# Mosiah priority

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Theory about the origins of the Book of Mormon

Part of a series on the Book of Mormon Origin Cumorah Golden plates Joseph Smith Emma Smith Oliver Cowdery Sidney Rigdon David Whitmer Martin Harris Lucy Harris Book of Mormon witnesses Three Witnesses Eight Witnesses Spalding–Rigdon theory Peoples Jaredites Nephites Amalekites Amlicites Zoramites Lamanites Anti-Nephi-Lehies Persons Aaron Abinadi Abish Ammon Angel Moroni Alma the Elder Alma the Younger Akish Amaleki (scribe) Amaleki (explorer) Amalickiah Aminadab Ammoron Ammah Amulek Brother of Jared Captain Moroni Cezoram Coriantumr (last Jaredite king) Coriantumr (Nephite dissenter) Coriantumr (son of Omer) Enos Ether Gazelem Gideon Helaman Ishmael Jacob Jared Jaredite kings Joseph King Benjamin King Noah King Mosiah I King Mosiah II Laban Lachoneus Laman and Lemuel Lamoni Lehi Limhi Mormon Moroni Moron Moronihah Mulek Nephi Nehor Omner Omni Paanchi Sam Sariah Samuel the Lamanite Shiz Teancum Three Nephites Zedekiah Zeezrom Zeram, Amnor, Manti, and Limher Zeniff Zenock Books First Nephi Second Nephi Book of Jacob Book of Enos Book of Jarom Book of Omni Words of Mormon Book of Mosiah Book of Alma Book of Helaman Third Nephi Fourth Nephi Book of Mormon Book of Ether Book of Moroni Geography List Ammonihah Ani-Anti Antiparah Bountiful Cumeni Cumorah Jershon Moron Nahom River Sidon Valley of Alma Valley of Nimrod Waters of Mormon Zarahemla Analysis Anachronisms Book of Mormon and the King James Bible Criticism Historical authenticity Killing of Laban Linguistics Mosiah priority Proposed setting Objects Liahona Plates of Nephi Record of the Nephites Urim and Thummim Adaptations List of Book of Mormon Videos How Rare a Possession The Book of Mormon Movie Passage to Zarahemla Translations Other Book of Mormon Historic Publication Site Deseret Engraved metal plates Gadianton robbers Lost 116 pages Monetary system Native Americans and Mormonism Pacific Islanders and Mormonism Skin color and Mormonism Urim and Thummim Reformed Egyptian Record of Zeniff Great and abominable church Solomon Chamberlin Tree of life vision Two thousand stripling warriors Outline of the Book of Mormon v t e

**Mosiah priority** is a theory about the creation of the [Book of Mormon](/source/Book_of_Mormon) arguing that the original manuscript began not with [1 Nephi](/source/1_Nephi) (found at the beginning of the Book of Mormon), but midway through, starting with [Mosiah](/source/Book_of_Mosiah). According to Mosiah priority, after the text of Mosiah through the end of the Book of Mormon was dictated, Joseph Smith returned to the beginning and dictated 1 Nephi through [Words of Mormon](/source/Words_of_Mormon). Mosiah priority is the most widely held solution to questions regarding the sequence of the English text.

## Priority in the Book of Mormon

The original transcription of the Book of Mormon by scribe [Martin Harris](/source/Martin_Harris_(Latter_Day_Saints)) was interrupted by the loss of the original manuscript. The question about the subsequent workflow is known as the **problem of priority in the Book of Mormon**.

### Lost 116 pages

See also: [Lost 116 pages](/source/Lost_116_pages)

The "lost 116 pages" were the first manuscript pages of the Book of Mormon, and these were entrusted to scribe Martin Harris[a] and subsequently lost. Smith subsequently announced a revelation:

Behold I say unto you, that you shall not translate again those words which have gone forth out of your hands; for behold, they shall not lie any more against those words; for behold, if you should bring forth the same words, they would say that you have lied; that you have pretended to translate, but that you have contradicted your words; and behold they would publish this, and satan would harden the hearts of the people, to stir them up to anger against you, that they might not believe my words.[1]

In a preface to the 1830 edition of the Book of Mormon, Smith writes of the lost 116 pages:

I translated, by the gift and power of God, and caused to be written, one hundred and sixteen pages, the which I took from the Book of Lehi, which was an account abridged from the plates of Lehi, by the hand of Mormon; which said account, some person or persons have stolen and kept from me, notwithstanding my utmost exertions to recover it again -- and being commanded of the Lord that I should not translate the same over again, for Satan had put it into their hearts to tempt the Lord their God, by altering the words that they did read contrary from that which I translated and caused to be written; and if I should bring forth the same words again, or, in other words, if I should translate the same over again, they would publish that which they had stolen, and Satan would stir up the hearts of this generation, that they might not receive this work: but behold the Lord said unto me, I will not suffer that Satan shall accomplish his evil design in this thing: therefore thou shalt translate from the plates of Nephi, until ye come to that which ye have translated, which ye have retained; and behold ye shall publish it as a record of Nephi; and thus I will confound those who have altered my words. I will not suffer that they shall destroy my work;

### *1 Nephi* priority

Faced with the loss of the 116-page manuscript, creation of a second manuscript began.

The theory of ***1 Nephi* priority** argues that after the loss of the original 116-page manuscript, the transcription process returned to the beginning of the Golden Plates narrative, starting over at the beginning with *1 Nephi*.[b] Proponents of 1 Nephi Priority included multiple 20th-century authors.[2]

1 Nephi Priority Lost 116 pages 1 Nephi 2 Nephi Jacob Enos Jarom Omni Words Mosiah Alma Helaman 3 Nephi 4 Nephi Mormon Ether Moroni First Transcribed Last Transcribed The lost 116 pages were transcribed first; After their loss, transcription began anew, starting at 1 Nephi.

## Mosiah priority

The theory of **Mosiah priority** argues that after the loss of the original 116-page manuscript, transcription continued in narrative order, beginning with Mosiah and continuing to Moroni.[3] Afterwards, the transcription process turned to replacing the beginning of the Book of Mormon (1 Nephi to Words), roughly corresponding to the material in the Lost 116 pages.[c]

Mosiah Priority Lost 116 pages Mosiah Alma Helaman 3 Nephi 4 Nephi Mormon Ether Moroni First Transcribed Continue transcription at 1 Nephi 1 Nephi 2 Nephi Jacob Enos Jarom Omni Words Resumed transcription after Moroni Last Transcribed The lost 116 pages were transcribed first; After their loss, transcription resumed Mosiah through Moroni. Finally, transcription concluded with 1 Nephi to Words.

### Historical evidence

The title page of the Book of Mormon, which Joseph Smith said was found at the very end of Moroni's record, had been completed before 11 Jun 1829. But evidence shows that the translation process still continued after this date.[3][4] Metcalfe also argues that because the title page mentions Mormon's abridgment and Ether, but not Nephi's record, this suggests that *1 Nephi* had not yet been translated.[3]

For some parts of the Book of Mormon text, likely dates of transcription have been identified. This includes the restarting of translation work (referred to in D&C 10 in April–May 1829), teachings on baptism in *3 Nephi* (referred to in D&C 13 on May 15, 1829), and a prophecy of the [Three Witnesses](/source/Three_Witnesses) in *2 Nephi* 27 (referred to in D&C 17 in June 1829). The times when these passages were produced corresponds with a sequence and a consistent pace of translation beginning at *Mosiah* in April 1829[d] and then arriving at *1 Nephi* later that summer.[4][5][6]

The pages of the original manuscript containing *1 Nephi* are written in [Oliver Cowdery](/source/Oliver_Cowdery)'s handwriting.[3] However, the first scribes were Joseph's wife [Emma](/source/Emma_Smith) and his younger brother [Samuel](/source/Samuel_H._Smith_(Latter_Day_Saints)), suggesting that the original manuscript was not begun at *1 Nephi*.[3] In addition, a scribe's handwriting in *1 Nephi* is believed to be from [John Whitmer](/source/John_Whitmer), who was not involved until late in the translation process, after Joseph Smith had moved back to [Fayette, New York](/source/Fayette%2C_New_York).[4][5][7]

The beginning of the *Book of Mosiah* appears to be missing, since it lacks an introduction (unlike all the other abridged books) and its beginning was originally marked as Chapter 3 in the printer's manuscript. This suggests that an earlier beginning to *Mosiah* may have been in the [lost 116-page manuscript](/source/Lost_116_pages) and that the current *Book of Mosiah* immediately continues from that lost text.[5][8][9]

### Textual evidence

"Therefore" predominates from Mosiah to Moroni.  "Wherefore" predominates from Ether to Words.

Textual evidence for Mosiah priority includes the shift in word choices over the transcription process. Scholars examine pairs of words that are roughly synonymous, such as:

- "therefore" and "wherefore."

- "whoso" and "whosoever."

- "inasmuch" and "insomuch."[10]

More recent research has shown that the following graph is partly an artifact resulting from the fact that it is based on total hits in each book. However, Alma has c. 85,000 words, Mosiah c. 30,000, 1 Nephi c. 23,000, and Mormon under 10,000. Other books are smaller. A valid graph must use data standardized for book size. In a recent study, Eccel[11] standardized the data on 5,000 words. The resulting graph showed no gradual shift in style. To the contrary, the radical shift from the Nephi group to the Mosiah-Helaman group, supports the study of John Hilton,[12] which concluded that Nephi and Alma could not have been authored by the same person.

### Computational studies

A 2008 computational study claimed to note patterns which support Mosiah priority, although its methodology has been criticized.[13][14]

### Reception

The Mosiah priority theory is now well accepted by researchers and in scholarly publications about the text. *New Approaches* lists proponents of the theory, including Hyrum L. Andrus, Edward H. Ashment, [Richard L. Bushman](/source/Richard_L._Bushman), Edwin J. Firmage, Kenneth W. Godfrey, [Dean C. Jessee](/source/Dean_C._Jessee), Stan Larson, [Dale L. Morgan](/source/Dale_L._Morgan), Max J. Parkin, [Jerald and Sandra Tanner](/source/Jerald_and_Sandra_Tanner), John A. Tvedtnes, [Dan Vogel](/source/Dan_Vogel), [Wesley P. Walters](/source/Wesley_P._Walters), [John W. Welch](/source/John_W._Welch), [Robert John Woodford](/source/Robert_John_Woodford), as well as the [LDS Institute of Religion](/source/LDS_Institute_of_Religion) manual *Church History in the Fullness of Times* (1989).

An early response to the theory was published by FARMS. [15] Later publications since Metcalfe's article have agreed with Mosiah priority, including:

- [Gardner, Brant A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brant_A._Gardner&action=edit&redlink=1) (2011). *The Gift and Power: Translating the Book of Mormon*. Greg Kofford Books. p. 245. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-58958-131-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58958-131-9).

- [Gardner, Brant A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brant_A._Gardner&action=edit&redlink=1) (2015). *Traditions of the Fathers: The Book of Mormon as History*. Greg Kofford Books. p. 213. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-58958-665-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58958-665-9).

- [Givens, Terryl L.](/source/Terryl_L._Givens) (2003). [*By the Hand of Mormon: The American Scripture that Launched a New World Religion*](https://archive.org/details/byhandofmormonam00give/page/36). Oxford University Press. p. [36](https://archive.org/details/byhandofmormonam00give/page/36). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-513818-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513818-4).

- Gutjahr, Paul C. (2012). *The Book of Mormon: A Biography*. Princeton University Press. p. 23. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-691-14480-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14480-1).

- Hardy, Grant (2003). *The Book of Mormon: A Reader's Edition*. University of Illinois Press. p. xiii, 645–46. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-252-02797-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02797-0).

- Hardy, Grant (2010). *Understanding the Book of Mormon: A Reader's Guide*. Oxford University Press. p. 10. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-973170-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973170-1).

- ["Historical Introduction"](https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/revelation-spring-1829-dc-10/1#historical-intro). Revelation, Spring 1829 [D&C 10]. *The Joseph Smith Papers*. [Church Historian's Press](/source/Church_Historian's_Press). September 1, 2016. Retrieved 2017-09-11.

- McBride, Matthew (January 3, 2013). [*The Contributions of Martin Harris*](https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/revelations-in-context/the-contributions-of-martin-harris?lang=eng). Vol. Revelations in Context. LDS Church. Retrieved 2017-09-07.

- McKay, Michael Hubbard; Dirkmaat, Gerrit J. (2015). *From Darkness Unto Light: Joseph Smith's Translation and Publication of the Book of Mormon*. Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University. pp. 125–26. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8425-2888-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8425-2888-7).

- [Skousen, Royal](/source/Royal_Skousen) (2009). [*The Book of Mormon: The Earliest Text*](https://archive.org/details/bookofmormonearl0000unse). Yale University Press. p. xii. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-300-14218-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14218-1).

- [Van Wagoner, Richard S.](/source/Richard_S._Van_Wagoner) (2016). "Converting Cousin Cowdery". *Natural Born Seer: Joseph Smith, American Prophet, 1805-1830*. Smith-Pettit Foundation. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1560852636](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1560852636).

- Wunderli, Earl (2013). "Overview: The Order of Translation and Small Plates". *An Imperfect Book: What the Book of Mormon Tells Us About Itself*. Signature Books. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-56085-230-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56085-230-8).

*[Saints](/source/Saints%3A_The_Story_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_in_the_Latter_Days)*, a four volume official history of the LDS Church, states in Volume 1, Chapter 6 that "Under the Lord’s direction, Joseph did not try to retranslate what he had lost. Instead, he and Oliver [Cowdery] continued forward in the record" and in Chapter 7 that "He was now translating the last part of the record, known as the small plates of Nephi, which would actually serve as the beginning of the book," seemingly supporting Mosiah priority by saying the Small Plates were translated last.

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** circa April–June 1828

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** In order: 1 Nephi, 2 Nephi, Jacob, Enos, Jarom, Omni, Words of Mormon, Mosiah, Alma, Helaman, 3 Nephi, 4 Nephi, Mormon, Ether, Moroni, and finally the Title Page.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Mosiah followed by Alma, Helaman, 3 Nephi, 4 Nephi, Mormon, Ether, Moroni, Title Page, 1 Nephi, 2 Nephi, Jacob, Enos, Jarom, Omni, and finally Words of Mormon

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** After losing the first manuscript, the restarted translation work was actually initially begun in Summer 1828. However, other demands in Joseph Smith's life hampered progress and little was produced until a revelation in April–May 1829 (found in LDS D&C 10) recommitted Smith and his scribes to complete the work in haste.

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Book of Commandments, 1833"](http://josephsmithpapers.org/paperSummary/book-of-commandments-1833?dm=image-and-text&zm=zoom-inner&tm=expanded&p=28&s=undefined&sm=none). Josephsmithpapers.org. 1904-02-20. Retrieved 2014-01-04.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Ivan J. Barrett (1973, 86-88), Fawn M. Brodie (1971, 55, 57), Paul R. Cheesman (1973, 51-55), Richard O. Cowan (1984, 31), Francis W. Kirkham (1942, 222-25), and John J. Stewart (1966, 26-27).[*[full citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include)*]

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Metcalfe1993_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Metcalfe1993_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Metcalfe1993_5-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Metcalfe1993_5-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Metcalfe1993_5-4) Metcalfe, Brent Lee (1993), ["The Priority of Mosiah: A Prelude to Book of Mormon Exegesis"](https://archive.org/details/NewApproachesToTheBookOfMormon/page/n413/mode/2up), *New Approaches to the Book of Mormon*, Salt Lake City: [Signature Books](/source/Signature_Books), pp. 395–444, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-56085-017-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56085-017-5).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-WelchRathbone_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-WelchRathbone_7-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-WelchRathbone_7-2) [John W. Welch](/source/John_W._Welch); Tim Rathbone (1986). [Translation of the Book of Mormon: Basic Historical Information](https://publications.mi.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=2839&index=229) (Report). FARMS Preliminary Reports. [Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies](/source/Foundation_for_Ancient_Research_and_Mormon_Studies). pp. 33–37. WRR-86. Retrieved 2017-09-07.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-RSR_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-RSR_9-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-RSR_9-2) [Richard Bushman](/source/Richard_Bushman) (2005). [*Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling*](https://archive.org/details/josephsmithrough00bush). Knopf. p. [74](https://archive.org/details/josephsmithrough00bush/page/74), note 63. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781400042708](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400042708).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["Historical Introduction"](https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/revelation-spring-1829-dc-10/1#historical-intro). Revelation, Spring 1829 [D&C 10]. *The Joseph Smith Papers*. [Church Historian's Press](/source/Church_Historian's_Press). September 1, 2016. Retrieved 2017-09-11.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Jessee_11-0)** [Dean C. Jessee](/source/Dean_C._Jessee) (Spring 1970). ["The Original Book of Mormon Manuscript"](https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byusq/vol10/iss3/4/). *[BYU Studies](/source/BYU_Studies)*. **10** (3): 259–78. Retrieved 2017-09-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** R. Scott Lloyd (September 8, 2015). ["Historians Share Insights from Book of Mormon Printer's Manuscript"](https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/church/news/historians-share-insights-from-book-of-mormon-printers-manuscript?lang=eng). *[LDS Church News](/source/LDS_Church_News)*. Retrieved 2017-09-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** [Terryl L. Givens](/source/Terryl_L._Givens) (2003). [*By the Hand of Mormon: The American Scripture that Launched a New World Religion*](https://archive.org/details/byhandofmormonam00give/page/36). Oxford University Press. p. [36](https://archive.org/details/byhandofmormonam00give/page/36). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-513818-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513818-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Smith, Christopher C. (2012-11-15), ["Book of Mormon Vocabulary and the Priority of Mosiah"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121205072415/http://www.withoutend.org/book-mormon-vocabulary-priority-mosiah/), *Worlds Without End: A Mormon Studies Roundtable* (group blog), archived from the original on December 5, 2012, retrieved 2014-01-09

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Arthur Chris Eccel, *Mormon Genesis* (Hilo: GP Touchstone, 2018), 351–356

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Hilton_16-0)** John L. Hilton (July 1, 1990). ["On Verifying Wordprint Studies: Book of Mormon Authorship"](https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byusq/vol30/iss3/15/). *[BYU Studies](/source/BYU_Studies)*. **30** (3): 89–108. Retrieved 2025-05-04.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Jockers, Matthew L.; Witten, Daniela M.; Criddle, Craig S. (2008), "Reassessing authorship of the Book of Mormon using delta and nearest shrunken centroid classification", *Literary and Linguistic Computing*, **23** (4): 465–491, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/llc/fqn040](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fllc%2Ffqn040). [Unauthorized reprint](http://solomonspalding.com/Lib/Jock2008.htm) at solomonspalding.com

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Jockers, Matthew L. (2013), "Testing Authorship in the Personal Writings of Joseph Smith Using NSC Classification", *Literary and Linguistic Computing*, **28** (3): 371–381, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/llc/fqs041](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fllc%2Ffqs041). [Author's reprint](http://www.stanford.edu/~mjockers/pubs/SmithNSCAnalysis.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120905162645/http://www.stanford.edu/~mjockers/pubs/SmithNSCAnalysis.pdf) 2012-09-05 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) at stanford.edu

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Roper, Matthew (1994), ["A More Perfect Priority?"](https://ojs.lib.byu.edu/spc/index.php/MSR/article/viewFile/31833/30081M), *[Review of Books on the Book of Mormon](/source/Review_of_Books_on_the_Book_of_Mormon)*, **6** (1): 362–78, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/44796961](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F44796961), [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [44796961](https://www.jstor.org/stable/44796961), retrieved 2014-01-09

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