Pampadromaeus Panphagia Saturnaliidae Buriolestes? Eoraptor? Chromogisaurus Nhandumirim Pampadromaeus? Panphagia? Saturnalia Bagualosauria Arcusaurus Asylosaurus Bagualosaurus Efraasia Huayracursor Nambalia Pantydraco Thecodontosaurus Unaysauridae Jaklapallisaurus Macrocollum Unaysaurus Plateosauria Plateosauravus Ruehleia Xixiposaurus Plateosauridae Euskelosaurus Gresslyosaurus Issi Pachysauriscus Plateosaurus Yimenosaurus Massopoda Gryponyx Gyposaurus Ignavusaurus Kholumolumo Musankwa Sarahsaurus Tuebingosaurus Wudingloong Riojasauridae Eucnemesaurus Riojasaurus Massospondylidae Adeopapposaurus Coloradisaurus Glacialisaurus Ignavusaurus? Leyesaurus Lufengosaurus Massospondylus Ngwevu Pradhania Sarahsaurus Xingxiulong? Sauropodiformes Chuxiongosaurus? Jingshanosaurus Lishulong Qianlong Seitaad Xingxiulong? Yizhousaurus Yunnanosaurus Anchisauria Aardonyx Anchisaurus Camelotia Irisosaurus Lamplughsaura Leonerasaurus Melanorosaurus Meroktenos Mussaurus Pulanesaura Sefapanosaurus Sauropoda see below↓ Sauropoda Sauropoda Amygdalodon Blikanasaurus Chinshakiangosaurus Gongxianosaurus Isanosaurus Leonerasaurus? Pulanesaura? Protognathosaurus Schleitheimia Tuebingosaurus? Lessemsauridae Antetonitrus Ingentia Ledumahadi Lessemsaurus Gravisauria Archaeodontosaurus? Kotasaurus Ohmdenosaurus Rhoetosaurus Sanpasaurus? Zizhongosaurus? Vulcanodontidae Tazoudasaurus Vulcanodon Eusauropoda Algoasaurus Asiatosaurus Bagualia Barapasaurus Bellusaurus Cetiosauriscus Dashanpusaurus Dystrophaeus Huashanosaurus Janenschia Jinchuanloong Jobaria Nebulasaurus Perijasaurus Shunosaurus Spinophorosaurus Tehuelchesaurus Volkheimeria Yantaloong Cetiosauridae Cetiosaurus Chebsaurus Ferganasaurus? Lapparentosaurus? Patagosaurus? Mamenchisauridae Analong Anhuilong Cetiosauriscus? Chuanjiesaurus Datousaurus? Eomamenchisaurus Huangshanlong Hudiesaurus Jingiella Klamelisaurus? Mamenchisaurus Omeisaurus Qijianglong Rhomaleopakhus Tienshanosaurus Tonganosaurus Tongnanlong Wamweracaudia Xinjiangtitan Yuanmousaurus Zigongosaurus Turiasauria Amanzia Bellusaurus? Haestasaurus? Janenschia? Losillasaurus Mierasaurus Moabosaurus Narindasaurus Oplosaurus? Tehuelchesaurus? Tendaguria Turiasaurus Zby Neosauropoda Diplodocoidea (see below ↓ ) Macronaria (see below ↓ ) Dubious sauropods Bothriospondylus Cardiodon Dinodocus Gigantosaurus Neosodon Qinlingosaurus Ultrasaurus Diplodocoidea Diplodocoidea Haplocanthosaurus Diplodocimorpha Rebbachisauridae Agustinia Amazonsaurus Astigmasaura Campananeyen Cienciargentina Comahuesaurus Histriasaurus Lavocatisaurus Maraapunisaurus? Nopcsaspondylus Sidersaura Xenoposeidon Zapalasaurus Khebbashia Limaysaurinae Cathartesaura Limaysaurus Rayososaurus? Rebbachisaurinae Demandasaurus Itapeuasaurus Katepensaurus Nigersaurus Rebbachisaurus Tataouinea Flagellicaudata Dicraeosauridae Amargasaurus Amargatitanis Athenar Bajadasaurus Brachytrachelopan Dicraeosaurus Dyslocosaurus? Kaatedocus Lingwulong Pilmatueia Smitanosaurus Suuwassea Tharosaurus Diplodocidae Apatosaurinae Amphicoelias? Apatosaurus Atlantosaurus? Brontosaurus Diplodocinae Ardetosaurus Barosaurus Dinheirosaurus Diplodocus Galeamopus Kaatedocus? Leinkupal Supersaurus Tornieria Macronaria Macronaria Abrosaurus Aragosaurus Bashunosaurus? Daanosaurus Dashanpusaurus? Europasaurus Haestasaurus? Yuzhoulong Camarasauridae Camarasaurus Lourinhasaurus Titanosauriformes Astrodon Duriatitan Eucamerotus Fushanosaurus Fusuisaurus Ornithopsis Pelorosaurus Rugocaudia? Brachiosauridae Abydosaurus Atlasaurus Brachiosaurus Cedarosaurus Galvesaurus? Giraffatitan Lusotitan Sonorasaurus Soriatitan Venenosaurus Vouivria Somphospondyli Angolatitan Arkharavia Astrophocaudia Austrosaurus Brontomerus Dasosaurus Chubutisaurus Dongbeititan Europatitan Fukuititan Garumbatitan Jiangxititan? Jiutaisaurus Liaoningotitan Ligabuesaurus? Liubangosaurus Oceanotitan Padillasaurus Pukyongosaurus Ruixinia Sauroposeidon Sibirotitan Tastavinsaurus Triunfosaurus Euhelopodidae Australodocus? Chiayusaurus? Erketu Euhelopus Gannansaurus Gobititan Huabeisaurus Huanghetitan Jiangshanosaurus? Liaoningotitan Nagatitan Phuwiangosaurus Qiaowanlong Silutitan Tambatitanis Tangvayosaurus Yongjinglong Yunmenglong Diamantinasauria Australotitan Diamantinasaurus Sarmientosaurus Savannasaurus Wintonotitan? Titanosauria see below↓ Titanosauria Titanosauria Abdarainurus Aegyptosaurus? Andesaurus Angolatitan? Arackar Argyrosaurus Atacamatitan Austroposeidon Baotianmansaurus Barrosasaurus Baurutitan? Bonatitan? Borealosaurus Brasilotitan Choconsaurus Daxiatitan Dongyangosaurus Dreadnoughtus? Elaltitan Epachthosaurus? Gandititan Hamititan Huabeisaurus Jiangshanosaurus? Kaijutitan Karongasaurus Laplatasaurus Ligabuesaurus? Magyarosaurus Malarguesaurus? Malawisaurus Mnyamawamtuka Narambuenatitan Ninjatitan Normanniasaurus Nullotitan Pellegrinisaurus? Petrobrasaurus Petrustitan Pitekunsaurus Rapetosaurus Rukwatitan Ruyangosaurus Tastavinsaurus? Tengrisaurus? Tiamat Traukutitan Trigonosaurus Sonidosaurus Uberabatitan Uriash Volgatitan Xianshanosaurus Diamantinasauria? Lirainosaurinae Ampelosaurus Atsinganosaurus Garrigatitan Lirainosaurus Lohuecotitan Mansourasaurus Paludititan Eutitanosauria Inawentu Menucocelsior Colossosauria Antarctosaurus Baalsaurus Bonitasaura Chucarosaurus Epachthosaurus? Jainosaurus Quetecsaurus Tengrisaurus? Vahiny Rinconsauria Adamantisaurus Chadititan Maxakalisaurus? Muyelensaurus Overosaurus Panamericansaurus Rinconsaurus Aeolosaurini Aeolosaurus Arrudatitan Bravasaurus Baurutitan Caieiria Gondwanatitan Punatitan Shingopana Lognkosauria Drusilasaura Dzharatitanis? Futalognkosaurus Jiangxititan? Mendozasaurus Notocolossus Puertasaurus Argentinosaurus Patagotitan Phosphatotitan Saltasauroidea Bustingorrytitan Titanomachya Udelartitan Yeneen Nemegtosauridae Nemegtosaurus Quaesitosaurus? Tapuiasaurus? Saltasauridae Igai Isisaurus? Qingxiusaurus Quaesitosaurus? Opisthocoelicaudiinae Abditosaurus? Alamosaurus Dreadnoughtus? Opisthocoelicaudia Pellegrinisaurus? Qunkasaura Zhuchengtitan? Saltasaurinae Abditosaurus? Bonatitan? Ibirania Maxakalisaurus? Neuquensaurus Paralititan Rocasaurus Saltasaurus Yamanasaurus Dubious titanosaurs Bruhathkayosaurus? Campylodoniscus Clasmodosaurus Hypselosaurus Iuticosaurus Loricosaurus Macrurosaurus? Microcoelus Mongolosaurus? Titanosaurus Topics in sauropodomorph research Sauropod neck posture Sauropod hiatus List of sauropod species

Taxon identifiers Mussaurus Wikidata: Q132857 Wikispecies: Mussaurus EoL: 4531214 GBIF: 4822654 IRMNG: 1320101 Open Tree of Life: 4946918 Paleobiology Database: 38643

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Mussaurus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussaurus) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussaurus?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.