# Mount Mian

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**Mount Mian**,[1] also known by its [Chinese](/source/Chinese_language) name **Mianshan**, is a [mountain](/source/List_of_Chinese_mountains) in the [town](/source/Town_(PRC)) of [Mianshan](/source/Mianshan_(town)) in [Jiexiu](/source/Jiexiu), [Jinzhong](/source/Jinzhong), in central [Shanxi Province](/source/Shanxi_Province) in [North China](/source/North_China). Its official scenic area opened in the year 2000 and covers 75 km2 (29 sq mi), with about 400 attractions grouped into 14 tourist areas.

## Name

Mount Mian is supposedly named for the resemblance of its long, unbroken ridgeline to a piece of [cotton](/source/Cotton).[1] In [ancient Chinese](/source/Old_Chinese), however, *mián* did not refer to cotton but to silk [floss](/source/Embroidery_thread). It was then used by extension for the ideas of "weak", "soft", and "downy", before coming to be used in [modern Chinese](/source/Standard_Mandarin) as the usual word for [cotton](/source/Cotton).

## Geography

Mount Mian is a branch of the [Taihang Mountains](/source/Taihang_Mountains) south of the [Fen River](/source/Fen_River).[2] Its official scenic area covers 75 km2 (29 sq mi), with about 400 attractions grouped into 14 tourist areas.[3] The chain's ridgeline stretches for over 160 km (100 mi), with its highest peak reaching 2,440 meters (8,010 ft).[1]

The vegetation in the area has been a focus of study at [Shanxi University](/source/Shanxi_University).[4] Geographical features of note include Buddha Embrace Rock, Tiesuo Ridge, Yinkong Cavity, and the Mosta Dome.[1]

## History

Mount Mian is usually credited[a] as the place of the retreat where [Jie Zhitui](/source/Jie_Zhitui) and his mother were burnt alive in a [forest fire](/source/Forest_fire) begun by his lord, [Duke Wen](/source/Duke_Wen_of_Jin) of the [state of Jin](/source/Jin_(Chinese_state)), in the 7th century BC.[1] Duke Wen's remorse prompted him to erect a temple in Jie's honor, with sacrifices funded by designated lands in nearby [Mianshang](/source/Mianshang). By the middle of the [Han dynasty](/source/Han_dynasty), people around [Taiyuan Commandery](/source/Taiyuan_Commandery) were treating Jie as a [tutelary deity](/source/Tutelary_deity) and observing a taboo against lighting fires for five days around [mid-winter](/source/Winter_solstice).[5] By the mid-2nd century AD, it was being observed for an entire month and causing hardship on the young and elderly[6] to the point that [Cao Cao](/source/Cao_Cao) and other leaders began attempting to ban Jie's [Cold Food Festival](/source/Cold_Food_Festival) altogether, despite its having moved by that point to [Qingming](/source/Qingming_Festival) in early spring.[7] [8]Commoners continued to ignore these provisions and to particularly revere a stand of blackened trees, one looking as though it were held in a man's arms, where various [miracles](/source/Miracle) were reported.[9] A compromise under the [Northern Wei](/source/Northern_Wei) was to restrict it to the area surrounding Mount Mian in 496[10] but its popularity was such that it continued to spread until it was observed by most of China under the [Sui](/source/Sui_dynasty) and transformed into the [Tomb Sweeping Festival](/source/Tomb_Sweeping_Festival) under the [Tang](/source/Tang_dynasty) and [Song](/source/Song_dynasty).[11]

Mount Mian has been an important [Taoist](/source/Taoism_in_China) site since the [Spring and Autumn period](/source/Spring_and_Autumn_period) (8th–5th centuries BC) of the [Zhou](/source/Zhou_dynasty).[12] The first [Buddhist temple](/source/Buddhist_temple) was erected on the mountain under the [Northern Wei](/source/Northern_Wei) and, by the early [Tang](/source/Tang_dynasty), it had become large and powerful.[1] During the collapse of the [Sui](/source/Sui_dynasty) and rise of the [Tang](/source/Tang_dynasty), [Li Shimin](/source/Li_Shimin) (later "[Emperor Taizong](/source/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang)") defeated [Song Jingang](/source/Song_Jingang) in the Queshu Valley below Mount Mian, prompting the surrender of [Yuchi Gong](/source/Yuchi_Gong).[12] During the [Southern Song](/source/Southern_Song), [Li Wugong](/source/Li_Wugong) and [Li Shi](/source/Li_Shi_(Southern_Song)) fought [Jin](/source/Jurchen_Jin) soldiers nearby.[12] Under the [Mongolian](/source/Mongol_Empire) [Yuan](/source/Yuan_dynasty), [Yunfeng](/source/Yunfeng_Temple) and other temples on the mountain were repaired.[12] At the end of the [Ming](/source/Ming_dynasty), the military governor at [Taiyuan](/source/Taiyuan) retreated to Mount Mian to lead his ultimately unsuccessful defense of the area.[12]

During [World War II](/source/World_War_II), [Zhang Dehan](/source/Zhang_Dehan) and [Li Zhimin](/source/Li_Zhimin) led [Communist](/source/Chinese_Communist_Party) [guerrillas](/source/Guerrillas) against [Japanese](/source/Japanese_occupation_of_China) and [Nationalists](/source/Republic_of_China_(1912-1949)) in the area.[12] The Japanese retaliated, damaging or destroying most[2] of the temples in 1940.[12]

The mountain has been used as a summer resort since [imperial times](/source/Imperial_China).[1] Since 1995, [Yan Jiying](/source/Yan_Jiying), chairman of the [Sanjia Coal and Chemical Company](/source/Sanjia_Coal_and_Chemical_Company), has spent 600m [RMB](/source/Yuan_RMB) repairing the mountain and its temples.[12] It was opened as a public scenic area in 2000.[2] It remains among the most important [Taoist](/source/Taoism_in_China) sites in modern China.[13] The second major [Taoist](/source/Taoism_in_China) rite to occur in [mainland China](/source/Mainland_China) after the [Communist](/source/Chinese_Communist_Party) victory in the [Chinese Civil War](/source/Chinese_Civil_War)—a [Great Offering to the Entire Firmament](/source/Great_Offering_to_the_Entire_Firmament) ([t](/source/Traditional_characters) [羅](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85)[天](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9)[大](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7)[醮](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%86%AE), [s](/source/Simplified_characters) [罗](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97)[天](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9)[大](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7)[醮](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%86%AE), *Luótiān Dàjiào*)—occurred at Mount Mian in 2001.[14][15] Mount Mian was also one of the most important sites for the celebrations surrounding the anniversary of [Lao-tze](/source/Lao-tze)'s birth in March 2003.[16] The [China National Tourism Administration](/source/China_National_Tourism_Administration) named Mount Mian a [AAAAA-rated tourist attraction](/source/AAAAA_Tourist_Attractions_of_China) in 2013.[17] A study by researchers from [Shanxi University](/source/Shanxi_University) the same year, however, found that the routes through the scenic area remained insufficiently interconnected with one another and should be further optimized to increase the resort's capacity.[18]

## Areas

### Dragon Head Temple

This area includes over 20 sites, including the [Dragon Head Temple](/source/Dragon_Head_Temple) and the [Longmen Stone Arches](/source/Longmen_Stone_Arches).[3] The Dragon Head Temple supposedly takes its name from a pair of [dragons](/source/Chinese_dragon) who appeared to [Li Shimin](/source/Li_Shimin) ("[Emperor Taizong](/source/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang)" of the [Tang](/source/Tang_dynasty)) during a visit to the mountain.[3]

### Dragon Ridge Peak

The Dragon Ridge Peak area includes a statue of [Jie Zhitui](/source/Jie_Zhitui) with his mother, a [Tang](/source/Tang_dynasty) [barracks](/source/Barracks), and a park with [stone inscriptions](/source/Stone_inscriptions) about public health.[3] The ridge is named for its appearance, thought to resemble two intersecting [dragons](/source/Chinese_dragon).[3]

### Five Dragons' Traces

The Traces of the Five Dragons or Wulongchan are five [gullies](/source/Gully) supposedly formed by the bodies of five [dragons](/source/Chinese_dragons) who visited Mount Mian to listen to a [sermon](/source/Sermon) by the [Tang](/source/Tang_dynasty) buddha [Tian Zhichao](/source/Tian_Zhichao).[19] The [Zhengguo Temple](/source/Zhengguo_Temple) has 3 halls preserving the well-preserved remains of 12 other [monks](/source/Buddhist_monk) of the Tang, [Song](/source/Song_dynasty), and [Yuan](/source/Yuan_dynasty) [dynasties](/source/List_of_Chinese_dynasties).[19] Other sites in the valleys are the [Shangfang Academy](/source/Shangfang_Academy), the [Five-Dragon Pine](/source/Five-Dragon_Pine), the [Lingyin Terrace](/source/Lingyin_Terrace), and the [Tongtian Yunqu](/source/Tongtian_Yunqu) ("Cloud Thoroughfare Leading to [Heaven](/source/Tian)").[19]

### Guteng Valley

The Guteng or Ancient Vine Valley,[20] also known as the Stream Gully,[20] includes the path leading to the top of Mount Mian.[20] It has abundant wildlife including [pheasants](/source/Pheasant) and [squirrels](/source/Squirrel) and various [medicinal herbs](/source/Traditional_Chinese_medicine), shrubbery, and wildflowers.[20] It is particularly noted for its abundant and unusual vines, which entwine the valley's ancient trees and shade its medieval stone carvings.[20]

### Lord Jie Ridge

The [Lord Jie Ridge](/source/Lord_Jie_Ridge) is the supposed site of [Jie Zhitui](/source/Jie_Zhitui)'s [immolation](/source/Death_by_burning) by order of his close friend [Duke Chong'er](/source/Ji_Chong'er) of [Jin](/source/Jin_(Chinese_state))[21] around 636 BC. He came to be revered as a [Taoist](/source/Taoism_in_China) [immortal](/source/Taoist_immortal), and his temple and tomb have been sites of [pilgrimage](/source/Chinese_pilgrimage) since his death.[2] In the 6th century AD, a charred grove of trees were also a major attraction, with some [miracles](/source/Miracle) recorded.[22][23] The Lord Jie Shrine or Pavilion of the Divine Jie ([t](/source/Traditional_characters) [介](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BB%8B)[神](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E)[閣](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%96%A3), [s](/source/Simplified_characters) [介](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BB%8B)[神](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E)[阁](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%98%81), *Jièshéngé*)[24] is the biggest [grotto](/source/Taoist_grotto) [temple](/source/Chinese_temple) in China,[25] with two ellipsoid columns supporting a cave 22 meters high, 40 meters wide, and 25 meters deep[25] (72×130×82 ft). Its altar faces a 11-meter (36-foot) idol of Jie Zhitui, with smaller idols of his mother and [Xie Zhang](/source/Xie_Zhang) on each side. His legend is retold in dozens of [reliefs](/source/Bas_relief) on the cave's columns and walls.[25]

[Cypress Ridge](/source/Cypress_Ridge),[21] also known as Baishu Ridge,[25] covers a territory of about 2 km2 (0.77 sq mi), covered with picturesque [cyprus](/source/Cypress_tree) and including the [tomb](/source/Chinese_tomb) constructed for Jie Zhitui by [Duke Chong'er](/source/Ji_Chong'er) of Jin.[25] It is reached by a path including 2000 stone steps.[25] Individually notable trees include the Qin Cypress, one of the largest in China; the Mother-and-Son Cypress, considered to represent Jie and his mother; and the Dragon-Shaped Cypress, whose roots extend down the cliffside.[25] [Yuan](/source/Yuan_dynasty), [Ming](/source/Ming_dynasty), and [Qing](/source/Qing_dynasty) tombs are also found scattered around the area.[25]

The [Stele Forest](/source/Stele_Forest_(Mt_Mian))[21] includes diverse forms of [Chinese calligraphy](/source/Chinese_calligraphy) by about 100 people, including the emperor [Li Shimin](/source/Li_Shimin), the generals [Zhang Liang](/source/Zhang_Liang_(Tang_dynasty)) and [Wei Zheng](/source/Wei_Zheng), and the scholars [Guo Tai](/source/Guo_Tai_(scholar)) and [He Zhizhang](/source/He_Zhizhang).[25] Many inscriptions retell the legends surrounding the mountain, particularly the stories of Jie Zhuitui.[25]

### Nun Lee Cliff

An area named after Princess Changzhao, a sister of [Li Shimin](/source/Li_Shimin) who became a [nun](/source/Buddhist_nun) after experiencing a vision of the [Buddha](/source/Buddha) while visiting the mountain with the emperor in the spring of AD 641.[26] The emperor built a [temple](/source/Chinese_temple) for her, and the area is still decorated with Tang-era sculptures as well as the native [cypresses](/source/Cypress_tree) and [pines](/source/Pine_tree).[26]

### Qixian Canyon

The Qixian Canyon ("Canyon for Wise People")[21] is a winding and undulous [gully](/source/Gully) traversed by path, suspension bridges, and ancient-style ladders. Apart from the mountains and foliage, the area is decorated with [stone inscriptions](/source/Stone_inscription), unique rocks, [springs](/source/Freshwater_spring), and waterfalls.[21]

### Shengru Spring

The [spring](/source/Freshwater_spring), also known as Holy Breast or Stone Breast Spring,[26] flows across dozens of rounded, [moss](/source/Moss)-covered stones before falling 100 meters (330 ft) into a 180-meter (590-foot) wide pond.[26] During the [Kangxi Era](/source/Kangxi_Era) (17th–18th century), the local writer [Liang Xiheng](/source/Liang_Xiheng) compared the sounds of the water drops to [notes](/source/Musical_note) played on the [Chinese zither](/source/Chinese_zither).[26] Other nearby sites include [Wangfeng Gate](/source/Wangfeng_Gate); the [Three Emperors Pavilion](/source/Three_Emperors_Pavilion); the [Hall of the Saintly Mother](/source/Saintly_Mother_Hall); and the Temples of the [Four Dragons](/source/Temple_of_the_Four_Dragons), the [Five Sacred Mountains](/source/Temple_of_the_Five_Sacred_Mountains), the [Fujianese](/source/Fujian) [water goddess](/source/Water_goddess) [Mazu](/source/Temple_of_Mazu_(Mt_Mian)), and the five [dragons](/source/Chinese_dragon) [paying respect to their mother](/source/Filial_piety).[26]

### Shuitao Gully

The Shuitao or Water Billowing Gully[20] includes the most picturesque natural scenery on Mount Mian, with its 16-kilometer (10-mile) path passing by and through thick forests and several dozen [waterfalls](/source/Waterfalls_in_China).[20]

### Sky Bridge

The Sky Bridge is a [plank road](/source/Plank_road) more than 300 meters (1,000 ft) long but less than 1 meter (3 ft 3 in) wide, suspended 200 m (700 ft) below the mountain's ridge but 300 m (1,000 ft) above the valley floor.[27] Mist and clouds sometimes collect below it, creating a [heavenly](/source/Heaven) scene.[27] Other nearby sites are [Rabbit Bridge](/source/Rabbit_Bridge); a cypress whose shape causes it to be known as the [Wangbai Dragon](/source/Wangbai_Dragon); and medieval fortresses around [Shile Village](/source/Shile_Village) and [Dongshen Palace](/source/Dongshen_Palace).[27] The latter is a [Taoist](/source/Taoism_in_China) [temple](/source/Chinese_temple) built by [Li Shimin](/source/Li_Shimin) of the [Tang](/source/Tang_dynasty) in honor of [Lao-tze](/source/Lao-tze).[27]

### Temple of All-Embracing Heaven

The [Temple of All-Embracing Heaven](/source/Temple_of_All-Embracing_Heaven),[12] also known as the Daluo Palace ([t](/source/Traditional_characters) [大](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7)[羅](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85)[宮](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%AE), [s](/source/Simplified_characters) [大](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7)[罗](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97)[宫](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%AB), *Dàluó Gōng*),[27] is the largest on the mountain.[2] It reached its present size of 13 stories during restoration work ordered by [Emperor Xuanzong](/source/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang) of the [Tang](/source/Tang_dynasty) in AD 732.[27] It is an important [Taoist](/source/Taoism_in_China) [temple](/source/Chinese_temple) sometimes compared with [Lhasa](/source/Lhasa)'s [Potala Palace](/source/Potala_Palace).[27] It has a stone inscription of [Lao-tze](/source/Lao-tze)'s *[Tao Teh Ch'ing](/source/Tao_Teh_Ch'ing)*[b] and (in its Baiyun Convent) another of the [Buddhist](/source/Buddhism_in_China) [Diamond Sutra](/source/Diamond_Sutra).[27] Its library supposedly houses China's largest repository of [sutras](/source/Sutra).[27]

### Yidou Spring

Yidou Spring is a [freshwater spring](/source/Freshwater_spring) thought to be shaped like the [character](/source/Chinese_character) [斗](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%97).[28] A local [myth](/source/Chinese_mythology) relates that in antiquity Mount Mian suffered a [drought](/source/Drought) and became barren and desolate. The [Primeval Lord of Heaven](/source/Primeval_Lord_of_Heaven) saw this and wet his [brush](/source/Chinese_brush) in the [East China Sea](/source/East_China_Sea), then spread it along the length of the mountain. The land revived and grew a lush forest, with the largest drops becoming a number of springs around the mountain, including Yidou.[28] The god is honored for this gift at the Dongzhen Palace, built inside a natural cave near the spring. Hanging sculptures decorate the cave with scenes from the Taoist understanding of the history of the universe.[28] Other sites in the area include [Elephant Trunk Hill](/source/Elephant_Trunk_Hill), [Deer Bridge](/source/Deer_Bridge), and the [Gushan](/source/Gushan_Rock) and [Mountain-Fixing Rocks](/source/Mountain_Fixing_Rock).[28]

### Yunfeng Temple

[Yunfeng Temple](/source/Yunfeng_Temple) ([云](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%91)[峰](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B3%B0)[寺](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AF%BA), *Yúnfēng Sì*),[12] also known as Baofu Temple, is located in the mountain's largest natural cave inside Baofu Rock.[19] It was first built during the [Three Kingdoms period](/source/Three_Kingdoms_period) (3rd century),[19] was refurbished by [Li Shimin](/source/Li_Shimin),[12] and now contains more than 200 rooms. It is dedicated to the [Tang](/source/Tang_dynasty) buddha [Tian Zhichao](/source/Tian_Zhichao) under his title of "King of Immateriality".[19] His [clay](/source/Clay)-entombed [mummy](/source/Mummy) resides in the center of the temple's main hall.[19] The temple's other treasures include the [Kaiyuan Tablet](/source/Kaiyuan_Tablet), a couplet by [Fushan](/source/Fushan_County), and a plaque granted by the [Guangxu Emperor](/source/Guangxu_Emperor) of the [Qing](/source/Qing_dynasty).[19]

### Zhujia'ao Valley

[Dongxuan Palace](/source/Dongxuan_Palace) is a [temple](/source/Chinese_temple) dedicated to the [Lord of Lingbao](/source/Lord_of_Lingbao).[28] The rest of Zhujia'ao Valley is mostly associated with local legends about the family of the [Hongwu Emperor](/source/Hongwu_Emperor), founder of China's [Ming dynasty](/source/Ming_dynasty). Supposedly, his father [Zhu Wusi](/source/Zhu_Wusi) had once come to the temples in the valley to worship [Buddha](/source/Buddha) and the other gods and returned to shower it with favor once his son ascended to the throne.[28] Although Zhu had actually died before his son's enthronement, [later Ming emperors](/source/List_of_emperors_of_the_Ming_dynasty) visited Mt Mian to offer [sacrifices](/source/Sacrifice) and restore older temples.[28]

### Others

Other notable sites within the scenic area are [Yuanhao Slope](/source/Yuanhao_Slope), the [Immortal Stone Forest](/source/Immortal_Stone_Forest), the [Hujie](/source/Hujie_Stone) and [Mother-and-Son Stones](/source/Mother-and-Son_Stone), [Lotus-Leaf Spring](/source/Lotus-Leaf_Spring), [White Crow](/source/White_Crow_Mountain) and [Turtle Mountains](/source/Turtle_Mountain_(Shanxi)), and the [Fire-Preventing Cave](/source/Fire-Preventing_Cave).[25] Other surviving temples include the [Bamboo Forest Temple](/source/Bamboo_Forest_Temple) and the [Iron Tile Temple](/source/Iron_Tile_Temple).[1]

## Transportation

The main road on Mount Mian now extends halfway up the peak.[2] The paths to each major area are connected by bus routes.[2]

## Events

The temples have an annual celebration during the [Cold Food Festival](/source/Cold_Food_Festival) honoring [Jie Zhitui](/source/Jie_Zhitui) in the three days on and around the [Tomb Sweeping Festival](/source/Tomb_Sweeping_Festival).[1] Area [Taoists](/source/Taoism_in_China) also continue to perform the [Great Offering](/source/Great_Offering_to_the_Entire_Firmament) on the 28th day of the 4th month of the [Chinese lunar calendar](/source/Chinese_lunar_calendar).[29]

## See also

- [List of AAAAA-rated tourist attractions in the People's Republic of China](/source/List_of_AAAAA-rated_tourist_attractions_in_the_People's_Republic_of_China)
- [List of mountains in the People's Republic of China](/source/List_of_mountains_in_the_People's_Republic_of_China)

## Notes

1. Most ancient records seem to support the identification of Jiexiu's Mount Mian as the one mentioned in Jie's story, although the *Records of Yicheng County* compiled during the [Qianlong Era](/source/Qianlong_Era) of the [Qing](/source/Qing_dynasty) favored the idea that "Mianshan" and "Jieshan" had been earlier names of the Gushan in [Yuncheng Prefecture](/source/Yuncheng_Prefecture)'s [Wanrong County](/source/Wanrong_County).[30]

1. [CRI](/source/China_Radio_International)—also an official government news source—reports that the *Tao Teh Ch‘ing* inscription is on [wood](/source/Wood_engraving) rather than stone.[2]

## References

### Citations

1. ["Mount Mian"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170718102413/http://www.shanxichina.gov.cn/en/webpage/sight/allsight/all.shtml), "Scenic Spots", Taiyuan: Shanxi Provincial Tourism Bureau, 2012, archived from [the original](http://www.shanxichina.gov.cn/en/webpage/sight/allsight/all.shtml) on 18 July 2017, retrieved 24 November 2017.

1. Ning (2007).

1. (CIIC 2010, pp. [1](http://www.china.org.cn/travel/2010–07/27/content_20582377.htm)).

1. Shangguan & al. (1988).

1. Huan, Tan, "Xinlun". (in Chinese)

1. "Book of the Later Han", Vol. 61, §2024.

1. Holzman (1986), pp. 56–59.

1. ["山西绵山访清明起源"](https://paper.people.com.cn/rmrbhwb/html/2018-04/06/content_1846307.htm) [Visiting the Origins of Qingming Festival in Mianshan, Shanxi]. *paper.people.com.cn*. Retrieved 2026-04-04. 相传春秋之时，晋国贵族介子推跟随晋公子重耳逃亡十余年，曾在饥饿时割下自己大腿上的肉给重耳吃。晋文公还国为君后，介子推携母亲到绵山隐居，晋文公派人寻找。为逼迫介子推出山，放火烧山，却把介子推和他母亲烧死了。文公得知，悲愤交加，命将绵山改为介山，又将“环绵山山中而封之，以为介推田”，以示怀念。相传，晋文公下令在介子推被焚的日子，不许烧火，家家户户只能吃冷饭，谓之“寒食节”。第二天，登山祭奠介子推，谓之清明节。在绵山旅客服务中心入口处匾额上写着六个大字：“清明寒食之源”。Legend has it that during the Spring and Autumn Period, Jie Zitui, a nobleman of the Jin state, followed Prince Chong'er of Jin into exile for over ten years. During a time of hunger, he cut flesh from his own thigh to feed Chong'er. After Duke Wen of Jin returned to power, Jie Zitui and his mother went into seclusion on Mianshan Mountain. Duke Wen sent people to search for them. To force Jie Zitui out of the mountain, they set it on fire, but Jie Zitui and his mother perished in the flames. Upon learning this, Duke Wen was filled with grief and anger. He renamed Mianshan Mountain to Jieshan Mountain and designated the area surrounding it as Jie Zitui's land, as a way to commemorate him. Legend also says that on the day Jie Zitui was burned, no fires were allowed, and every household could only eat cold food, a custom known as the "Cold Food Festival." The following day, people climbed the mountain to pay their respects to Jie Zitui, a custom known as the Qingming Festival. At the entrance of the Mianshan Visitor Center, a plaque bears the inscription: "The Origin of Qingming and Cold Food Festivals."

1. Jia, Sixie, "Qimin Yaoshu". (in Chinese)

1. Holzman (1986), p. 59.

1. Holzman (1986), p. 51.

1. ["介修县绵山风景区"](http://www.shanxitravel.org), "山西旅游", retrieved 25 November 2017. (in Chinese)

1. Wang (2004), p. [130](https://books.google.com/books?id=TWA63yZ52ikC&pg=PA130).

1. Kohn (2008).

1. Herrou (2017), p. [419](https://books.google.com/books?id=lbRjDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA419).

1. Wang (2004), p. [187](https://books.google.com/books?id=TWA63yZ52ikC&pg=PA187).

1. ["5A级景区"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080905085808/http://www.cnta.gov.cn/), "*Official site*", Beijing: China National Tourism Administration, 7 November 2017, archived from [the original](http://www.cnta.gov.cn) on 5 September 2008, retrieved 24 November 2017. (in Chinese)

1. Xue & al. (2013).

1. (CIIC 2010, pp. [5](http://www.china.org.cn/travel/2010–07/27/content_20582377_5.htm)).

1. (CIIC 2010, pp. [7](http://www.china.org.cn/travel/2010–07/27/content_20582377_7.htm)).

1. (CIIC 2010, pp. [6](http://www.china.org.cn/travel/2010–07/27/content_20582377_6.htm)).

1. "Essential Techniques for the Welfare of the People *[《齊民要術》,*Qímín Yàoshù*]*" (in Chinese), Vol. [Vol. 9](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh%3A%E9%BD%8A%E6%B0%91%E8%A6%81%E8%A1%93%2F%E5%8D%B7%E7%AC%AC%E4%B9%9D), [§521](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh%3A%E5%8D%B7%E7%AC%AC%E4%B9%9D)

1. Holzman (1986), p. 60.

1. ["Amazing Trip to Mianshan Mountain"](http://www.china.org.cn), "*Official site*", Beijing: China Internet Information Center, Aug 2010.

1. CIIC (2016).

1. (CIIC 2010, pp. [2](http://www.china.org.cn/travel/2010–07/27/content_20582377_2.htm)).

1. (CIIC 2010, pp. [3](http://www.china.org.cn/travel/2010–07/27/content_20582377_3.htm)).

1. (CIIC 2010, pp. [4](http://www.china.org.cn/travel/2010–07/27/content_20582377_4.htm)).

1. Jones (2010), p. [75](https://books.google.com/books?id=hdzsqwGrhiAC&pg=PA75).

1. Lu (2012).

### Bibliography

- ["Lord Jie Ridge Scenic Spot at Mianshan Mountain"](http://www.china.org.cn), "*Official site*", Beijing: China Internet Information Center, 15 Apr 2016.
- ["Must-See on Mianshan Mountain"](http://www.china.org.cn), "*Official site*", Beijing: China Internet Information Center, 27 July 2010.
- Herrou, Adeline (2017), ["Ren Fajiu: A Living Daoist Immortal in the People's Republic?"](https://books.google.com/books?id=lbRjDQAAQBAJ), *Making Saints in Modern China*, Ownby, David; Vincent Goossaert; Ji Zhe (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. [419–450](https://books.google.com/books?id=lbRjDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA419), ISBN 9780190494575.
- Holzman, Donald (June 1986), "The Cold Food Festival in Early Medieval China", "Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies", Vol. 46, no. 1, [Cambridge](/source/Cambridge,_Massachusetts): Harvard University Press, pp. 51–79, [doi:10.2307/2719075](https://doi.org/10.2307/2719075). [JSTOR 2719075](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2719075).
- Jones, Stephen (2010), [*In Search of the Folk Daoists of North China*](https://books.google.com/books?id=hdzsqwGrhiAC), Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, ISBN 9781409481300.
- Kohn, Livia (2008), ["Grand Offering in Hong Kong"](https://muse.jhu.edu/article/634899/summary), "Journal of Daoist Studies", Vol. 1, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 188–191, [doi:10.1353/dao.2008.0009](https://doi.org/10.1353/dao.2008.0009). [S2CID 88597395](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88597395).
- Lu, Fengbo (Apr 2012), "An Analysis of Mianshan Mountain, where Jie Zitui Lived in Seclusion", "Journal of Yuncheng University".
- Ning, Yan (30 Dec 2007), ["Mount Mianshan"](http://english.cri.cn/4026/2007/12/30/1241@309370.htm), "CRI English", Beijing: China Radio International.
- Shangguan, Tieliang et al. (Apr 1988), "Research on the Pattern and Associations between Dominants of the Vegetation in Mian Mountain, Shanxi Province", "Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research".
- Wang, Yi'e (2004), [*Daoism in China*](https://books.google.com/books?id=TWA63yZ52ikC), Zeng, Chuanghui et al. (eds.), China Intercontinental Press, ISBN 9787508505985.
- Xue, Yanni et al. (Jan 2013), "Analysis and Evaluation on Resort Inner Routes' Connectivity: A Case Study of Mianshan Resort, Shanxi", "Journal of Shanxi University*, Natural Science ed.*", Taiyuan: Shanxi University.

## External links

- [Official site](http://www.cnsanjia.com/introduction/index) (in Chinese)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Mount Mian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Mian) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Mian?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.