# Mostafa Chamran

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Iranian physicist, politician and guerrilla fighter

Mostafa Chamran مصطفی چمران Chamran c. 1970s Member of the Parliament of Iran In office 28 May 1980 – 21 June 1981 Constituency Tehran, Rey and Shemiranat Majority 1,100,842 (51.5%) Minister of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics In office 30 September 1979 – 28 May 1980 Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan Preceded by Taghi Riahi Succeeded by Javad Fakoori Deputy Prime Minister of Iran for Revolutionary Affairs In office 29 April 1979 – 30 September 1979 Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan Preceded by Ebrahim Yazdi Personal details Born Mostafa Chamran Savehi 2 October 1932 Tehran, Imperial State of Persia Died 21 June 1981(1981-06-21) (aged 48) Dehlaviyeh, Iran Resting place Behesht-e Zahra, Tehran Party Freedom Movement of Iran Amal Movement Spouse Tamsen Keyston ​ ​ (m. 1961, divorced)​ Ghada Jaber ​ (m. 1973)​ Children 4 Relatives Mehdi Chamran (brother) Education University of Tehran (BS) Texas A&M University (MS) University of California, Berkeley (PhD) Nickname Jamal[1] Military service Allegiance Iran Lebanon[2] Branch/service Lebanese Resistance Regiments Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces Years of service 1975–1979 1979–1981 Battles/wars Lebanese Civil War 1979 Kurdish rebellion Iran–Iraq War †

Part of a series on the Amal Movement Ideology Anti-Zionism Arab nationalism Economic liberalism Lebanese nationalism Populism Secularism Political activities Development and Liberation bloc Front of Patriotic and National Parties March 8 Alliance Axis of Resistance Military activities Armed wings Lebanese Resistance Regiments 1975-1991 Al-Abbas Force 2006-present Wars and conflicts involving the Amal Movement Lebanese Civil War 6 February Intifada War of the Camps War of Brothers South Lebanon conflict (1985-2000) 2006 Lebanon War 2008 Lebanon conflict Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon Israel-Hezbollah conflict (2023-present) People Current Chairman Nabih Berri Founders Musa al-Sadr Hussein el-Husseini Politicians Abbas Mortada Abdelmajid Saleh Adnan Mansour Ali Ahmad Bazzi Ali Hassan Khalil Ali Al Shami Ali Khreis Anwar M. El-Khalil Ghazi Wazni Ghazi Zaiter Hani Kobeissy Inaya Ezzeddine Michel Moussa Yassine Jaber Youssef Khalil Former politicians Abdel Latif El Zein Ali Osseiran Ayoub Hmayed Grégoire Haddad Hussein al-Musawi Hussein el-Husseini Mohammad Yazbek Mostafa Chamran Muhammad Baydoun Musa al-Sadr Mustafa Dirani Naim Qassem Ragheb Harb v t e

**Mostafa Chamran Savehi** ([Persian](/source/Persian_language): مصطفی چمران ساوه‌ای; 2 October 1932 – 21 June 1981) was an Iranian [scientist](/source/Scientist), [politician](/source/Politician), and [guerrilla](/source/Guerrilla_warfare), best known for serving as the first [defense minister](/source/Ministry_of_Defence_and_Armed_Forces_Logistics_(Iran)) of [post-revolutionary](/source/Iranian_Revolution) Iran.

In 1980, Chamran was elected to the [Iranian Majles](/source/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly), representing [Tehran](/source/Tehran). That same year, he commanded a [paramilitary](/source/Paramilitary) unit in the [Iran–Iraq War](/source/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War), known as the "[Irregular Warfare Headquarters](/source/Irregular_Warfare_Headquarters)". He was later [killed](/source/Killed_in_action) on the frontlines.

## Early life and education

Chamran was born into a religious [Persian](/source/Persians) family on 2 October 1932 in Tehran.[3][4] His younger brother was [Mehdi Chamran](/source/Mehdi_Chamran), who later served as the chairman of the [City Council of Tehran](/source/Islamic_City_Council_of_Tehran).

Chamran studied at [Alborz High School](/source/Alborz_High_School), while also receiving religious education from [Mahmoud Taleghani](/source/Mahmoud_Taleghani).[5] After graduating from the [University of Tehran](/source/University_of_Tehran) with a [bachelor's degree](/source/Bachelor's_degree) in [electromechanics](/source/Electromechanics), he moved to the [United States](/source/United_States) for higher education under an Imperial Iranian government [scholarship](/source/Scholarship), obtaining a [master of science](/source/Master_of_Science) in [electricial engineering](/source/Electrical_engineering) from [Texas A&M University](/source/Texas_A%26M_University).[3][6] In 1963, Chamran obtained his [doctorate](/source/Doctor_of_Philosophy) in electrical engineering and [plasma physics](/source/Plasma_(physics)) from the [University of California, Berkeley](/source/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley).[7] He was subsequently employed as a research staff scientist at [Bell Laboratories](/source/Bell_Labs) and later at [NASA](/source/NASA)'s [Jet Propulsion Laboratory](/source/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory).[8][9]

## Career

### Revolutionary activities

#### Guerilla training

In the early 1960s, Chamran became a prominent member of the [Freedom Movement of Iran (FMI)](/source/Freedom_Movement_of_Iran), a pro-[democratic](/source/Islamic_democracy), anti-[Shah](/source/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi) political organization led by [Mehdi Bazargan](/source/Mehdi_Bazargan).[3][10] He belonged to the party's [left-wing religious](/source/Islamic_socialism) revolutionary bloc alongside [Ebrahim Yazdi](/source/Ebrahim_Yazdi), [Sadegh Ghotbzadeh](/source/Sadegh_Ghotbzadeh) and [Ali Shariati](/source/Ali_Shariati), all of whom had studied at [Western](/source/Western_world) universities.[11]

Chamran went to [Cuba](/source/Cuba) to attend a [military camp](/source/Training_camp).[2] In December 1963, he, Ghotbzadeh, and Yazdi traveled from the United States to [Egypt](/source/United_Arab_Republic), where they received training in [guerilla warfare](/source/Guerrilla_warfare).[12][13] There, they met with Egyptian authorities to propose establishing an anti-Shah organization in the country called SAMA, with Chamran leading its military branch.[11]

Upon Chamran's return to the United States in 1965, he founded a group called "Red Shi'ism" in [San Jose](/source/San_Jose%2C_California), aimed at training [far-left](/source/Far-left_politics) [Islamist](/source/Islamism) [militants](/source/Militant); his brother Mehdi was an early member.[12] In 1968, he helped establish another anti-Shah and Islamist organization, the Muslim Students' Association of America (MSA), which was led by Yazdi.[12] The MSA soon had branches in the [United Kingdom](/source/United_Kingdom) and [France](/source/France).[12]

#### Arab world

In 1971, Chamran left the United States for [Lebanon](/source/Lebanon)[12] to join the [Palestine Liberation Organization](/source/Palestine_Liberation_Organization) and [Amal Movement](/source/Amal_Movement).[2] He became a leading figure of the revolutionary Islamic movement in the Middle East, organizing and training guerrilla forces in [Algeria](/source/Algeria), Egypt, and [Syria](/source/Syria). During [Lebanese Civil War](/source/Lebanese_Civil_War), he actively cooperated with [Musa al-Sadr](/source/Musa_al-Sadr) and became known as his "right-hand man".[14][15][16]

Chamran, along with Sadegh Ghotbzadeh, was known as part of a clique called the “Syrian mafia” within the inner circle of [Ruhollah Khomeini](/source/Ruhollah_Khomeini). There was a reported feud between this group and a [Libya](/source/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi#Great_Socialist_People's_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya_(1977–2011))-friendly faction led by [Mohammad Montazeri](/source/Mohammad_Montazeri).[17]

### Post-revolutionary Iran

#### Political appointments

Following the [Iranian Revolution](/source/Iranian_Revolution), Chamran returned to Iran in February 1979 and was appointed Deputy Prime Minister for Revolutionary Affairs in the [cabinet](/source/Interim_Government_of_Iran_(1979)) of [Mehdi Bazargan](/source/Mehdi_Bazargan).[18][19] He was later appointed [Minister of Defense](/source/Ministry_of_Defence_and_Armed_Forces_Logistics_(Iran)),[20] becoming the first civilian defense minister of the Islamic Republic.[21] As a result of this position, Chamran led military action against a [rebellion](/source/1979_Kurdish_rebellion_in_Iran) in [Kurdistan](/source/Kurdistan_Province).[18]

In May 1980, Chamran was elected to the [Majles](/source/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly) (parliament) as a representative of Tehran.[22] That same month, he was appointed by Khomeini to the [Supreme Council of National Defense](/source/Supreme_National_Security_Council).[23]

#### Iran-Iraq War

When the [Iran–Iraq War](/source/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War) began in September 1980, Chamran led an [irregular warfare](/source/Irregular_warfare) infantry unit called the "[Irregular Warfare Headquarters](/source/Irregular_Warfare_Headquarters)".[8] He was [wounded](/source/Wounded_in_action) in the leg during the [Liberation of Susangerd](/source/Liberation_of_Susangerd).[24]

## Death

Chamran was killed in [Dehlaviyeh](/source/Dehlaviyeh) on 21 June 1981 during a clash with [Iraqi forces](/source/Iraqi_Armed_Forces).[3][25][26][27][28] The details surrounding his death have remained unclear.[29][30][31] He is buried in the [Behesht-e Zahra](/source/Behesht-e_Zahra) cemetery in Tehran.[8]

## Personal life

### Marriages

Chamran married an [American](/source/Americans) woman, Tamsen Keyston, in 1961.[32] They had four children together before divorcing in the early 1970s; one of them, a son named Jamal, died at the age of three in a pool drowning accident in 1973.[33]

During his time in Lebanon, Chamran remarried a [Lebanese](/source/Lebanese_people) woman, Ghada Jaber, who was also a member of the Amal Movement.[34][35]

## Legacy

Ayatollah Khomeini publicly proclaimed Chamran as a "proud commander of Islam".[8] Chamran was posthumously honoured by having buildings and streets in Iran and Lebanon named after him, including a [major expressway](/source/Chamran_Expressway).[8] A [species of moth](/source/Anagnorisma_chamrani) was named after him in 2013.[36][37]

### Media

In 2012, Mohsen Alavipour published a Persian-language biography of Chamran.[38] The next year, an English-language biography of Chamran titled *22: Not a new lifestyle for those who thirst for humanity!* was published in the United Kingdom.[39]

In 2014, a film titled *[Che](/source/Che_(2014_film))* ([Persian](/source/Persian_language): چ), directed by [Ebrahim Hatamikia](/source/Ebrahim_Hatamikia), was released to honour Chamran. The film portrays two days in Chamran's life following the Iranian Revolution. In 2017, [Reza Mirkarimi](/source/Reza_Mirkarimi) produced an [animated film](/source/Animated_film) about Chamran.[40][41]

## See also

- [Iran portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran)
- [biography portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography)

- [1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran](/source/1979_Kurdish_rebellion_in_Iran)

- [Asghar Vesali](/source/Asghar_Vesali)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["IICHS - Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies"](http://iichs.org/index_en.asp?id=1609&doc_cat=16). *iichs.org*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Sepehr_Zabih_84–94_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Sepehr_Zabih_84–94_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Sepehr_Zabih_84–94_2-2) Sepehr Zabih (September 1982). "Aspects of Terrorism in Iran". *Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science*. International Terrorism. **463**: 84–94. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1177/0002716282463001007](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716282463001007). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [1043613](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1043613). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [145391253](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145391253).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-vida_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-vida_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-vida_3-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-vida_3-3) Vida Moezzinia. ["Dr. Mostafa Chamran"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130227045553/http://iichs.org/index_en.asp?id=1609&doc_cat=16). IICHS. Archived from [the original](http://iichs.org/index_en.asp?id=1609&doc_cat=16) on 27 February 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2013.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["Shahid Mostafa Chamran has been known for his life of sacrifices"](http://abna.ir/data.asp?lang=3&Id=193400). *ABNA*. 26 June 2010. Retrieved 17 February 2013.{{[cite news](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-bezahra_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-bezahra_8-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-bezahra_8-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-bezahra_8-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-bezahra_8-4) Scott Peterson (21 September 2010). [*Let the Swords Encircle Me: Iran--A Journey Behind the Headlines*](https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781416597285). Simon & Schuster. pp. [701](https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781416597285/page/701). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4165-9739-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-9739-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** دارالحدیث, موسسه علمی فرهنگی. ["Self-construction and development (author Mostafa Chamran) - کتابخانه تخصصی جهاد و شهادت (موسسه فرهنگی روایت سیره شهدا)"](http://www.lib.ir/book/80662307/Selfconstruction-and-development/). *www.lib.ir*. Retrieved 24 September 2017.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-disrel_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-disrel_11-1) Houchang Chehabi; Rula Jurdi Abisaab; Centre for Lebanese Studies (Great Britain) (2 April 2006). [*Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years*](https://books.google.com/books?id=elHww0W0ZO4C&pg=PA182). I.B.Tauris. p. 182. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-86064-561-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-561-7).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-yehudit_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-yehudit_12-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-yehudit_12-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-yehudit_12-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-yehudit_12-4) Barsky, Yehudit (May 2003). ["Hizballah"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184824/http://www.ajc.org/atf/cf/%7B42D75369-D582-4380-8395-D25925B85EAF%7D/Hizballah_052003.pdf) (PDF). *The American Jewish Committee*. Archived from [the original](http://www.ajc.org/atf/cf/%7B42D75369-D582-4380-8395-D25925B85EAF%7D/Hizballah_052003.pdf) (Terrorism Briefing) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-ostovar_14-0)** Afshon P. Ostovar (2009). [*Guardians of the Islamic Revolution Ideology, Politics, and the Development of Military Power in Iran (1979–2009)*](http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/64683/afshon_1.pdf;jsessionid=DF7BFA33BF18FF73E9117CB0504F14E1?sequence=1) (PhD thesis). University of Michigan.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Musa al Sadr: The Untold Story"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131019131923/http://www.aawsat.net/2008/05/article55258754). *Asharq Alawsat*. 31 May 2008. Archived from [the original](http://www.aawsat.net/2008/05/article55258754) on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ata_16-0)** Mohammad Ataie (Summer 2013). ["Revolutionary Iran's 1979 endeavor in Lebanon"](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmepo.12026). *Middle East Policy*. **XX** (2): 137–157. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/mepo.12026](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmepo.12026).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** [Gayn, Mark](/source/Mark_Gayn) (20 December 1979). ["Into the depths of a boiling caldron"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DCNlAAAAIBAJ&pg=1340,5195980&dq=mohammad+montazeri&hl=en). *Edmonton Journal*. Retrieved 27 July 2013.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-tpp79_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-tpp79_18-1) ["Iran Unleashes Might on Kurds"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iuoeAAAAIBAJ&pg=6542,221594&dq=mostafa+chamran&hl=en). *The Pittsburgh Press*. Tehran. UPI. 2 September 1979. Retrieved 8 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["Kurds claim town siege"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UvgiAAAAIBAJ&pg=805,2321889&dq=mostafa+chamran&hl=en). *The Palm Beach Post*. 17 August 1979. Retrieved 8 August 2013.[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Sepehr Zabir (23 April 2012). [*The Iranian Military in Revolution and War (RLE Iran D)*](https://books.google.com/books?id=TcjmD51dFFMC&pg=PT277). CRC Press. p. 277. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-136-81270-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81270-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Gregory F. Rose (Spring–Summer 1984). "The Post-Revolutionary Purge of Iran's Armed Forces: A Revisionist Assessment". *Iranian Studies*. **17** (2–3): 153–194. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/00210868408701627](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210868408701627). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [4310440](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4310440).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Bak1996_22-0)** Bahman Baktiari (1996). [*Parliamentary Politics in Revolutionary Iran: The Institutionalization of Factional Politics*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_jPuuxfIv4C&pg=PA79). University Press of Florida. p. 79. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8130-1461-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1461-6). Retrieved 27 July 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["Khomenei's hard-liners triumph"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19800512&id=B1ZOAAAAIBAJ&pg=6991,6282811). *The Spokesman Review*. Associated Press. May 1980. Retrieved 4 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ["Iranian Guerrilla Leader Is Killed in the War Zone"](https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/22/world/iranian-guerrilla-leader-is-killed-in-the-war-zone.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. 22 June 1981. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved 27 February 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Bernard Reich, *Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa* [p.466](https://books.google.com/books?id=3D5FulN2WqQC&dq=%22chamran+died%22&pg=PA466)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Daniel Brumberg, *Reinventing Khomeini* [p.272](https://books.google.com/books?id=Cdjs7HCjIsYC&pg=PA272)

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Houchang E. Chehabi, *Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism* [p.293](https://books.google.com/books?id=JJEIQbUnGyYC&pg=PA293)

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** ["Tamsen Keyston to Wed in Moslem Ceremony"](https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner/33633194/). *[The San Francisco Examiner](/source/The_San_Francisco_Examiner)*. 27 May 1961. p. 9.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["Family Pool Claims Life of Young Boy"](https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=CCT19730909.1.8&srpos=20&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-Chamran-------). *[Contra Costa Times](/source/East_Bay_Times)*. Vol. 58, no. 158. 9 September 1973. p. 8.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** ["Mostafa Chamran's Lebanon converted into Arabic"](http://www.ibna.ir/vdcds90fsyt0k96.em2y.html). *Iran Book News Agency*. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2013.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** M. Esfandiari; P. Gyulai; M. Rabieh; A. Seraj; L. Ronkay (2013). ["*Anagnorisma chamrani* sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) from Iran"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744136). *ZooKeys* (317): 17–25. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2013ZooK..317...17G](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ZooK..317...17G). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3897/zookeys.317.5515](https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.317.5515). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [3744136](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744136). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [23950668](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23950668).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** ["New Anagnorisma Moth Species from Beautiful Binaloud Mountain Iran"](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130717114500.htm). *Science Daily*. 17 July 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** ["Martyr Chamran's biography book unveiled"](http://www.taghribnews.com/vdcevo8o.jh8voik1bj.html). *Taqrib News*. 20 June 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** ["Book on lifestyle of Iranian veteran Chamran published in UK"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131206164414/http://www.tehrantimes.com/arts-and-culture/109182-book-on-lifestyle-of-iranian-veteran-chamran-published-in-uk). *Tehran Times*. Tehran. 10 July 2013. Archived from [the original](http://www.tehrantimes.com/arts-and-culture/109182-book-on-lifestyle-of-iranian-veteran-chamran-published-in-uk) on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** ["The Story Of The Life Of Mostafa Chamran With English Subtitles"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LaHhynI40E). *Youtube*. 6 January 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** ["Director Mirkarimi animations to be screened"](https://en.irna.ir/amp/2733581/), *IRNA English*, 9 August 2014, retrieved 25 October 2023

## External links

- (in Persian) [Official website](http://chamran.ir/)

Media related to [Mostafa Chamran](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mostafa_Chamran) at Wikimedia Commons

v t e Defence ministers of Iran (since 1979) Madani Riahi Chamran Fakoori Namjoo Salimi Mousavia Rahimia Jalali Torkan Forouzandeh Shamkhani Najjar Vahidi Dehghan Hatami Gharaei Ashtiani Nasirzadeh Ebn-e-Rezaa a Acting

Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 GND FAST WorldCat National United States Israel

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Mostafa Chamran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostafa_Chamran) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostafa_Chamran?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.