# Moscow Refinery

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{{Short description|Oil refinery in Moscow, Russia}}
{{Infobox oil refinery
| name = Moscow Refinery
| coordinates = {{coord|55|39|00|N|37|48|36|E|display=title,inline}}
| image = Moscow 05-2017 img47 Refinery.jpg
| caption = 
| location_map = Russia Moscow Ring Road#European Russia
| founded = 1938
| city = {{flagicon|RUS}} [Moscow](/source/Moscow), [Russia](/source/Russia)
| operator = [Gazprom](/source/Gazprom)
| employees = ~2,200
| website = {{URL|mnpz.gazprom-neft.ru}}
| mapframe          = yes
| mapframe-zoom     = 11
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}

The '''Moscow Refinery''' ({{langx|ru|Московский нефтеперерабатывающий завод}}) is an [oil refinery](/source/oil_refinery) plant in the Russian capital of [Moscow](/source/Moscow). It is also known as the [Kapotnya Refinery](/source/Kapotnya_Refinery), after the [Kapotnya District](/source/Kapotnya_District) in which it is located. This refinery has belonged to the Russian state-owned company [Gazprom](/source/Gazprom) since 2011.

== History ==
===Soviet era===
In the 1930s, [Soviet industrialization](/source/industrialization_in_the_Soviet_Union) led to the need of more [oil refineries](/source/oil_refineries) to fulfill the rising fuel demand. In 1936, the [People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry](/source/People's_Commissariat_of_Heavy_Industry) approved the construction of a new refinery near the [Moskva River](/source/Moskva_River) in the [Moscow](/source/Moscow) area, which began operation in 1938.<ref name="PartOne">{{Cite web |url=http://msk.mr7.ru/city/article/77-let-v-interesah-77-go-regiona-1072932 |title=77 лет в интересах 77-го региона |publisher=My District |date=March 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807203953/https://msk.mr7.ru/city/article/77-let-v-interesah-77-go-regiona-1072932 |archive-date=August 7, 2016}}</ref>

==== World War II ====
During the [Eastern Front](/source/Eastern_Front_(WWII)) of WWII, this refinery was crucial to the Soviet war effort because it provided crucial fuel supplies for the Soviet military. Some of the facilities were also moved to [Siberia](/source/Siberia) or [Central Asia](/source/Central_Asia) to prevent capture by Nazi forces.<ref name="Svetlov">{{Cite web |last=Svetlov |first=Yegor |url=http://msk.mr7.ru/city/article/zavod-na-linii-fronta-1073979 |title=Завод на линии фронта |date=May 12, 2015 |publisher=My District |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807195623/https://msk.mr7.ru/city/article/zavod-na-linii-fronta-1073979 |archive-date=August 7, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Starodubov>{{Cite web |last=Starodubov |first=Yuriy |title=Как в Москве спасали топливо для танков |url=http://newsvostok.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/gvo_17_16.pdf |publisher=Eastern District |year=2016 |issue=17 (152) on May 20 |page=11 |archive-date=August 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803074751/http://newsvostok.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/gvo_17_16.pdf}}</ref>

Because of the importance of the Moscow Refinery to the war effort, the [Luftwaffe](/source/Luftwaffe) frequently bombed the plant. The Soviets also constructed a [decoy](/source/decoy) refinery about 3km east of the real plant to protect the plant from bombing. Between 1941 and 1945, the refinery processed an estimated 2.8 million tons of oil.<ref name="Svetlov"/><ref name="Starodubov"/>

==== Postwar Development ====
In August 1960, a decree from the [Presidium of Soviet Russia](/source/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic) incorporated the refinery plant into the administrative boundaries of the city of [Moscow](/source/Moscow).<ref name="PartTwo">{{Cite web |url=http://msk.mr7.ru/city/article/77-let-v-interesah-77-go-regiona-1073113 |title=77 лет в интересах 77-го региона (часть 2) |date=March 31, 2015 |publisher=My District |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305054914/https://msk.mr7.ru/city/article/77-let-v-interesah-77-go-regiona-1073113 |archive-date=March 5, 2016}}</ref>

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, new units were added into the refinery to expand production range, including for [dehydrogenation](/source/dehydrogenation), producing [diesel fuel](/source/diesel_fuel), [polypropylene](/source/polypropylene), and [catalytic reforming](/source/catalytic_reforming). After this modernization process, the refinery's capacity rose to about 12 million tons of oil per year.<ref name="PartTwo"/>

=== Russian Era ===
In 1994, the refinery was organized into a [joint-stock company](/source/joint-stock_company) during [privatization](/source/privatization_in_Russia). The plant was jointly operated by [Sibir Energy](/source/Sibir_Energy) and the [Russian government](/source/Russian_government).<ref name="PartTwo"/>

In March 1998, a fire broke out at the refinery, which destroyed a refining unit.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/195342 |title=Пожар в Капотне |publisher=[Kommersant](/source/Kommersant) |date=March 27, 1998 |archive-date=2024-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129231122/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/195342 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, the state-owned [Gazprom](/source/Gazprom) acquired [Sibir Energy](/source/Sibir_Energy) and the refinery became entirely state-owned.<ref name=rtr1>{{Cite web |title=Russia's Gazprom Neft becomes sole owner of Sibir Energy |publisher=[Reuters](/source/Reuters) |date=February 15, 2011 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/energy/russias-gazprom-neft-becomes-sole-owner-of-sibir-energy-idUSLDE71E1CZ/ |access-date=July 17, 2024}}</ref>

On 1 September 2024, during the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/source/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine), a fire broke out at the refinery, after reports of a massive [Ukrainian drone attack](/source/Attacks_in_Russia_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine).<ref name="peu1">{{cite news |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/russia-ukraine-target-refinery-power-plants-near-moscow-with-drones/ |title=Ukraine drones target refinery, power plants near Moscow, Russia says }}</ref><ref name="rtr2">{{cite news |title=Russia says Ukrainian drones target refinery, power plants near Moscow |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-launches-drones-moscow-other-regions-russian-officials-say-2024-08-31/}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Russia|Energy}}
*[List of oil refineries](/source/List_of_oil_refineries)
*[Petroleum industry in Russia](/source/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

Category:Oil refineries in Russia
Category:Oil refineries in the Soviet Union
Category:Buildings and structures in Moscow

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Moscow Refinery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Refinery) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Refinery?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.