# Multidimensional panel data

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In [econometrics](/source/Econometrics), a **multidimensional panel data** is data of a phenomenon observed over three or more dimensions. This comes in contrast with [panel data](/source/Panel_data), observed over two dimensions (typically, [time](/source/Time_series) and [cross-sections](/source/Cross-sectional_study)). An example is a data set containing forecasts of one or multiple macroeconomic variables produced by multiple individuals (the first dimension), in multiple series (the second dimension) at multiple times periods (the third dimension) and for multiple horizons (the fourth dimension).

## Analysis of multidimensional panel data

A multidimensional panel with four dimensions can have the form

- X i s t h , i = 1 , … , N , s = 1 , … , S , t = 1 , … , T , h = 1 , … , H , {\displaystyle X_{isth},\;i=1,\dots ,N,\;s=1,\dots ,S,\;t=1,\dots ,T,\;h=1,\dots ,H,\,}

where *i* is the individual dimension, *s* is the series dimension, *t* is the time dimension, and *h* is the horizon dimension. A general multidimensional panel data [regression model](/source/Regression_model) is written as

- y i s t h = α + X s i t h β + u s i t h . {\displaystyle y_{isth}=\alpha +X_{sith}\beta +u_{sith}.\,}

Complex assumptions can be made on the precise structure of the correlations among errors in this model. For example, serial correlation (error terms correlated across time) has multiple distinct meanings. Error terms can be correlated across time for the same series, individual, and horizon. They can be correlated across time and across series for the same individual and horizon, etc. Similarly, [heteroskedasticity](/source/Heteroskedasticity) can be defined across individuals for the same series, time, and horizon, across individuals and different series for the same time and horizon, etc.

## Data sets which have a multidimensional panel design

- Blue Chip [Survey of Professional Forecasters](/source/Survey_of_Professional_Forecasters)

- Survey of Professional Forecasters (ASA-NBER)

## See also

- [Panel analysis](/source/Panel_analysis)

## References

- Arellano, Manuel (2003). *Panel Data Econometrics*. New York: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-924528-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-924528-2).

- Davies, A.; Lahiri, K. (1995). "A New Framework for Testing Rationality and Measuring Aggregate Shocks Using Panel Data". *[Journal of Econometrics](/source/Journal_of_Econometrics)*. **68** (1): 205–227. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/0304-4076(94)01649-K](https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0304-4076%2894%2901649-K).

- Davies, A.; Lahiri, K. (2000). "Re-examining the Rational Expectations Hypothesis Using Panel Data on Multi-Period Forecasts". *Analysis of Panels and Limited Dependent Variable Models*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 226–254. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-521-63169-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-63169-6).

- Frees, E. (2004). *Longitudinal and Panel Data: Analysis and Applications in the Social Sciences*. New York: Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-521-82828-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-82828-7).

- Hsiao, Cheng (2003). *Analysis of Panel Data* (Second ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-521-52271-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52271-4).

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