# Muhammad II Manza

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{{Infobox monarch|
| name         = Muhammad II Manza
| succession   = ''[Mai](/source/List_of_mais_of_Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu)'' of the [Kanem–Bornu Empire](/source/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire)
| reign        = 14th century (1 year)<br/>{{Circa}} 1388–1389{{efn|name="MuhammadReign"}}
| predecessor  = [Saʽid](/source/Sa'id_of_Bornu)
| successor    = [Kade II Afunu](/source/Kade_II_Afunu)
| death_date   = {{circa}} 1389
| house        = [Sayfawa dynasty](/source/Sayfawa_dynasty) (Idrisid{{efn|The 14th and 15th centuries saw protracted civil wars between the rival Idrisid (descendants of [Idris I Nikalemi](/source/Idris_I_Nikalemi)) and Dawudid (descendants of [Dawud Nikalemi](/source/Dawud_Nikalemi)) branches of the Sayfawa dynasty.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Lange |first=Dierk |url=https://www.google.se/books/edition/Dictionary_of_African_Biography/39JMAgAAQBAJ |title=Dictionary of African Biography |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-538207-5 |pages=172–173 |language=en |chapter=Ali Gajideni}}</ref>}})
| house-type   = Dynasty
| father       = [Idris I Nikalemi](/source/Idris_I_Nikalemi)
}}
'''Muhammad II''' (Muḥammad bin Idrīs<ref name=":0232">{{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=Clifford Edmund |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/New_Islamic_Dynasties/maQxEAAAQBAJ |title=The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual |date=2012 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year= |isbn=0-7486-2137-7 |pages=126 |orig-year=1996}}</ref>), called '''Muhammad Manza''',<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Palmer |first=H. R. |date=1912 |title=The Bornu Girgam |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/716085 |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=12 |issue=45 |pages=76–77 |issn=0368-4016}}</ref> was briefly ''[mai](/source/List_of_mais_of_Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu)'' (ruler) of the [Kanem–Bornu Empire](/source/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire) in the late 14th century, ruling approximately 1388–1389.{{efn|name="MuhammadReign"|Specific regnal years of rulers of the Kanem–Bornu Empire are calculated by backdating from known events using their regnal lengths and vary between sources. The lists of [Nachtigal](/source/Gustav_Nachtigal) and [Landeroin](/source/Mo%C3%AFse_Landeroin) agreed that Muhammad ruled for just a year. Nachtigal dated his reign to 1426–1427 and Landeroin dated it to 1397–1398.<ref name=":1" /> Muhammad was omitted by several later authors as well, including Lange (1984)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lange |first=Dierk |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000184287 |title=General history of Africa, IV: Africa from the twelfth to the sixteenth century |date= |website= |publisher=University of California |year=1984 |isbn=978-92-3-101710-0 |editor-last=Niane |editor-first=Djibril Tamsir |pages=261 |language=en |chapter=The kingdoms and peoples of Chad}}</ref> and Stewart (1989).<ref name="Stewart">{{Cite book |last=Stewart |first=John |title=African States and Rulers: An Encyclopedia of Native, Colonial and Independent States and Rulers Past and Present |publisher=McFarland & Company |year=1989 |p=146}}</ref> Bosworth (2012) dated his reign to 1388–1389.<ref name=":0232" />}} Muhammad ruled during the "[Era of Instability](/source/Era_of_Instability_(Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu))", a chaotic period of internal and external conflict in the empire.

== Life ==
Muhammad was a son of ''mai'' [Idris I Nikalemi](/source/Idris_I_Nikalemi).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/bostonuniversity02bost |title=Boston University Papers on Africa: Volume II: African History |date=1966 |publisher=Boston University Press |pages=53, 58, 63, 81 |chapter=The Bornu King Lists}}</ref> Muhammad succeeded his brother [Saʽid](/source/Sa'id_of_Bornu) as ''mai'' in the late 14th century.<ref name=":0232" /><ref name=":2" />

Muhammad is poorly recorded in the sources and is omitted in most of the Kanem–Bornu regnal lists ([''girgam''s](/source/Girgam)) and chronicles translated in the 19th–20th centuries.<ref name=":2" /> He is recorded in the lists of [Gustav Nachtigal](/source/Gustav_Nachtigal) (1881) and {{Interlanguage link|Moïse Landeroin|lt=Moïse Landeroin|fr|Moïse Landeroin}} (1911), both of whom assign him a reign of just one year.<ref name=":2" /> Muhammad is also listed in a ''girgam'' translated by Richmond Palmer in 1912, though this ''girgam'' exhibits a confused chronology and sequence of names. Muhammad was omitted in later lists produced by Palmer.<ref name=":2" /> Palmer's 1912 ''girgam'' refers to him as ''Muhammad Manza'', with Palmer noting that ''Manza'' was "an uncomplimentary nickname given to avert the [evil eye](/source/evil_eye)."<ref name=":32" />

Muhammad was succeeded as ''mai'' by his brother [Kade II Afunu](/source/Kade_II_Afunu).<ref name=":2" /> According to Palmer's 1912 ''girgam'', Muhammad was buried at "Jaburu of many ''dom'' and ''fan'' palms".<ref name=":32" />

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
<references />
{{Kanem–Bornu rulers}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhammad 02 of Bornu}}
Category:Rulers of the Bornu Empire
Category:14th-century monarchs in Africa

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Muhammad II Manza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_II_Manza) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_II_Manza?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.