# Mponeng Gold Mine

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Mine in Gauteng province near Johannesburg, South Africa

Mponeng Above-ground operations at Mponeng mine. Mponeng Location in South Africa Location Province Gauteng Country South Africa Coordinates 26°26′10″S 27°25′50″E / 26.43611°S 27.43056°E / -26.43611; 27.43056 Owner Company Harmony Gold Website https://mponenggoldbars.com/

**Mponeng** is an ultra-deep tabular [gold mine in South Africa](/source/Gold_mining_in_South_Africa) in the [Witwatersrand](/source/Witwatersrand) Basin of the [Gauteng Province](/source/Gauteng).[1] Previously known as Western Deep Levels No1 Shaft, the mine began operations in 1986.[2] It is one of the most substantial gold mines in the world in terms of both production and magnitude, reaching over 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) below the surface.[3][4] At this depth Mponeng takes the title of world's deepest mine from ground level, with aims to deepen the mine beyond 4km to reach more reserves.[5][6] A trip from the surface to its deepest point takes over an hour. An [Ecuadorian](/source/Ecuadorians) marathon runner completed a [half marathon](/source/Half_marathon) within the mine in 2017.[3][7] The mine supports a very large number of people, companies and industries, including entire towns and cities.[8]

## Operations

### History

As part of the Witwatersrand, the largest gold mineralization on earth, Mponeng is the result of the discovery of the basin by Europeans. Beginning in the 1850–70s a series of mineral discoveries were made in the area, including those of Pieter Jacobus Marais panning gold from a river and Henry Lewis finding a quartz and gold vein on a farm, that led to the [Witwatersrand Gold Rush](/source/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush) in 1886.[9] These discoveries led to many mining operations and after shaft sinking for about 5 years (1981) Mponeng officially began mining operations in 1986.[10][2] Before Mponeng, the mine was known as the Western Deep Levels South Shaft or the No1 Shaft; the name Mponeng came into use in 1999.[10]

Liv Shange addresses striking mineworkers in Carletonville during 2012 national strikes.

The mine has been running since 1986 and has the possibility to run for 43 years, so it is estimated to be producing until 2029, when reserves may finally run out. [11] Current depths reach roughly 3.8 km down, in the coming years[*[as of?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*] of remaining production life of the mine it will likely reach beyond 4.2 km depth.[11] The mine has not been running continuously since the day of opening in 1986. A seismic event in March 2020 killed three miners, causing a stoppage of operations.[11] Like many other operations, Mponeng closed due to the [COVID-19 pandemic](/source/COVID-19) in May 2020, but has since returned to production.[11][12]

Striking in South Africa's mining district was apparent in the 1900s, for example the South African gold mine strike in August 1946.[13] As Mponeng did not start operations until near the turn of the century there has not been many other notable strikes since then, other than 2012. In 2012, while AngloGold Ashanti was Mponeng's owner, strikes occurred.[14] The strikes were a combined result of gold and platinum industry-worker issues in South Africa.[14] AngloGold's position on the matter was to maintain safety, peace, and stability.[14] The striking action of 2012 totaled nearly 16% of the total mining workforce of South Africa, not just Mponeng.[15] AngloGold specifically experienced nearly 35,000 workers putting down their tools in the illegal strike.[16] Although not at Mponeng, the strike of 2012 included a wildcat strike at a nearby platinum mine ended with [34 miners dying](/source/Marikana_massacre) from police interactions.[15]

### Operations and ownership

[Harmony Gold](/source/Harmony_Gold_(mining)), Africa's largest gold producer, purchased Mponeng from [AngloGold Ashanti](/source/AngloGold_Ashanti) (AGA) in 2020, for approximately $200 million. Harmony Gold also acquired Mine Waste Solutions as they gathered the remainder of AGA's assets in late 2020.**[11]** As of 2022, all-in costs of production were US$1771/oz (US$1614/Troy oz). Even at near record high gold prices, Mponeng is barely breaking even.[17] Gold is currently worth roughly US$2080/oz (US$1900/Troy oz).[18] Over 5,400 metric tons of rock are excavated from Mponeng each day.[3] Harmony Gold, aside from closures, has kept up operations:

The most recent publication from Harmony Gold outlines their 2023-year production:

- Produced: 7,449 kg (239,490 oz) of gold[2][*[better source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources)*]

- Grade: 8.43g/t[2]

- Volume of ore milled: 884,000 tons[2]

## Physical conditions

A colony of *Desulforudis audaxviator*, discovered in the Mponeng gold mine[19]

The temperature of the rock reaches 66 °C (151 °F), and the mine pumps [slurry ice](/source/Slurry_ice) underground to cool the tunnel air to below 30 °C (86 °F).[20] A mixture of concrete, water, and rock is packed into excavated areas, which further acts as an insulator.[20] Tunnel walls are secured by flexible [shotcrete](/source/Shotcrete) reinforced with steel fibers, which is further held in place by diamond-mesh netting.[20]

In 2008, researchers looking for [extremophile](/source/Extremophile) organisms discovered the bacterium *[Desulforudis audaxviator](/source/Desulforudis_audaxviator)* present within groundwater samples from kilometers deep in the mine.[21] The name 'Audaxviator' comes from a Latin-language passage in the novel [*Journey to the Centre of the Earth*](/source/Journey_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth) by [Jules Verne](/source/Jules_Verne): *"Descende, audax viator, et terrestre centrum attinges."* ("Descend, bold traveller, and attain the centre of the Earth.")[22]

## Geology and gold bearing fractures

The mine sits in the Witwatersrand Basin and uses 2 horizons: Ventersdorp Contact Reef and Carbon Leader Reef.[6] In the Mponeng mine the Ventersdorp Contact Reef is mainly interbedded [quartzite](/source/Quartzite) and coarse conglomerates and constitutes only a meter or two of thickness.[23] The Witwatersrand Basin has experienced many surges of thrusting in the past, resulting in abundant fractures.[23] These small faults often correspond to depositional and sediment contacts.[23] It is along these faults that mineralizing fluids flow, which lead to the precipitation or mineralisation of gold.[9] This complicated geologic history associates with gold mineralization to a high degree, the Witwatersrand Basin holds nearly a third of gold reserves and is responsible for over 40% of all gold.[23] Mponeng has a proven gold reserve of roughly 46 million ounces (over 1300 tons), more than 8x the second deepest gold mine '[Driefontein](/source/Driefontein_mine)', also located in South Africa.[9]

The gold [mineralization](/source/Mineralization_(geology)) is likely related to hydrothermal activity, and occurs in varying lithology of conglomerates, known as the reefs stated above.[23] The [stratigraphy](/source/Stratigraphy) that the gold is found in ranges in thickness, from around 10 cm to a 1-meter.[23] Gold is found in these variable thickness layers of pebble lags, stacked [fluvial](/source/Fluvial_sediment_processes) deposits, and other stratigraphy.[23] Mponeng specifically, gold is associated with previously mentioned thrust fracturing and with the following mineralisations:

- Steep quartz/sulphide-bearing fractures

- Sub-horizontal quartz fractures

- Sulphide-bearing fractures

- Ultracataclastics

- Mesophased hydrocarbons[23]

As with most mines, Mponeng is limited to the structural control of the geology. The VCR mineralisation is governed by thrust-fracture systems discussed above, largely from the Lower Kliprivierberg age.[23] The VCR and CLR themselves are around 2.7 billion years old, and have experienced lots of deformation and change.[24][25]

## Environmental impacts

South Africa has been dealing with the effects of mining-related pollution for years; the effects of mining-related environmental damage have been large given that mining is roughly 8% of the South African GDP.[26] In 1998, [mining industry](/source/Mining_industry) contributed nearly 90% of the 533.6 million tons of waste that was produced annually.[27] According to 1998 data, gold mining is the largest single source of pollution in South Africa.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] A large portion of this occurs in the Witwatersrand Basin, home to over 270 [tailings](/source/Tailings) storage facilities, covering 18,000 Ha.[27]

Mining creates two main kinds of waste: waste rock piles and tailing storage facilities (TSFs).[27] Waste rock piles are the rock that must be removed in order to reach the ore; for Mponeng, the waste rock piles are considerable due to the mine's great depth.[5] Tailings result from the crushing and grinding process of the [ore](/source/Ore), very fine silt sized material is produced and collected in mounds. Tailings especially come with severe environmental and health issues as they contain potentially hazardous chemicals.[27] Long-term consequences are also of concern, whether the mine activities continue, halt, or a mine is abandoned, these TSFs can pose serious risk to the surrounding environment.[27] Pollution has been found to persist even after 72 years of mine abandonment.[27]

The mine also emitted 933,205 tons[28] of CO2 equivalent in 2024. Gold mining operations contribute to greenhouse gas emissions primarily through the use of heavy machinery, ore processing, and energy-intensive refining methods. Diesel-powered equipment, explosives, and electricity consumption—largely derived from fossil fuels in South Africa—lead to significant carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions.

Beyond the environment, the citizens of the Witwatersrand Basin have been complaining of windblown dust, most of which originates from partially rehabilitated TSFs.[29] Anglo Ashanti began recording meteorological data in 2012 and Harmony Gold has since taken over monitoring after the acquisition in 2020.[29] Citizens are concerned surrounding [heavy metal](/source/Heavy_metals) content as well as [silica](/source/Silicate_mineral) content, as both pose serious health risks ([silicosis](/source/Silicosis), [tuberculosis](/source/Tuberculosis), [bronchitis](/source/Bronchitis), [chronic obstructive pulmonary disease](/source/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease) (COPD), lung cancer).[30][31] A study in 2020 found elevated value of silica and uranium in [PM10](/source/Particulates) airborne pollution from TSFs of gold mines in the area.[29]

In South Africa, heavy metal pollution from mining industry is the leading cause of soil and water pollution.[27] The pollution stems from a few sources:[27][29]

- [Acid mine drainage](/source/Acid_mine_drainage) (AMD)

- [Salinization](/source/Soil_salinity)

- Elevated levels of potentially toxic elements (PTE) - Mainly heavy metals, also including arsenic ([metalloid](/source/Metalloid)).

- Airborne dust

### Environmental remediation

Two actions can begin to combat South Africa's pollution issues relating to gold mining, prevention of new pollution and remediation of old. The caveats of prevention and remediation are the fact that both of which are extremely difficult and expensive, neither the mining industry or South Africa could afford a completely turn around on pollution.[27]

Immobilizing the PTEs in the TSFs is a main focus of pollution prevention and control.[27]

- [Liming](/source/Liming_(soil)) the acidic tailings to a suitable pH (>5.5) can significantly reduce the mobility of cationic PTEs. This requires large amount of lime.

- Application of clays or organic matter with high cation capacity, with goal of PTE absorption.

- Application of [sesquioxides](/source/Sesquioxide) (M2O3) which would immobilize oxy-anionic PTEs.

- Application of [hydroxides](/source/Hydroxide) or [phosphates](/source/Phosphate), similar effect of liming.

Other than prevention and remediation, it has been proposed that to protect environments remaining tailings materials should be removed from TSFs if containment is not secure.[32]

## Seismicity

[Seismicity](/source/Seismicity) in mines is common as removing mass amounts of rock can change stress dynamics, especially if pre-existing [faults](/source/Fault_(geology)) exist.[33] This seismicity is termed 'mining-induced seismicity', caused by the release of elastic strain but are often low moment magnitude.[33][34] Reaching beyond 1,000 events a day, events of any size pose serious risk to mining operations and employees. It is not uncommon for equipment to be damaged, or have the collapse of drifts and [stopes](/source/Stoping) as a result of events.[33][34]

On 27 December 2007 a dyke within Mponeng experienced a 1.9 magnitude event caused by stress change due to excavation within the mine. In March 2020 Mponeng experienced a magnitude 2 earthquake in which 3 people were killed.**[35]** In deep mines, vertical stress can reach 80–100 MPa, equivalent to roughly 10 km under water.[36][37][38][39] Seismicity in deep gold mines is common, and is often induced by mining activities.[34][40] Two events can be considered:[34]

- Type A - low moment magnitude (<1), clustered in time and space, within 100m of mining surface. - Induced by blasting, perturbation of excavating processes, closure of stopes.

- Type B - possible higher moment magnitude (>3), not clustered in time or space. - associated with friction dominated existing shear, tectonic earthquakes.

Most earthquakes at depth are mining related (Type A), typically associated with the beginning of a new stope.[41]

### Research

One way to move forward is a better understanding of [rock burst](/source/Rock_burst) and excavation methods. A better understanding can provide better safety protocols.[42] A prominent use of deep mines and their associated, often low magnitude, earthquakes is to connect laboratory scale experiments to real world situations.[43][44] There is also considerable research trying to understand nucleation of said earthquakes,[43] and whether they work the same as larger earthquakes.[44] In Mponeng, JAGUARS (Japanese-German Acoustic Emissions Research in South Africa)[45] has emplaced a network of accelerometers and piezoelectric acoustic emissions sensors.[43] These sensors can record very small moment magnitude earthquakes, capable of recording events with frequencies from 0.7 kHz to 200 kHz (M<0.5).[41] In a one-year period, 2007–2008, nearly 500,000 events were recorded, most of which with low (sub 25 kHz) frequencies.[41] The JAGUARS network is placed below the Ventersdorp Contact Reef, there are eight [Acoustic emissions](/source/Acoustic_emission) sensors, two [strainmeters](/source/Strainmeter), and one triaxial [accelerometer](/source/Accelerometer) that make up the network.[41]

## See also

- [Gold Mines](/source/Gold_mining)

- [Witwatersrand](/source/Witwatersrand)

- [Seismicity](/source/Seismicity)

- [Tailings](/source/Tailings)

- [Gauteng](/source/Gauteng)

- [Acid mine drainage](/source/Acid_mine_drainage)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Mponeng Gold Mine](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mponeng_Gold_Mine).

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v t e Greater Johannesburg Natural environment Highveld Geology Kaapvaal Craton Transvaal Supergroup Transvaal Basin Witwatersrand Supergroup Witwatersrand Basin Banket Topography Witwatersrand Observatory Ridge Magaliesberg (partially) Vredefort impact structure (partially) Rivers and wetlands Vaal-Orange basin Blesbokspruit Braamfontein Spruit Hennops River Jukskei River Klip River Wonderfonteinspruit Limpopo basin Crocodile River Wilge River Climate 2016 flooding 2018–2021 drought Cradle of Humankind Taung Child Mrs Ples Little Foot Rising Star Expedition Underground Astronauts Fossil sites Bolt's Farm Cooper's Cave Drimolen Gladysvale Haasgat Kromdraai Malapa Minnaar's Cave Motsetsi Plovers Lake Rising Star Cave Sterkfontein Swartkrans Wonder Cave Biodiversity Highveld grasslands (ecoregion) Montane grasslands and shrublands (biome) Afrotropical realm (biogeographic realm) Palaeotropical kingdom (floristic kingdom) Northern Provinces (WGSRPD area) Timber trees Vegetation types Andesite Mountain Bushveld Carletonville Dolomite Grassland Eastern Highveld Grassland Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands Egoli Granite Grassland Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld Highveld Alluvial Vegetation Moot Plains Bushveld Rand Highveld Grassland Soweto Highveld Grassland Tsakane Clay Grassland Urban woodland Parks and gardens Brenthurst Gardens Delta Park Donald Mackay Park Emmarentia Dam Huddle Park Johannesburg Botanical Garden Johannesburg Zoo Pullinger Kop Park Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden Wemmer Pan Zoo Lake Nature reserves Abe Bailey Nature Reserve Aloe Ridge Game Reserve Klipriviersberg Nature Reserve Kloofendal Nature Reserve Kromdraai Conservancy Krugersdorp Game Reserve Magaliesberg Biosphere Reserve Marievale Bird Sanctuary Melville Koppies Olifantsvlei Nature Reserve Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve The Wilds Municipal Nature Reserve Human impact Acid mine drainage Mine dumps Urbanisation Sprawl Communities Inner City Johannesburg CBD Albertville Aldara Park Amalgam Auckland Park Belgravia Bellevue Bellevue East Benrose Berea Bertrams Braamfontein Braamfontein Werf Brixton City Deep City and Suburban City and Suburban Industrial Cottesloe Crosby Crown Crown North Doornfontein Droste Park Emmarentia Fairview Ferreirasdorp Fordsburg Forest Town Highlands Hillbrow Homestead Park Jan Hofmeyer Jeppestown Jeppestown South Joubert Park Judith's Paarl Killarney Langlaagte North Lorentzville Marshalltown Mayfair Mayfair West Melville Milpark New Centre New Doornfontein Newtown North Doornfontein Observatory Paarlshoop Pageview Park Central Parktown Randview Richmond Riepen Park Riviera Rossmore Troyeville Village Deep Village Main Vrededorp Wemmer Westbury Westcliff Yeoville Northern suburbs and environs Abbotsford Airdlin Albertskroon Alexandra Atholhurst Atholl Atholl Gardens Bagleyston Barbeque Downs Barbeque Downs Agricultural Holdings Benmore Gardens Berario Beverley Gardens Birdhaven Birnam Blackheath Blairgowrie Bloubosrand Blue Hills Bordeaux Bramley Bramley North Bramley Park Bridle Park Broadacres Bromhof Bryanbrink Bryanston Bryanston East Bryanston West Buccleuch Bultfontein Bush Hill Carlswald Chartwell Cheltondale Chislehurston Country Life Park Country View Cowdray Park Craighall Craighall Park Cramerview Cresta Crowthorne Dainfern Daniel Brink Park Darrenwood Dennehof Diepsloot Douglasdale Dunhill Dunkeld Dunkeld West Ebony Park Edenburg Elton Hill Epsom Downs Erand Fairland Fairway Fairwood Farmall Fellside Ferndale Fontainebleau Forbesdale Fourways Franklin Roosevelt Park Gallo Manor The Gardens Glen Austin Glenadrienne Greenside Gresswold Greymont Halfway Gardens Halfway House Estate Hawkins Estate Highlands North Houghton Estate Houtkoppen Hurl Park Hurlingham Hurlingham Gardens Hyde Park Illovo Inadan Inanda Ivory Park Johannesburg North Jukskei Park Kaalfontein Kensington B Kentview Kew Khyber Rock Klevehill Park Kya Sand Kya Sands Kyalami AH Kyalami Business Park Kyalami Estates Linden Linksfield Littlefillan Lone Hill Lyme Park Magaliessig Malanshof Marlboro Marlboro Gardens Maroeladal Maryvale Melrose Melrose Estate Melrose North Midrand Midridge Park Mill Hill Millgate Farm Moodie Hill Morningside Morningside Manor New Brighton Newlands Nietgedacht Noordwyk Norscot North Champagne Estates Northcliff Northern Acres Northgate Northriding Norwood Oerder Park Olivedale Orange Grove Osummit Parkhurst Parkmore Parktown North Parkview Parkwood Paulshof Petervale Plooysville President Ridge Rabie Ridge Randburg Randjesfontein AH Randjespark Randpark Randpark Ridge Raumarais Park River Club Riverbend Rivonia Rosebank Rouxville Ruiterhof Sandhurst Sandown Sandton Savoy Estate Saxonwold Simba Solridge Strathavon Strijdompark Sunninghill Sunrella Sunset Acres Vandia Grove Victoria Victory Park Vorna Valley Waterval Estate Waverley Wierda Valley Willaway Willowild Witkoppen Witpoort Woodlands Woodmead Wynberg Zandspruit Southern suburbs and environs Aeroton Alan Manor Alberton Aspen Hills Bassonia Booysens Chrisville Crown Gardens Diepkloof Dobsonville Doornkop Drieziek Eastcliff Elandspark Eldorado Park Electron Elladoone Ennerdale Evans Park Forest Hill Framton Gillview Glenanda Glenesk Glenvista Haddon The Hill Johannesburg South Kanana Park Kenilworth Kibler Park Klipriviersberg Klipriviersberg Estate Kliptown La Rochelle Lawley Lenasia Liefde en Vrede Lindberg Park Linmeyer Mayfield Park Meadowlands Meredale Moffat View Mondeor Mulbarton Nasrec Noordgesig Oakdene Ophirton Orange Farm Orlando Ormonde Patlynn Phiri Protea Glen Regents Park Regents Park Estate Reuven Rewlatch Reynolds View Ridgeway Risana Rispark Robertsham Roseacre Rosettenville Salisbury Claims Selby South Hills Southdale Southfork Southgate Soweto Springfield Stafford Steeledale Suideroord Theta Towerby Townsview Tulisa Park Turf Club Turffontein Unigray Winchester Hills Zola East Rand Bapsfontein Bedfordview Benoni Bezuidenhout Valley Boksburg Brakpan Bruma Cyrildene Daveyton Dawn Park Dewetshof Duduza Edenvale Elsburg Etwatwa Fairmount The Gables Germiston Glenhazel Greenstone Hill Heriotdale Isando Katlehong Kempton Park Allen Grove Aston Manor Birch Acres Birchleigh Birchleigh North Bonaero Park Bredell Cresslawn Croydon Edleen Esther Park Glen Marais Kempton Park West Nimrod Park Norkem Park Pomona Rhodesfield Spartan Terenure Van Riebeeck Park Kensington KwaThema Lakeside Langaville Lombardy East Malvern Modderfontein Mountain View Nigel Oaklands Olifantsfontein Percelia Estate Primrose Prolecon Raedene Estate Reiger Park Sandringham Spes Bona Springs Sunningdale Sunningdale Ridge Sydenham Talboton Thembisa Thokoza Tsakane Vosloorus Wanderers View Wattville West Rand Azaadville Bekkersdal Blyvooruitzicht Boikarabelo Bosmont Carletonville Claremont Constantia Kloof Coronationville Denver Driefontein East Driefontein Elandsrand Florida Florida Glen Florida Hills Fochville Hekpoort Kagiso Khutsong Krugersdorp Lindley Magaliesburg Mohlakeng 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"Soweto Blues" Welcome to Our Hillbrow Zoo City Economy Johannesburg Stock Exchange AltX Safex companies traded A2X Markets Brenthurst Foundation Companies v t e Companies based in Greater Johannesburg Diversified conglomerates Aveng Barloworld Bidvest Chancellor House Famous Brands Airlines Airlink Cargo CemAir Egoli Air Federal Air Global Aviation National Airways Norse Air Phoebus Apollo Aviation SAA Safair FlySafair Solenta Aviation Defunct 1time African International Airways AirQuarius Aviation Aerolift Avia Comair Command Airways Executive Aerospace Fly Blue Crane Imperial Air Cargo Interair South Africa Interlink Airlines kulula.com Mango Nationwide Airlines Rossair Executive Air Charter Rovos Air Skywise South African Express Construction and engineering Concor Murray & Roberts Energy DLO Energy Resources Total South Africa Financial Absa Group Alexforbes Discovery Evolution Group Hollard Group Investec Liberty Holdings Livestock Wealth MiWay Insurance Lesaka Technologies Old Mutual RMB Holdings RMI Holdings STANLIB Venmyn Rand Banks Absa Bank Access Bank South Africa African Alliance Investment Bank African Bank Bank Zero Bidvest Bank DBSA First National Bank FirstRand Bank Imperial Bank South Africa Mercantile Bank Nedbank Rand Merchant Bank Sasfin Bank Stanchart South Africa Standard Bank TymeBank Ubank Wizzit Defunct VBS Mutual Bank Hospitality Southern Sun Hotels Sun International Tsogo Sun ICT Afrihost BCX Cell C Datatec Dimension Data iOCO MTN Neotel OTEL Telecoms Rain Sybrin Teraco Data Environments Vodacom Defunct Internet Solutions Luma Arcade Vision Software Legal Bowman Gilfillan ENSafrica Webber Wentzel Werksmans Defunct Deneys Reitz Mandela and Tambo Manufacturing Adcock Ingram AECI African Explosives All Joy Foods Bakers Clover Industries FEW IWC Isuzu Trucks South Africa Land Systems OMC Nampak Paramount Group PPC Premier FMCG Rand Refinery Rembrandt Group Sappi Simba SkyReach Aircraft Sling Aircraft South African Breweries Tiger Brands Truvelo Armoury Union Carriage & Wagon Defunct Basil Green Motors New PowerChutes Media Arena Holdings Caxton and CTP Publishers and Printers MultiChoice Nu Metro Cinemas Primedia SABC StarSat Ster-Kinekor Mining Alexkor Asa Resources African Rainbow Minerals AngloGold Ashanti Drdgold ERPM Gold Fields Harmony Gold Impala Platinum JCI Metorex Northam Platinum Sibanye-Stillwater Defunct Simmer and Jack Retail and marketing AutoTrader Bob Shop Cadac CNA The Creative Counsel Dis-Chem Exclusive Books Hyundai South Africa Incredible Connection Massmart Defunct Edcon OK Bazaars Restaurant franchises Chicken Licken Debonairs Pizza Mugg & Bean Nando's Roman's Pizza Steers Wimpy Services Netcare SA Waste Holdings Defunct Bosasa Transport Avis Southern Africa Comazar PUTCO Surtees Rail Group State-owned enterprises Airports Company South Africa Denel Aeronautics Development Bank of Southern Africa Eskom Rand Water South African Broadcasting Corporation Sasol Sentech South African Airways Transnet Freightdynamics Defunct Lema Companies based in Ekurhuleni Companies based in Johannesburg Professional associations Gauteng Institute for Architecture South African Institute of Chartered Accountants South African Institute of Electrical Engineers South African Institute of Professional Accountants Mining Minerals Council South Africa Rand Refinery Mines Blyvooruitzicht Driefontein ERPM KDC Kopanang Kusasalethu Mintails Mponeng Old Randfontein Randfontein South Deep TauTona West Wits Shopping centres Carlton Centre Cresta Mall Dobsonville Mall Eastgate Fourways Mall Hyde Park Corner Mall of Africa Maponya Mall Nelson Mandela Square Northgate Northmead Square Oriental City Oriental Plaza Protea Glen Mall Sandton City Southgate Hotels and resorts The Leonardo Michelangelo Towers Montecasino Venues Ellis Park Arena Gallagher Convention Centre Restaurants, bars, clubs and cafés The Bassline The Radium Tourism Gold Reef City Cultural villages Ke-Ditselana Cultural Village Kwa-Khaya Lendaba Cultural Village Lesedi Cultural Village Transport Civil aviation South African Civil Aviation Authority Airports Grand Central Airport Lanseria International Airport O. R. Tambo International Airport Rand Airport Defunct Palmietfontein Airport Road transport Gauteng Department of Roads and Transport Johannesburg Roads Agency Roads Freeways e-tolling Buses and taxis PUTCO Trolleybuses Rail transport Gautrain Metrorail Gauteng Johannesburg–Durban high speed rail (proposed) Trams Train stations Johannesburg Park Station Marlboro Station Midrand Station Rhodesfield Station Rosebank Station Sandton Station Sports Sports governing bodies based in Greater Johannesburg SASCOC Athletics South Africa Basketball South Africa Bowls South Africa Cricket South Africa Mind Sports South Africa South African Baseball Union South African Confederation of Cue Sport South African Equestrian Federation South African Football Association South African Handball Federation South African Hockey Association South African National Climbing Federation South African Sailing Squash South Africa Volleyball South Africa Teams Soccer Atlie Bidvest Wits Jomo Cosmos JVW Kaizer Chiefs Lusitano Mahlangu Tigers Moroka Swallows Orlando Pirates UJ Ladies Wits University Yebo Yes United Former Germiston Callies Giant Blackpool Rugby Golden Lions Lions Valke Jozi Cats Cricket Central Gauteng Lions Easterns Easterns Women Highveld Lions Imperial Lions Joburg Super Kings Titans Basketball Egoli Magic Jozi Nuggets Soweto Panthers UJ men's basketball team Equestrian sports National Horseracing Authority South African Lipizzaners Sports events 1992 Return Test 1995 Rugby World Cup final 2003 Cricket World Cup final 2010 FIFA World Cup final Joburg Open Joburg Ladies Open South African Derby South African PGA Championship Soweto Derby Sports venues Stadia and arenas Alexandra Stadium Arthur Block Park Stadium Barnard Stadium Bidvest Stadium Bosman Stadium Cecil Payne Stadium Dobsonville Stadium Ellis Park Arena Ellis Park Stadium Germiston Stadium Huntersfield Stadium Johannesburg Stadium KwaThema Stadium Lenasia Stadium Makhulong Stadium Mehlareng Stadium Modderfontein Stadium Mohlakeng Stadium Orlando Stadium Rabie Ridge Stadium Rand Stadium Randburg Hockey Stadium Ruimsig Stadium Sinaba Stadium Soccer City Soweto Cricket Oval UJ Stadium Union Stadium Wanderers Stadium Willowmoore Park Stadium Defunct Old Wanderers PAM Brink Stadium WeBuyCars Dome Golf courses Glendower Golf Club Randpark Golf Club Royal Johannesburg & Kensington Golf Club Equestrian venues Turffontein Racecourse Motorsports venues Kyalami Grand Prix Circuit Education and research GDE CIDA FOTIM Geological Society of South Africa Mandela Institute for Development Studies SAARF South African Institute for Heritage Science and Conservation Student Sponsorship Programme South Africa Libraries Alexandra Children's Library Brenthurst Library Buckland Library Johannesburg Public Library Orlando East Public Library Randburg Library UJ Libraries Wits University Libraries Weltevreden Park Library Universities University of Johannesburg Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study UJFM Campuses APB Campus APK Campus Doornfontein Campus Soweto Campus Faculties Art, Design and Architecture Business and Economics Education Engineering and the Built Environment Health Sciences Humanities Law Science University of the Witwatersrand Campuses Evolutionary Studies Institute Global Change Institute Industrial and Mining Water Research Unit Johannesburg Planetarium Philosophical Papers Wits Theatre Complex Wits Vuvuzela Faculties Commerce, Law and Management Engineering and the Built Environment School of Architecture and Planning School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Health Sciences Humanities Science CIDA City Campus IIE MSA Other tertiary institutions AFDA Central Johannesburg College CityVarsity Damelin Damelin Correspondence College Eduvos Inscape Design College Business schools Gordon Institute of Business Science IMM Graduate School Independent Institute of Education Milpark Business School Regenesys Business School Religious institutions Auckland Park Theological Seminary Baptist Theological College of Southern Africa Kollel Bet Mordechai Kollel Yad Shaul Lubavitch Yeshiva Gedolah St Augustine College South African Theological Seminary Yeshiva Gedolah State schools Hoërskool Alberton Allen Glen High School Athlone Boys' High School Barnato Park High School Boksburg High School Bopasenatla Secondary School Bryanston High School Hoërskool Dinamika Hoërskool Florida Germiston High School Greenside High School Hyde Park High School Jeppe High School for Boys Jeppe High School for Girls King Edward VII School Hoërskool Marais Viljoen Meadowlands Secondary School Moletsane High School Hoërskool Monument Morris Isaacson High School Naledi High School Northcliff High School Orchards Primary School Parktown Boys' High School Parkview Senior Primary School Sandown High School Sandringham High School Sir John Adamson High School Springs Boys' High School Thutolore Secondary School Hoërskool Voortrekker Waverley Girls' High School Westbury Secondary School Private schools Ashton International College Auckland Park Academy of Excellence Aurora Private School Charter College Crawford College, Lonehill Crawford College, Sandton Helpmekaar Kollege Holy Family College Japari School Johannesburg Muslim School King David Schools Kingsmead College Lenasia Muslim School Marist Brothers College Redhill School Roedean School Sacred Heart College St Barnabas College St Benedict's College St Catherine's School St David's Marist College St Dominic's Catholic School for Girls St Dunstan's College St John's College St Martin's School St Mary's School St Peter's College St Stithians College Torah Academy School Yeshiva College of South Africa Yeshiva Maharsha Beis Aharon Alternative schools African Leadership Academy Branson School of Entrepreneurship Khanya College Michael Mount Waldorf School International schools American International School Deutsche Internationale Schule Japanese School Lycée Jules Verne Services Johannesburg City Parks and Zoo Hospitals Charlotte Maxeke Hospital Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital Helen Joseph Hospital Leratong Hospital Milpark Hospital Nelson Mandela Children's Hospital Pholosong Hospital Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital Tambo Memorial Hospital Tembisa Hospital Historical Imperial Military Hospital, Baragwanath Queen Victoria Hospital Transvaal Memorial Hospital for Children Kempton Park Hospital Water supply and sanitation Rand Water Lesotho Highlands Water Project Dams Vaal Dam Vaal Barrage Water towers Grand Central Water Tower Yeoville Water Tower Electricity supply Eskom City Power Kelvin Power Station Kibo Gauteng Thermal Power Station (planned) Defunct power stations Orlando Power Station President Street Power Station Law enforcement and emergency services Johannesburg Central Police Station Metro Police departments Berea Fire Station Charities and NGOs ActionAid Africa's Young Entrepreneurs African Parks Bigshoes Foundation Camp Sizanani Children of Fire International Global Water Foundation LoveLife South Africa Nelson Mandela Children's Fund Never Ending Gardens Nkosi's Haven POLAF Woman Against Rape Military units and formations Army units Regular 46 South African Brigade 21 South African Infantry Battalion 35 Engineer Support Regiment Sekhukhune Anti-Aircraft Regiment Reserve Andrew Mlangeni Regiment Bambatha Rifles Johannesburg Light Horse Regiment Johannesburg Regiment Lenong Regiment OR Tambo Regiment Rand Light Infantry Sandfontein Artillery Regiment Solomon Mahlangu Regiment iWombe Anti-Aircraft Regiment SAMHS units 6 Medical Battalion Group Disbanded units Army Witwatersrand Command SA Army Troop Information Unit 2 Locating Regiment 3 Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron 7 South African Infantry Division 15 Reception Depot 72 Motorised Brigade 73 Motorised Brigade Regiment University of the Witwatersrand Commandos Alberton Atlas Benoni Boksburg Brakpan Edenvale East Park Germiston Johannesburg East Johannesburg West Kempton Park Krugersdorp Modderfontein Nigel Randburg Roodepoort Sandton Springs Wemmerpan West Park West Rand Special Forces Hunter Group SAAF 4 Squadron SAAF 10 Squadron SAAF Category Johannesburg

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Mponeng Gold Mine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mponeng_Gold_Mine) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mponeng_Gold_Mine?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.