# Munif Razzaz

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Syrian politician (1919–1984)

Munif al-Razzaz منيف الرزاز‎ Secretary General of the National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party In office April 1965 – 23 February 1966 Deputy Shibli al-Aisami Preceded by Michel Aflaq Succeeded by Michel Aflaq (Iraqi-led) Nureddin al-Atassi (Syrian-led) Regional Secretary of the Regional Command of the Jordanian Regional Branch In office September 1959 – April 1965 Preceded by Abdullah Rimawi Succeeded by Abd al-Ghani Musa al-Nahar Member of the National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party In office 6 April 1947 – 23 February 1966 Member of the Regional Command of the Jordanian Regional Branch In office 1952 – April 1965 Personal details Born (1919-12-19)19 December 1919 Damascus, Syria Died 16 September 1984(1984-09-16) (aged 64) Baghdad, Ba'athist Iraq Party Jordanian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Spouse Lamah Bseiso Children Mu'nis Razzaz, Omar Razzaz, Zeina Razzaz

**Munif al-Razzaz** ([Arabic](/source/Arabic_language): منيف الرزاز; 19 December 1919 – 16 September 1984) was a Jordanian-Syrian physician and politician who was the second, and last, Secretary General of the (unified) National Command of the [Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party](/source/Ba'ath_Party), having been elected to the post at the 8th National Congress held in April 1965.

Munif relocated to Iraq in 1977 and became a leading member of the [Iraqi Ba'ath](/source/Arab_Socialist_Ba'ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region). Munif was among dozens of dissidents accused of plotting against then new Iraqi President [Saddam Hussein](/source/Saddam_Hussein) in the [1979 Ba'ath Party Purge](/source/1979_Ba'ath_Party_Purge). King [Hussein](/source/Hussein_of_Jordan) had advocated for Munif's release so he can return safely to Jordan, but President Saddam Hussein adamantly refused. Munif died in 1984 during his house arrest in Baghdad. His wife and doctor claimed that he was poisoned after his medication for high blood pressure medicine was replaced. He was buried in Amman according to his only will.[1]

## Biography

### Early years

Razzaz was born in [Damascus](/source/Damascus), Syria on 19 December 1919, but he was raised in Jordan.[2] His family moved to Jordan in 1925 after his father, a veterinarian, was accused by the French colonial authorities in Syria of collaborating with the rebels during the [Great Syrian Revolt](/source/Great_Syrian_Revolt) by treating their injured horses.[3][1] In 1937 Razzaz was given scholarship at the [American University in Beirut](/source/American_University_in_Beirut) after having spent a brief period studying in Cairo.[4] He became a member of the [Jordanian Regional Branch](/source/Arab_Socialist_Ba'ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Jordan_Region) of the [Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party](/source/Ba'ath_Party) in 1950. Razzaz was one of the co-founders of the Ba'athist Regional Branch in Jordan, and he promoted the [Ba'athist ideology](/source/Ba'athism) through his writings in [national newspapers](/source/Newspapers_in_Jordan). From 1955 to 1957, the Jordanian Ba'athists were loud critics of [King Hussein](/source/King_Hussein). Razzaz criticized the King Hussein's support of the [Baghdad Pact](/source/Baghdad_Pact), and his stance towards [Gamal Abdel Nasser](/source/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser), the [President of Egypt](/source/President_of_Egypt). Because of his anti-monarchy activities Razzaz was imprisoned in 1956, 1958, 1959 and 1960.[2]

In the aftermath of the [Ramadan Revolution](/source/Ramadan_Revolution) which brought the [Iraqi Ba'ath Branch](/source/Arab_Socialist_Ba'ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region) to power in Iraq, Razzaz along with fellow Ba'athist [Abdallah Abd al-Da'im](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdallah_abd_al-Da%27im&action=edit&redlink=1), was given the task of formulating a political program which was supposed to be broadcast to the Iraqi people.[5]

### National Command

Razzaz was elected Secretary General of the National Command at the 8th National Congress in April 1965, and succeeded [Michel Aflaq](/source/Michel_Aflaq) in office. However, Razzaz was not rooted enough in Syrian affairs to find a solution to the crisis which was taking hold in Syria.[6] In November 1965, the National Command passed a resolution which forbade the Syrian Regional Command to appoint or relieve officers. The Military Committee led by [Salah Jadid](/source/Salah_Jadid) responded immediately by rebelling. Razzaz then convened an emergency session of the National Command which decreed the dissolution of [Yusuf Zu'ayyin](/source/Yusuf_Zu'ayyin)'s government and the Syrian Regional Command, while they decreed the establishment of a new leadership for Syria; al-Bittar became Prime Minister, [Muhammad Umran](/source/Muhammad_Umran) became [Minister of Defense](/source/Ministry_of_Defence_(Syria)), [Amin al-Hafiz](/source/Amin_al-Hafiz) became Chairman of a new [Presidential Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential_Council_(Syria)&action=edit&redlink=1), and [Mansur al-Atrash](/source/Mansur_al-Atrash) became Chairman of the National Revolutionary Council.[7] Jadid and his supporters replied by carrying out the [1966 Syrian coup d'état](/source/1966_Syrian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat) which led to the downfall of the National Command and the moderate faction within the Ba'ath Party.[8]

### Later years

Following the downfall of Aflaq, [Salah al-Din al-Bitar](/source/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar) and the moderates in general in the 1966 coup, Razzaz went underground. He became the only member of the old National Command to put up any resistance against Jadid's neo-Ba'athist government.[9] On his ascension to office, Razzaz relationship with Aflaq deteriorated even if it was the Military Committee, and not Razzaz, who forced him from office.[10]

Shortly after the 1966 coup, Colonel [Salim Hatum](/source/Salim_Hatum) began planning a conspiracy which would topple the Jadid government.[11] Hatum forged an alliance with Razzaz, encouraged by messages from comrades from the old National Command, began recruiting military officers to his cause. He managed to form a Military Committee led by [Druze](/source/Druze) officer Major General [Fahd al-Sha'ir](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fahd_al-Sha%27ir&action=edit&redlink=1).[12] The coup was uncovered by the authorities in August 1966, and Razzaz and fellow conspirators were forced either into hiding or into [Lebanon](/source/Lebanon). Razzaz was highly critical of the Syrian regime of Hafez al Assad, writing an exposure book, Al Tajribah al Murrah *The Bitter Experience*, published in 1966.[13] He became a member of the Palestinian Iraqi-aligned Ba'athist organization [Arab Liberation Front](/source/Arab_Liberation_Front) in 1966, and through it, rose through the Iraqi-dominated Ba'athist structure.

In 1977, Munif relocated to Iraq and became a leading member of the [Iraqi Ba'ath](/source/Arab_Socialist_Ba'ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region). He was among dozens of dissidents accused of plotting against then new Iraqi President [Saddam Hussein](/source/Saddam_Hussein) in the [1979 Ba'ath Party Purge](/source/1979_Ba'ath_Party_Purge). [King Hussein](/source/Hussein_of_Jordan) had advocated for Munif's release so he can return safely to Jordan, but President Saddam Hussein adamantly refused. Munif died in 1984. His wife and doctor claimed that he was poisoned after the medication he was taking for high blood pressure was replaced with poison. He puked blood in front of his wife and daughter.[1]

## Thought

Further information: [Ba'athism](/source/Ba'athism) and [Ideology of Michel Aflaq](/source/Ideology_of_Michel_Aflaq)

In the article "Ba'ath Socialism" in the Iraqi newspaper *[Iraq Today](/source/Iraq_Today)* Razzaz stated that Ba'athist socialism was [scientific socialism](/source/Scientific_socialism), and that it "was the natural and inevitable response to the contradictions between the Arab nation and home land, with [colonialism](/source/Colonialism), [imperialism](/source/Imperialism) and backwardness, both inherited and recent. It is a natural response to natural struggle blended with [class struggle](/source/Class_struggle)."[14] Razzaz laid emphasis on the fact that Ba'athist socialism was both scientific and moral, and that Ba'athist socialism was a form of Third World Socialism and not the form of socialism of the [First](/source/First_International), [Second](/source/Second_International), [Third](/source/Third_International) or [Fourth](/source/Fourth_International) Internationals. These forms of socialism derived "their character from pure class contradictions inside imperialist industrialized societies. It is a socialism which draws its basic properties from the contradictions of the [Third World](/source/Third_World) with imperialism on the one hand, and backwardness on the other".[14] Ba'athist socialism, in his mind, opposed full state ownership of the economy, but supported state ownership over the heights of the economy.[15] In his influential 1957 article "Why Socialism Now?" Razzaz states; "Socialism is a way of life, not just an economic order. It extends to all aspects of life – economics, politics, training, education, social life, health, morals, literature, science, history, and others both great and small. Socialism, freedom and unity are not different names for different things … but different facets of one basic law from which they spring."[16] Together with Aflaq and [Jamal al-Atassi](/source/Jamal_al-Atassi), Razzaz wrote *Articles on Socialism* in 1974.[17]

In a paper entitled "Arab nationalism" Razzaz asserts that [Arab nationalist ideology](/source/Arab_nationalism) is "the driving force behind the Arabs in their struggle to create a progressive nation that can hold on its own with the nations of the world."[18] Razzaz believed that the Arabs had a sense of belonging to an Arab identity which could be traced back to pre-Islamic days. He believed that the Arab world was first confronted by Western colonialism at the beginning of the 16th century in the Persian Gulf and the [Indian Ocean](/source/Indian_Ocean). The [1948 Arab–Israeli War](/source/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War) "which brought the humiliating defeat of the Arabs by a handful of Jews, was the last straw that destroyed any remnants of confidence between the ruling classes on one side and the masses on the other."[18] Resentments towards the Western powers for creating [Israel](/source/Israel) could never be forgotten Razzaz believed, and the creation of Israel led to the popular demand of an end to all Western tutelage in the Arab world. Razzaz claimed that Arab nationalism was the conflict between two forces; the reactionary classes and the masses. The reactionary classes were inefficient vassals of Western capitalist imperialism who had betrayed the nation, while the masses were "anti-imperialist, anti-capitalist and anti-Zionist, and in favor of unity, freedom, socialism and neutralism."[18]

## Personal life

In 1949, he married Lam'a Bseisso, who was born in [Hama](/source/Hama), Syria in 1923, with whom he had two sons and one daughter.[19] His son [Omar Razzaz](/source/Omar_Razzaz) was the [Prime Minister](/source/Prime_Minister_of_Jordan) of Jordan from 2018 to 2020.

## References

### Citations

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-7ib_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-7ib_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-7ib_1-2) ["99 years since Munif Razzaz's birth: politician, intellectual, prisoner and father"](https://www.7iber.com/politics-economics/munif-razzaz-99-birthday/). *7iber* (in Arabic). 19 December 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2019.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoubayed2006316_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoubayed2006316_2-1) [Moubayed 2006](#CITEREFMoubayed2006), p. 316.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200562_3-0)** [Anderson 2005](#CITEREFAnderson2005), p. 62.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200575_4-0)** [Anderson 2005](#CITEREFAnderson2005), p. 75.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199086_5-0)** [Seale 1990](#CITEREFSeale1990), p. 86.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale199099_6-0)** [Seale 1990](#CITEREFSeale1990), p. 99.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale1990100_7-0)** [Seale 1990](#CITEREFSeale1990), p. 100.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale1990101–103_8-0)** [Seale 1990](#CITEREFSeale1990), pp. 101–103.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale1990102_9-0)** [Seale 1990](#CITEREFSeale1990), p. 102.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinovich1972154_10-0)** [Rabinovich 1972](#CITEREFRabinovich1972), p. 154.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale1990109_11-0)** [Seale 1990](#CITEREFSeale1990), p. 109.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale1990110_12-0)** [Seale 1990](#CITEREFSeale1990), p. 110.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeale1990111_13-0)** [Seale 1990](#CITEREFSeale1990), p. 111.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlam199433_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlam199433_14-1) [Alam 1994](#CITEREFAlam1994), p. 33.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinat199718_15-0)** [Ginat 1997](#CITEREFGinat1997), p. 18.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakiya1998252_16-0)** [Makiya 1998](#CITEREFMakiya1998), p. 252.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoubayed2006169_17-0)** [Moubayed 2006](#CITEREFMoubayed2006), p. 169.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERejwan200872_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERejwan200872_18-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERejwan200872_18-2) [Rejwan 2008](#CITEREFRejwan2008), p. 72.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["رجل في الأخبار.. عمر الرزاز أصله سوري وصدام حسين سمم والده"](https://www.enabbaladi.net/archives/233020). *enabbaladi.net* (in Arabic). 5 June 2018.

### Bibliography

- Alam, Mahboob (1994). *Iraqi Foreign Policy Since Revolution*. Mittal Publications. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-8170995548](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170995548).

- Anderson, Bette Signe (2005). *Nationalist Voices in Jordan: The Street and the State*. [University of Texas Press](/source/University_of_Texas_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-292-70625-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70625-5).

- Ginat, Rami (1998). *Egypt's Incomplete Revolution: Lutfi al-Khuli and Nasser's Socialism in the 1960s*. [Routledge](/source/Routledge). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0714647388](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714647388).

- Makiya, Kanan (1998). [*Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq*](https://archive.org/details/republicoffearpo00maki). [University of California Press](/source/University_of_California_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0520214392](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520214392).

- Moubayed, Sami M. (2006). *Steel & Silk: Men and Women who shaped Syria 1900–2000*. Cune Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1885942418](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1885942418).

- Rabinovich, Itamar (1972). *Syria Under the Baʻth, 1963–66: The Army Party Symbiosis*. [Transaction Publishers](/source/Transaction_Publishers).

- Rejwan, Nissom (2008). *Arabs in the Mirror: Images and Self-Images from Pre-Islamic to Modern Times* (1st ed.). [University of Texas Press](/source/University_of_Texas_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0292717282](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0292717282).

- [Seale, Patrick](/source/Patrick_Seale) (1990). [*Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East*](https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal). [University of California Press](/source/University_of_California_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0520069763](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520069763).

v t e Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Iraqi-dominated faction Syrian-dominated faction History Predecessors Arab Ba'ath Arab Ba'ath Movement Arab Socialist Movement Syrian Committee to Help Iraq Founders Michel Aflaq Salah al-Din al-Bitar Pre-split 1954 Syrian coup d'état 14 July Revolution 1959 Mosul uprising Attempted assassination of Abdul-Karim Qasim 1961 Syrian coup d'état Ramadan Revolution 1963 Syrian coup d'état Ba'athist Syria Politics National Council for the Revolutionary Command Ar-Rashid revolt November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 1964 Hama riot 1966 Syrian coup d'état Post-split 17 July Revolution Ba'athist Iraq Revolutionary Command Council Members Arab Belt Corrective Revolution Corrective Movement Union of Arab Republics Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge Assadist–Saddamist conflict 1984 Syrian coup attempt 8th Regional Congress of the Syrian Ba'ath Party Faith Campaign Iraqi conflict De-Ba'athification in Iraq Ba'ath Party archives Syrian civil war Fall of the Assad regime Leadership General Secretaries Pre-split Michel Aflaq Munif Razzaz Iraqi-dominated faction Michel Aflaq Saddam Hussein Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri Salah Al-Mukhtar* Syrian-dominated faction Nureddin al-Atassi Hafez al-Assad Abdullah al-Ahmar (de facto) Bashar al-Assad Regional Secretaries Iraq Fuad al-Rikabi Talib El-Shibib Ali Salih al-Sa'di Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Saddam Hussein Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed* Jordan Abdullah Rimawi Munif Razzaz Akram al-Homsi* Lebanon Assem Qanso Abd al-Majid al-Rafei Palestine Isam al-Qadi Rakad Salem* Syria Hammud al-Shufi Shibli al-Aysami Amin al-Hafiz Nureddin al-Atassi Hafez al-Assad Bashar al-Assad Members of the National Command Hadiya Khalaf Abbas Michel Aflaq Abdullah al-Ahmar Zaki al-Arsuzi Bashar al-Assad Hafez al-Assad Nureddin al-Atassi Mansur al-Atrash Shibli al-Aysami Ali Abdullah Ayyoub Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Salah al-Din al-Bitar Elias Farah Hakem Al-Fayez Wahib al-Ghanim Amin al-Hafiz Akram al-Hourani Salah Jadid Zuheir Mohsen Munif Razzaz Fuad al-Rikabi Abdullah Rimawi Ali Salih al-Sa'di Talib El-Shibib Khaled Yashruti Members of the Regional Commands Iraq Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur Ghanim Abdul-Jalil Saad Abdul-Majid Jamal Mustafa Abdullah Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed Salah Omar al-Ali Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash Salih Mahdi Ammash Hussein Al-Awadi Tariq Aziz Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri Saadoun Ghaidan Fadil Mahmud Gharib Mizban Khadr al-Hadi Sa'dun Hammadi Qusay Hussein Saddam Hussein Latif Nassif Jassim Rashid Taan Kazim Adnan Khayr Allah Ali Hassan al-Majid Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi Samir Abdul Aziz al-Najim Aziz Saleh Al-Numan Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi Taha Yassin Ramadan Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi Rashid al-Rifai Fuad al-Rikabi Ali Salih al-Sa'di Abd Al-Baqi Abd Karim Al-Sadun Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun Abdul Khaliq al-Samarra'i Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i Talib El-Shibib Nayef Shindakh Thamer Khamis Sirhan Hardan al-Tikriti Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi Tahir Yahya Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi Ibrahim Hesqel Lebanon Musa Shuaib Syria Hadiya Khalaf Abbas Abdullah al-Ahmar Hussein Arnous Bashar al-Assad Hafez al-Assad Maher al-Assad Rifaat al-Assad Nureddin al-Atassi Shibli al-Aysami Ali Abdullah Ayyoub Mahmoud al-Ayyubi Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan Muhsen Bilal Mahdi Dakhlallah Ahmad Diyab Ali Duba Fahd Jassem al-Freij Marwan Habash Ibrahim al-Hadid Amin al-Hafiz Muhammad Ali al-Halabi Wael Nader al-Halqi Adnan Badr Hassan Salim Hatum Hilal Hilal Mohammad al-Hussein Hisham Ikhtiyar Salah Jadid Abdul-Karim al-Jundi Sami al-Jundi Abdul Rauf al-Kasm Abdul Halim Khaddam Imad Khamis Ahmad al-Khatib Abdul Rahman Khleifawi Mohammad Jihad al-Laham Ibrahim Makhous Zuhair Masharqa Muhammad Mustafa Mero Muhammad Naji al-Otari Abdul Qadir Qaddura Hammouda Sabbagh Farouk al-Sharaa Hikmat al-Shihabi Hammud al-Shufi Mustafa Tlass Hasan Turkmani Muhammad Umran Salim Yasin Mahmoud Al-Zoubi Yusuf Zuayyin Yemen Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab Heads of state Iraq Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Saddam Hussein Syria Amin al-Hafiz Nureddin al-Atassi Ahmad al-Khatib Hafez al-Assad Presidency Abdul Halim Khaddam (interim) Bashar al-Assad Presidency Heads of government Iraq Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Saddam Hussein Sa'dun Hammadi Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai Syria Salah al-Din al-Bitar Amin al-Hafiz Yusuf Zuayyin Nureddin al-Atassi Hafez al-Assad Abdul Rahman Khleifawi Mahmoud al-Ayyubi Muhammad Ali al-Halabi Abdul Rauf al-Kasm Mahmoud Al-Zoubi Muhammad Mustafa Mero Muhammad Naji al-Otari Adel Safar Riyad Farid Hijab Wael Nader al-Halqi Imad Khamis Hussein Arnous Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali * = incumbent Organization Regional branches Iraqi-dominated faction Algeria Bahrain Egypt Iraq Regional Command Jordan Lebanon Libya Mauritania Palestine Sudan Tunisia Yemen Syrian-dominated faction Jordan Lebanon Mauritania Palestine Yemen Sudan Syria Central Command History National Security Bureau Yemen Committees Control and Inspection Committee Military Committee Newspapers Al-Ba'ath Sawt al-Jamahir Al-Thawra Al-Souria Popular fronts National Progressive Front (Iraq) National Progressive Front (Syria) Wings Paramilitary Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order Ba'ath Brigades Fedayeen Saddam General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries Jaysh Muhammad al-Fatih National Defense Battalions National Defence Forces Popular Army Popular Resistance of the Eastern Region Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation Syrian Popular Resistance Others General Federation of Trade Unions General Union of Peasants National Union of Syrian Students Revolutionary Youth Union Associated organizations Armed groups Al-Abud Network Free Iraqi Army Rejectionists Snake Party Breakaway groups Arab Revolutionary Workers Party Arab Socialist Movement Damascus branch Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party Arabic Toilers' Movement Al-Awda Arab Democratic Socialist Ba'ath Party Palestinian Arab Front Socialist Lebanon Sudanese Ba'ath Party Political alliances Current Alliance of Palestinian Forces Forces of Freedom and Change March 8 Alliance National Consensus Forces National Democratic Alliance Palestine Liberation Organization Palestinian National and Islamic Forces Former Ahd Bloc Front of Patriotic and National Parties Lebanese National Movement Lebanese National Resistance Front National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria National Union Front Palestinian National Alliance Palestinian National Salvation Front Rejectionist Front Political parties Arab Socialist Union Party Arab Democratic Union Party Democratic Socialist Unionist Party Kurdistan Revolutionary Party Libyan National Movement National Covenant Party Popular Unity Party Sawab Social Democratic Unionists Socialist Unionist Party Syrian Communist Party Bakdash Unified Syrian Social Nationalist Party Intifada Wing in Lebanon Miscellaneous Ideology Anti-imperialism Anti-Zionism Arab nationalism Arab socialism Assadism Ba'athism Left-wing populism Neo-Ba'athism Pan-Arabism Progressivism Republicanism Revolutionary socialism Romantic nationalism Saddamism Secularism Socialism Ta'addudiyya Vanguardism Literature The Battle for One Destiny On the Way of Resurrection Symbolism Arḍulfurātayni Pan-Arab colors Waḥda, Ḥurriyya, Ishtirākiyya

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Munif Razzaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munif_Razzaz) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munif_Razzaz?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.