# Moscow

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Capital and most populous city of Russia

For the oblast in Russia, see [Moscow Oblast](/source/Moscow_Oblast). "Moskva" redirects here. For other uses, see [Moscow (disambiguation)](/source/Moscow_(disambiguation)) and [Moskva (disambiguation)](/source/Moskva_(disambiguation)).

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Capital city and federal city

Moscow Москва Capital city and federal city Red Square with the Spasskaya Tower (left), Saint Basil's Cathedral (right) and Ostankino Tower (background) Cathedral of Christ the Savior Moscow-City Gorky Park Bolshoi Theatre View along the Moskva River with the Kremlin (right) and the Moscow International Business Center (left) Flag Coat of arms Anthem: "My Moscow" Interactive map of Moscow Moscow Location in Russia Show map of Russia Moscow Location in Europe Show map of Europe Coordinates: 55°45′21″N 37°37′04″E / 55.75583°N 37.61778°E / 55.75583; 37.61778 Federal district Central Economic region Central First mentioned 1147[1] Government • Body City Duma[2] • Mayor[3] Sergey Sobyanin[3] Area • Total 2,561.5[4] km2 (989.0 sq mi) • Urban 6,154 km2 (2,376 sq mi) • Metro 48,360 km2 (18,670 sq mi) Elevation 114–255 m (374–837 ft) Population (2021 Census)[5] • Total 13,010,112 • Rank 1st in Russia 2nd in Europe • Density 5,080/km2 (13,200/sq mi) • Urban [6] 19,100,000 • Urban density 2,762/km2 (7,150/sq mi) • Metro [7] 21,534,777[8] • Metro density 450/km2 (1,200/sq mi) Demonym Muscovite GDP (nominal, 2024) [9] • Total ₽41 trillion (US$556.74 billion) • Per capita ₽3.1 million (US$42,138.55) Time zone UTC+3 (MSK[10]) ISO 3166 code RU-MOW Vehicle registration 77, 177, 777; 97, 197, 797; 99, 199, 799, 977[11] OKTMO ID 45000000 Website mos.ru

**Moscow**[a] is the [capital](/source/Capital_city) and [largest city](/source/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia_by_population) of [Russia](/source/Russia), standing on the [Moskva River](/source/Moskva_(river)) in [Central Russia](/source/Central_Russia). It has a population estimated at over 13 million residents within the city limits,[5] over 19.1 million residents in the urban area,[6] and over 21.5 million residents in [its metropolitan area](/source/Moscow_metropolitan_area).[14] The city covers an area of 2,511 square kilometers (970 mi2), while the urban area covers 5,891 square kilometers (2,275 mi2),[6] and the metropolitan area covers over 26,000 square kilometers (10,000 mi2).[14] Moscow is among the world's [largest cities](/source/List_of_largest_cities), being the [most populous city](/source/List_of_European_cities_by_population_within_city_limits) entirely in Europe,[b] the largest [urban](/source/List_of_urban_areas_in_Europe) and [metropolitan area](/source/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe) in Europe,[6][14] and the largest city by land area on the European continent.[15]

First documented in 1147, Moscow became the capital of the [Grand Principality of Moscow](/source/Grand_Principality_of_Moscow), which led the unification of the Russian lands in the 15th century and became the center of a unified state.[16] Following the proclamation of the [Tsardom of Russia](/source/Tsardom_of_Russia) in 1547, Moscow remained the political and economic center for most of its history. During the reign of [Peter the Great](/source/Peter_the_Great), the Russian capital was moved to the newly founded city of [Saint Petersburg](/source/Saint_Petersburg) in 1712, leading to a decline in Moscow's importance throughout the [imperial period](/source/Russian_Empire).[17] Following the [Russian Revolution](/source/Russian_Revolution) and the establishment of the [Russian SFSR](/source/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic), the capital was moved back to Moscow in 1918.[17] The city later became the political center of the [Soviet Union](/source/Soviet_Union) and experienced significant population growth throughout the Soviet period.[17] In the aftermath of the [dissolution of the Soviet Union](/source/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union), Moscow remained the capital city of the newly reconstituted Russian Federation and has experienced continued growth.[17]

The northernmost and coldest [megacity](/source/Megacity) in the world, Moscow is governed as a [federal city](/source/Federal_cities_of_Russia),[18] where it serves as the political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and [Eastern Europe](/source/Eastern_Europe). Moscow has one of the world's [largest urban economies](/source/List_of_cities_by_GDP).[19] Moscow has the [second-highest number of billionaires](/source/List_of_cities_by_number_of_billionaires) of any city (tied with [Hong Kong](/source/Hong_Kong)).[20] The [Moscow International Business Center](/source/Moscow_International_Business_Center) is one of the largest [financial centers](/source/Financial_centre) in the world and features the majority of [Europe's tallest skyscrapers](/source/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Europe). Moscow was the host city of the [1980 Summer Olympics](/source/1980_Summer_Olympics) and one of the host cities of the [2018 FIFA World Cup](/source/2018_FIFA_World_Cup).[21]

The city contains several UNESCO [World Heritage Sites](/source/World_Heritage_Site) and is known for its display of [Russian architecture](/source/Russian_architecture), particularly in areas such as [Red Square](/source/Red_Square) and buildings such as [Saint Basil's Cathedral](/source/Saint_Basil's_Cathedral) and the [Moscow Kremlin](/source/Moscow_Kremlin), the latter of which is the seat of power of the [Government of Russia](/source/Government_of_Russia). Moscow is home to [Russian companies](/source/List_of_companies_of_Russia) in different industries and is served by a comprehensive transit network, which includes [four international airports](/source/Moscow_Airport_(disambiguation)#Commercial_passenger_and_cargo_traffic_airports), ten railway terminals, a [tram system](/source/Trams_in_Moscow), a [monorail system](/source/Moscow_Monorail), and the [Moscow Metro](/source/Moscow_Metro), which is the busiest metro system in Europe and one of the largest [rapid transit](/source/Rapid_transit) systems in the world. The city has over 40 percent of its territory covered by greenery, making it one of the greenest cities in the world.[15][22]

## Etymology

The city's name is thought to be derived from the [Moskva River](/source/Moskva_River).[23][24] Theories of the origin of the name of the river have been proposed.

The most linguistically well-grounded and widely accepted is from the Proto-Balto-Slavic root **mŭzg*-/*muzg*- from the [Proto-Indo-European](/source/Proto-Indo-European) **meu-* "wet",[24][25][26] so the name *Moskva* might signify a river at a wetland or marsh.[23] Its [cognates](/source/Cognate) include [Russian](/source/Russian_language): музга, *muzga* "pool, puddle", [Lithuanian](/source/Lithuanian_language): *mazgoti* and [Latvian](/source/Latvian_language): *mazgāt* "to wash", [Sanskrit](/source/Sanskrit_language): *májjati* "to drown", [Latin](/source/Latin_language): *mergō* "to dip, immerse",[23][25] [Prekmurian](/source/Prekmurje_Slovene) *müzga* "marsh, swamp."[27] In many Slavic countries Moskov is a surname, most common in Russia, [Bulgaria](/source/Bulgaria), [Ukraine](/source/Ukraine) and [North Macedonia](/source/North_Macedonia).[28] Additionally, there are similarly named places in [Poland](/source/Poland) like [Mozgawa](/source/Mozgawa).[23][24][25] According to a [Finno-Ugric](/source/Finno-Ugric_languages) hypothesis, the [Merya](/source/Volga_Finns) and [Muroma](/source/Muromians) people, who were among the pre-Slavic tribes which inhabited the area, called the river *Mustajoki* "Black river", and the name of the river derives from this term.[29] Other theories, having little or no scientific basis, are rejected by linguists.[23][24]

The Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as *Москы, **Mosky*,[23][24] hence it was one of a few Slavic [*ū*-stem nouns](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Proto-Slavic_v-stem_nouns). As with other nouns of that declension, it had been undergoing a morphological transformation at the early stage of the development of the language, as a result, the first written references in the 12th century were Московь, *Moskovĭ* ([accusative case](/source/Accusative_case)), Москви, *Moskvi* ([locative case](/source/Locative_case)), Москвe/Москвѣ, *Moskve/Moskvě* ([genitive case](/source/Genitive_case)).[23][24] From the latter forms came the modern Russian form Москва, *Moskva*, which is a result of [morphological generalization](/source/Morphological_leveling) with the numerous Slavic [*ā*-stem nouns](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Proto-Slavic_hard_a-stem_nouns). The form *Moskovĭ* has left traces in other languages, including English: Moscow; [German](/source/German_language): *Moskau*;[30] [French](/source/French_language): *Moscou*;[31] [Portuguese](/source/Portuguese_language): *Moscou, Moscovo*;[32] and [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language): *Moscú*.[33]

Moscow has acquired [epithets](/source/Epithet), such as the "[third Rome](/source/Moscow%2C_third_Rome)".[34] Moscow is one of twelve [Hero Cities](/source/Hero_City_(Soviet_Union)).[35] The [demonym](/source/Demonym) for a Moscow resident is rendered as *Muscovite* in English.[36]

## History

Main article: [History of Moscow](/source/History_of_Moscow)

For a chronological guide, see [Timeline of Moscow](/source/Timeline_of_Moscow).

### Prehistory

The site of modern-day Moscow has been inhabited since prehistoric times. Among the earliest finds are relics of the [Lyalovo culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyalovo_culture&action=edit&redlink=1), which experts assign to the [Neolithic](/source/Neolithic) period.[37] They confirm that the first inhabitants of the area were hunters and gatherers. Around 950 AD, two Slavic tribes, [Vyatichi](/source/Vyatichi) and [Krivichi](/source/Krivichi), settled here. The Vyatichi may have formed the majority of Moscow's indigenous population.[38]

### Early history (1147–1263)

Further information: [Vladimir-Suzdal](/source/Vladimir-Suzdal)

Moscow is first mentioned in chronicles under the year 1147, as part of the principality of [Rostov-Suzdal](/source/Rostov-Suzdal), which emerged from the disintegration of [Kievan Rus'](/source/Kievan_Rus').[39] It was referred to as a meeting place of [Yuri Dolgorukiy](/source/Yuri_Dolgorukiy) and [Sviatoslav Olgovich](/source/Sviatoslav_Olgovich). At the time, it was a minor town on the western border of the principality.[40] The importance of Moscow greatly increased during the second half of the 12th century, and it was converted into a fortified *gorod* (stronghold) in the 1150s, with the first walls of the [Kremlin](/source/Kremlin) being built.[41] During the [Mongol invasions](/source/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus') of 1237–1238, Moscow was sacked following the destruction of [Ryazan](/source/Ryazan).[41]

The first prince of Moscow was [Daniel](/source/Daniel_of_Moscow), the youngest son of [Alexander Nevsky](/source/Alexander_Nevsky), and in 1263, he was given Moscow as an *[otchina](/source/Votchina)* (hereditary land), where he established a local branch of [Rurikid](/source/Rurikids) princes.[42] Two chronicles refer to [Mikhail Khorobrit](/source/Mikhail_Khorobrit) as "Mikhail of Moscow" in the mid-13th century, but Daniel is generally considered to be the first prince of Moscow.[42] On Mikhail's death in 1248, if it is assumed that an [appanage](/source/Appanage) principality was created, Moscow reverted as an escheat to the grand prince of [Vladimir](/source/Vladimir%2C_Russia).[42] Until 1271, the principality was ruled by the governors of Daniel's uncle [Yaroslav](/source/Yaroslav_of_Tver), who was given [Tver](/source/Tver) as an appanage.[43] Daniel himself is first mentioned in chronicles under the year 1282 as taking part in a feudal war between his two older brothers.[42]

### Grand Principality (1263–1547)

Main article: [Grand Principality of Moscow](/source/Grand_Principality_of_Moscow)

The [1382 siege of Moscow](/source/Siege_of_Moscow_(1382)), miniature from the [Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible](/source/Illustrated_Chronicle_of_Ivan_the_Terrible)

The [Spasskaya Tower](/source/Spasskaya_Tower), built in 1491

The Sigismundian Plan of Moscow (1610), before the city's destruction in 1612 and changes to streets. The north is to the right.

By the turn of the century, Moscow was one of the leading principalities within [Vladimir-Suzdal](/source/Vladimir-Suzdal), alongside [Tver](/source/Principality_of_Tver).[44] On the right bank of the Moskva River, at a distance of eight kilometres (5 mi) from the Kremlin, Daniel founded the first monastery with the wooden church of St. Daniel-Stylite, which is now the [Danilov Monastery](/source/Danilov_Monastery). Following Daniel's death in 1303, the territory of the principality had almost tripled in size, encompassing the entire Moskva River along with its [tributaries](/source/Tributary), which allowed Moscow to become self-sufficient.[45] The principality was also provided with an excellent river network that facilitated trade.[46]

Daniel's descendants struggled with the princes of Tver for succession to the grand principality.[47] [Yury](/source/Yury_of_Moscow) won recognition from the Mongol khan as the grand prince in 1318, but he lost the title four years later.[48] [Ivan I](/source/Ivan_I_of_Moscow) recovered the grand princely throne from Tver after proving himself to be a loyal servant of the khan.[49] Ivan collected the tribute to the khan of the [Golden Horde](/source/Golden_Horde) from dependent Russian princes and he used the funds he acquired to develop Moscow.[50] The metropolitan of the [Russian Church](/source/Russian_Orthodox_Church) also found an ally in Ivan and moved his seat from the nominal capital of Vladimir to Moscow.[51][50] The foundation of Moscow's first stone church, the [Dormition Cathedral](/source/Dormition_Cathedral%2C_Moscow), was laid in 1326, and the metropolitan chose to be buried there – an act that would cement Moscow's status as the spiritual center of Russian Orthodoxy.[51] Masonry building continued in the following years with the construction of additional stone churches.[52] The limestone walls and towers of the Kremlin were built in 1366–1368.[52] A distinct [architectural school](/source/Moscow_school) emerged in the late 14th century.[52]

The khan of the Golden Horde initially backed Moscow in an effort to halt the eastward expansion of the [Grand Duchy of Lithuania](/source/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania), but he continued to meddle in Moscow's relations with other Russian princes to prevent it from becoming too strong.[53] In 1353, the [Black Death spread from northwestern Russia](/source/Black_Death_in_Russia) to Moscow, causing the deaths of [Simeon of Moscow](/source/Simeon_of_Moscow), his sons, and the metropolitan.[54] The ruling family of Moscow remained small as a result and a new vertical pattern of princely succession from father to son was defined.[55] During the reign of [Dmitry Donskoy](/source/Dmitry_Donskoy), the Moscow principality greatly expanded in size.[56] In 1380, Dmitry led a united Russian army to an important victory over the Mongols in the [Battle of Kulikovo](/source/Battle_of_Kulikovo), which greatly increased Moscow's prestige and solidified the status of its rulers as the military leaders of the nation.[57] Following his death in 1389, the thrones of Vladimir and Moscow were permanently united.[58]

During the reign of [Vasily II](/source/Vasily_II_of_Moscow), a civil war broke out after [Yury of Zvenigorod](/source/Yury_of_Zvenigorod) challenged the succession of his nephew in 1425.[59] Moscow switched hands numerous times, and Yury's son, [Dmitry Shemyaka](/source/Dmitry_Shemyaka), continued to offer resistance until his appanage center of [Galich](/source/Galich%2C_Russia) was captured in 1450.[60] In ecclesiastical matters, Vasily disapproved of the [Council of Florence](/source/Council_of_Florence), leading him to arrest the metropolitan upon his return in 1441 for having it signed.[61] Seven years later, a council of Russian bishops elected their own metropolitan, which amounted to a declaration of [autocephaly](/source/Autocephaly) by the Russian Church.[61] The [fall of Constantinople](/source/Fall_of_Constantinople) in 1453 was viewed by the Russians as divine punishment for [apostasy](/source/Apostasy), and in 1492, Moscow was called an imperial city for the first time by the Russian metropolitan.[62]

During the reign of [Ivan III](/source/Ivan_III_of_Russia), nearly all of the Russian states were united with Moscow and the foundations for a centralized state were laid.[63] His [defeat of the Tatars](/source/Great_Stand_on_the_Ugra_River) in 1480 also traditionally marks the end of [Tatar](/source/Tatars) suzerainty.[64] Ivan did his utmost to make his capital a worthy successor to Constantinople, and he had the Kremlin reconstructed after inviting architects from [Renaissance Italy](/source/Renaissance_Italy), including [Petrus Antonius Solarius](/source/Petrus_Antonius_Solarius), who designed the new Kremlin wall and its towers, and [Marco Ruffo](/source/Marco_Ruffo) who designed the new palace for the prince. The Kremlin walls as they now appear are those designed by Solarius, completed in 1495. The [Ivan the Great Bell Tower](/source/Ivan_the_Great_Bell_Tower) was built in 1505–1508 and augmented to its present height in 1600. A trading settlement, or *posad*, grew up to the east of the Kremlin, in the area known as *Zaradye*. In the time of Ivan III, the [Red Square](/source/Red_Square), originally named the Hollow Field, appeared.

Ivan's son [Vasily III](/source/Vasili_III_of_Russia) continued the expansion of the Muscovite state and annexed the remaining Russian territories.[65] His reign also saw the continued development of the doctrine of Moscow as the "[third Rome](/source/Moscow%2C_third_Rome)".[66] In 1508–1516, the Italian architect [Aleviz Fryazin (Novy)](/source/Aloisio_the_New) arranged for the construction of a moat in front of the eastern wall, which would connect the [Moskva](/source/Moskva_River) and [Neglinnaya](/source/Neglinnaya_River) and be filled with water from Neglinnaya. Known as the Alevizov moat and with a length of 541 metres (1,775 feet), width of 36 metres (118 feet), and depth of 9.5 to 13 metres (31–43 feet) was lined with limestone and, in 1533, fenced on both sides with low, four-metre-thick (13-foot) cogged-brick walls.

### Tsardom (1547–1721)

Further information: [Tsardom of Russia](/source/Tsardom_of_Russia)

[Saint Basil's Cathedral](/source/Saint_Basil's_Cathedral), built in 1561

The election of [Michael I](/source/Michael_I_of_Russia) as tsar in 1613

The [Kremlin](/source/Kremlin) during the reign of [Alexis of Russia](/source/Alexis_of_Russia), 1663

In 1547, [Ivan the Terrible](/source/Ivan_the_Terrible) was [crowned](/source/Coronation_of_the_Russian_monarch) in Moscow as not only the grand prince, but also the first [tsar of all Russia](/source/Tsar_of_all_Russia).[67] In the 16th and 17th centuries, three circular defenses were built: [Kitay-gorod](/source/Kitay-gorod), the White City and the Earthen City. However, in 1547, fires destroyed much of the town, and in 1571 the [Crimean Tatars](/source/Crimean_Tatars) [captured Moscow](/source/Russo-Crimean_Wars), burning everything except the Kremlin.[68] The annals record that only 30,000 of 200,000 inhabitants survived.

The [Crimean Tatars](/source/Khanate_of_Crimea) attacked again in 1591, but were held back by new walls, built between 1584 and 1591 by a craftsman named [Fyodor Kon](/source/Fyodor_Kon). In 1592, an outer earth rampart with 50 towers was erected around the city, including an area on the right bank of the Moscow River. As an outermost line of defense, a chain of strongly fortified monasteries was established beyond the ramparts to the south and east, principally the [Novodevichy Convent](/source/Novodevichy_Convent) and [Donskoy](/source/Donskoy_Monastery), [Danilov](/source/Danilov_Monastery), [Simonov](/source/Simonov_Monastery), [Novospasskiy](/source/Novospassky_Monastery), and [Andronikov](/source/Andronikov_Monastery) monasteries, most of which now house museums. From its ramparts, the city became poetically known as *Bielokamennaya*, the "White-Walled". The city's limits as marked by the ramparts, are now marked by the [Garden Ring](/source/Garden_Ring). Three square gates existed on the east side of the Kremlin wall, which in the 17th century, were known as Konstantino-Eleninsky, Spassky, Nikolsky (after the icons of Constantine and Helen, the Saviour and St. Nicholas that hung over them). The last two were directly opposite the Red Square, while the Konstantino-Elenensky gate was located behind Saint Basil's Cathedral.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

The [Russian famine of 1601–1603](/source/Russian_famine_of_1601%E2%80%931603) killed perhaps 100,000 in Moscow. Between 1610 and 1612, troops of the [Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth](/source/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth) occupied Moscow, as its ruler [Sigismund III](/source/Sigismund_III_Vasa) tried to [take the Russian throne](/source/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_(1609%E2%80%931618)). In 1612, [Nizhny Novgorod](/source/Nizhny_Novgorod) and other Russian cities led by prince [Dmitry Pozharsky](/source/Dmitry_Pozharsky) and [Kuzma Minin](/source/Kuzma_Minin) rose against the Polish occupants, [besieged the Kremlin, and expelled them](/source/Time_of_Troubles). In 1613, the [Zemsky Sobor](/source/Zemsky_Sobor) elected [Michael Romanov](/source/Michael_I_of_Russia) aa tsar, establishing the [Romanov dynasty](/source/Romanov_dynasty). The 17th century saw several risings, such as the liberation of Moscow from the Polish–Lithuanian invaders (1612), the [Salt Riot](/source/Salt_Riot) (1648), the [Copper Riot](/source/Copper_Riot) (1662), and the [Moscow uprising of 1682](/source/Moscow_uprising_of_1682).

During the first half of the 17th century, the population doubled from 100,000 to 200,000, and it expanded beyond its ramparts in the latter part of the century. In the middle of the 17th century, 20% of Moscow suburb's inhabitants were from the [Grand Duchy of Lithuania](/source/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania), being driven from their homeland by the Muscovite invaders.[69] By 1682, there were 692 households established north of the ramparts, by [Ukrainians](/source/Ukrainians) and [Belarusians](/source/Belarusians) abducted from their hometowns in the course of the [Russo-Polish War](/source/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)) of 1654–1667. These new outskirts became known as the *Meshchanskaya [sloboda](/source/Sloboda_(settlement))*, after Ruthenian *meshchane* "town people". The term *meshchane* acquired pejorative connotations in 18th-century Russia and today means "petty bourgeois" or "narrow-minded philistine".[70] The entire city of the late 17th century are contained within what is today Moscow's [Central Administrative Okrug](/source/Central_Administrative_Okrug).

Numerous disasters befell the city. The [plague](/source/Black_Death) epidemics ravaged Moscow in 1570–1571, 1592 and 1654–1656.[71] The plague killed upwards of 80% of the people in 1654–55. Fires burned out much of the wooden city in 1626 and 1648.[72] In 1712, [Peter the Great](/source/Peter_the_Great) moved his government to the newly built [Saint Petersburg](/source/Saint_Petersburg) on the Baltic coast.

### Empire (1721–1917)

Main article: [Moscow Governorate](/source/Moscow_Governorate)

Further information: [Russian Empire](/source/Russian_Empire)

A [panoramic](/source/Panorama) view of Moscow from the [Spasskaya Tower](/source/Spasskaya_Tower) in 1819–1823

After losing the status as capital, the population at first decreased, from 200,000 in the 17th century to 130,000 in 1750. But after 1750, the population grew tenfold over the remaining duration of the Russian Empire, reaching 1.8 million by 1915. The [1770–1772 Russian plague](/source/1770%E2%80%931772_Russian_plague) killed up to 100,000 people in Moscow.[73] By 1700, the building of cobbled roads had begun. In 1730, permanent street lights were introduced, and by 1867 many streets had a gaslight. In 1883, near the Prechistinskiye Gates, arc lamps were installed. In 1741 Moscow was surrounded by a barricade 40 kilometres (25 mi) long, the Kamer-Kollezhskiy barrier, with 16 gates at which customs tolls were collected. Its line is traced today by several streets called *val* ("ramparts"). In the early 19th century, the Arch of Konstantino-Elenensky gate was paved with bricks, but the Spassky Gate was the main front gate of the Kremlin and used for royal entrances. From this gate, wooden and stone bridges stretched across the moat. Books were sold on this bridge and stone platforms were built nearby for guns – "raskats". The [Tsar Cannon](/source/Tsar_Cannon) was located on the platform of the [Lobnoye mesto](/source/Lobnoye_mesto). The road connecting Moscow with St. Petersburg, now the [M10 highway](/source/M10_highway_(Russia)), was completed in 1746, its Moscow end following the old [Tver](/source/Tver) road, which had existed since the 16th century. It became known as *[Peterburskoye Schosse](/source/Leningradsky_Prospekt)* after it was paved in the 1780s. [Petrovsky Palace](/source/Petrovsky_Palace) was built in 1776–1780 by [Matvey Kazakov](/source/Matvey_Kazakov). Between 1781 and 1804 the Mytischinskiy water pipe (the first in Russia) was built.

Napoleon retreating during the [Fire of Moscow](/source/Fire_of_Moscow_(1812)), after the failed [French invasion](/source/French_invasion_of_Russia)

[Moskva](/source/Moskva_(river)) riverfront in the 19th century

When [Napoleon](/source/Napoleon_I_of_France) [invaded](/source/Napoleon's_invasion_of_Russia) Russia in 1812, the Muscovites were evacuated. The [Moscow fire](/source/Fire_of_Moscow_(1812)) was principally the effect of Russian sabotage. Napoleon's *[Grande Armée](/source/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)* was forced to retreat and nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter. In 1813, following the destruction during the French occupation, a *Commission for the Construction of the City of Moscow* was established. It launched a great program of rebuilding, including a partial replanning of the centre. Among many buildings constructed, or reconstructed, was the [Grand Kremlin Palace](/source/Grand_Kremlin_Palace) and the [Kremlin Armoury](/source/Kremlin_Armoury), the [Moscow University](/source/Moscow_University), the [Moscow Manege](/source/Moscow_Manege) (Riding School), and the [Bolshoi Theatre](/source/Bolshoi_Theatre). The [Arbat Street](/source/Arbat_Street) had been in existence since at least the 15th century, but it was developed into a prestigious area during the 18th century. It was destroyed in the fire of 1812 and was rebuilt completely in the early 19th century. [Moscow State University](/source/Moscow_State_University) was established in 1755. Its main building was reconstructed after the 1812 fire by [Domenico Giliardi](/source/Domenico_Giliardi). The *[Moskovskiye Vedomosti](/source/Moskovskiye_Vedomosti)* newspaper appeared from 1756, originally in weekly intervals, and from 1859 as a daily newspaper.

In the 1830s, general [Alexander Bashilov](/source/Alexander_Bashilov) planned the first regular grid of city streets north from Petrovsky Palace. [Khodynka field](/source/Khodynka_Field) south of the highway was used for military training. Smolensky Rail station (forerunner of [Belorussky Rail Terminal](/source/Belorussky_Rail_Terminal)) was inaugurated in 1870. [Sokolniki Park](/source/Sokolniki_Park), in the 18th century the home of the tsar's falconers well outside Moscow, became contiguous with the expanding city in the later 19th century and was developed into a public municipal park in 1878. The suburban [Savyolovsky Rail Terminal](/source/Savyolovsky_Rail_Terminal) was built in 1902. In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor, or [Mayor](/source/Mayor), was officially introduced, and Alexander Adrianov became Moscow's first official mayor.

When [Catherine II](/source/Catherine_the_Great) came to power in 1762, the city's filth and the smell of sewage were depicted by observers as a symptom of disorderly lifestyles of lower-class Russians recently arrived from the farms. Elites called for improved sanitation, which became part of Catherine's plans for increasing control over social life. National political and military successes from 1812 through 1855 calmed the critics and validated efforts to produce a more enlightened and stable society. There was less discussion about the poor conditions of public health. However, in the wake of Russia's failures in the Crimean War in 1855–56, confidence in the ability of the state to maintain order in the slums eroded, and demands for improved public health put it back on the agenda.[74] In 1903 the Moskvoretskaya water supply was completed.

### Soviet period (1917–1991)

City plan of Moscow, 1917

In November 1917, upon learning of [the uprising in Petrograd](/source/October_Revolution), Moscow's [Bolsheviks](/source/Bolsheviks) [began their uprising](/source/Moscow_Bolshevik_Uprising). On 2 November (15), 1917, after heavy fighting, [Soviet power](/source/Soviet_power) was established in Moscow.[75] [Vladimir Lenin](/source/Vladimir_Lenin), fearing invasion, moved the capital back to Moscow on 12 March 1918.[76] The Kremlin once again became the seat of power, political centre of the new state.

With the [change in values imposed by communist ideology](/source/Russian_cultural_heritage_register#Denial_of_heritage_(1917–1941)), the tradition of preserving cultural heritage was broken. Independent preservation societies, even those that defended only secular landmarks, were disbanded by the end of the 1920s. A new anti-religious campaign, launched in 1929, coincided with the collectivization of peasants; the destruction of churches in the cities peaked around 1932. In 1937 letters were written to the [Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union](/source/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union) to rename Moscow to "Stalindar" or "Stalinodar".[77] Stalin rejected this suggestion.[78]

During World War II, the Soviet State Committee of Defence and the General Staff of the [Red Army](/source/Red_Army) were located in Moscow. In 1941, 16 divisions of the national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), 25 battalions, and 4 engineering regiments were formed among the Muscovites. Between October 1941 and January 1942, the German [Army Group Centre](/source/Army_Group_Centre) was stopped at the outskirts of the city, then driven off in the [Battle of Moscow](/source/Battle_of_Moscow). Many factories were evacuated, together with much of the government, and from 20 October the city was declared to be in a siege. Its remaining inhabitants built and manned antitank defenses, while the city was bombarded from the air. On 1 May 1944, a medal "For the defence of Moscow" and in 1947 another medal "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow" was instituted. [German](/source/German_casualties_in_World_War_II) and [Soviet casualties](/source/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union) during the battle have been debated, as sources provide different estimates. Total casualties between 30 September 1941, and 7 January 1942, are estimated to be between 248,000 and 400,000 for the [Wehrmacht](/source/Wehrmacht) and between 650,000 and 1,280,000 for the Red Army.[79][80][81]

External videos Stalin's Moscow in 1953

During the postwar years, there was a [housing crisis](/source/Housing_crisis), solved by the invention of [high-rise apartments](/source/Tower_block). There are over 11,000 of these [standardised and prefabricated apartment blocks](/source/Residential_building_series), housing most of Moscow's population, making it by far the city with the most high-rise buildings.[82] Apartments were built and partly furnished in the factory, before being raised and stacked into tall columns. The popular Soviet-era comic film *[Irony of Fate](/source/Irony_of_Fate)* parodies this construction method. The city of [Zelenograd](/source/Zelenograd) was built in 1958 at 37 kilometres (23 miles) from the city centre to the north-west, along with the [Leningradskoye Shosse](/source/Leningradskoye_Shosse), and incorporated as one of Moscow's [administrative okrugs](/source/Administrative_divisions_of_Moscow). [Moscow State University](/source/Moscow_State_University) moved to its campus on [Sparrow Hills](/source/Sparrow_Hills) in 1953.

Stalin's funeral procession, 1953

In 1959, Nikita Khrushchev launched [his anti-religious campaign](/source/Russian_cultural_heritage_register#Khrushchev's_offensive_(1959–1964)). Of Moscow's fifty churches operating in 1959, thirty were closed and six demolished. On 8 May 1965, due to the actual 20th [anniversary of the victory](/source/Victory_Day_(9_May)) in World War II, Moscow was awarded a title of the [Hero City](/source/Hero_City_(Soviet_Union)).

The [Moscow Ring Road](/source/Moscow_Ring_Road) (MKAD) was opened in 1961. It had four lanes running 109 kilometres (68 miles) along the city borders. The MKAD marked the administrative boundaries of the city until the 1980s, when outlying suburbs beyond the ring road were incorporated. In 1980, Moscow hosted the [Summer Olympic Games](/source/1980_Summer_Olympics), which were boycotted by the US and other Western countries due to the Soviet Union's invasion of [Afghanistan](/source/Afghanistan) in 1979. In 1991 Moscow was the scene of a [coup attempt](/source/Soviet_coup_attempt_of_1991) by conservative communists opposed to the [liberal reforms](/source/Perestroika) of [Mikhail Gorbachev](/source/Mikhail_Gorbachev).

### 1991–present

When the USSR was dissolved in 1991, Moscow remained the capital of the [Russian Federation](/source/Russian_Federation). Since then, a market economy has emerged, producing an explosion of Western-style retailing, services, architecture, and lifestyles. The city continued to grow during the 1990s to 2000s, its population rising from below nine to above ten million. Mason and Nigmatullina argue that Soviet-era urban-growth controls produced controlled and sustainable metropolitan development, typified by the greenbelt built in 1935. Since then, however, there has been a dramatic growth of low-density suburban sprawl, created by heavy demand for single-family dwellings as opposed to crowded apartments. In 1995–97 the MKAD ring road was widened from the initial four to ten lanes.

In December 2002, [Bulvar Dmitriya Donskogo](/source/Bulvar_Dmitriya_Donskogo) became the first Moscow Metro station that opened beyond the limits of MKAD. The [Third Ring Road](/source/Third_Ring_Road_(Moscow)), intermediate between the early 19th-century [Garden Ring](/source/Garden_Ring) and the Soviet-era outer ring road, was completed in 2004. The greenbelt is becoming more and more fragmented, and satellite cities are appearing at the fringe. Summer dachas are being converted into year-round residences, and with the proliferation of automobiles, there is heavy traffic congestion.[83] Multiple old churches and other examples of architectural heritage that had been demolished during the Stalin era have been restored, such as the [Cathedral of Christ the Saviour](/source/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour). In 2010s, Moscow's administration has launched some long duration projects like the *Moja Ulitsa* (in English: *My Street*) urban redevelopment program[84] or the Residency renovation one.[85]

By its territorial expansion on 1 July 2012, southwest into the [Moscow Oblast](/source/Moscow_Oblast) the area of the capital more than doubled, going from 1,091 to 2,511 square kilometers (421 to 970 sq mi), resulting in Moscow becoming the largest city on the European continent by area; it also gained an additional population of 233,000 people.[86][87] The annexed territory was officially named *Новая Москва* (New Moscow).

## Geography

### Location

Satellite view of Moscow and its nearby suburbs

Moscow is situated on the banks of the [Moskva River](/source/Moskva_River), which flows for just over 500 km (311 mi) through the [East European Plain](/source/East_European_Plain) in central Russia, not far from the natural border of the forest and forest-[steppe](/source/Steppe) zone. [49 bridges](/source/List_of_bridges_in_Moscow) span the river and its canals within the city's limits. The [elevation](/source/Elevation) of Moscow at the All-Russia Exhibition Center (VVC), where the leading Moscow weather station is situated, is 156 metres (512 feet). [Teplostan Upland](/source/Teplostan_Upland) is the city's highest point at 255 metres (837 feet).[88] The width of Moscow city (not limiting [MKAD](/source/MKAD)) from west to east is 39.7 km (24.7 mi), and the length from north to south is 51.8 km (32.2 mi).

### Time

Main article: [Moscow Time](/source/Moscow_Time)

Moscow serves as the reference point for the time zone used in most of [European Russia](/source/European_Russia), [Belarus](/source/Belarus) and the [Republic of Crimea](/source/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)). The areas operate in what is referred to in international standards as *Moscow Standard Time (MSK, МСК)*, which is 3 hours ahead of [UTC](/source/UTC), or [UTC+3](/source/UTC%2B3). [Daylight saving time](/source/Daylight_saving_time) is no longer observed. According to the geographical [longitude](/source/Longitude) the average [solar noon](/source/Solar_noon) in Moscow occurs at 12:30.[89]

### Climate

Main article: [Climate of Moscow](/source/Climate_of_Moscow)

[VDNKh](/source/Exhibition_of_Achievements_of_National_Economy) after rain

Moscow has a [humid continental climate](/source/Humid_continental_climate) ([Köppen](/source/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification): *Dfb*) with long, cold (although average by Russian standards) winters usually lasting from mid-November to the end of March, and warm summers. More extreme continental climates at the same latitude – such as parts of [Eastern Canada](/source/Eastern_Canada) or [Siberia](/source/Siberia) – have much colder winters than Moscow, suggesting that there is still significant moderation from the [Atlantic Ocean](/source/Atlantic_Ocean)[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] despite the fact that Moscow is far from the sea. Weather can fluctuate widely, with temperatures ranging from −25 °C (−13 °F) in the city and −30 °C (−22 °F) in the suburbs to above 5 °C (41 °F) in the winter, and from 10 to 35 °C (50 to 95 °F) in the summer.[90]

[Petrovsky Palace](/source/Petrovsky_Palace) on [Leningradsky Avenue](/source/Leningradsky_Avenue) in winter

Typical high temperatures in the warm months of June, July, and August are around a comfortable 20 to 26 °C (68 to 79 °F), but during heat waves (which can occur between May and September), daytime high temperatures often exceed 30 °C (86 °F), sometimes for a week or two at a time. In the winter, average temperatures normally drop to approximately −10 °C (14 °F), though almost every winter there are periods of warmth with day temperatures rising above 0 °C (32 °F), and periods of cooling with night temperatures falling below −20 °C (−4 °F). These periods usually last about a week or two. The growing season in Moscow normally lasts for 156 days usually around 1 May to 5 October.[91]

The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F)[92] at the [VVC weather station](/source/VVC_weather_station) and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and [Domodedovo airport](/source/Domodedovo_airport) on 29 July 2010, during the unusual [2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves](/source/2010_Northern_Hemisphere_summer_heat_waves). Record high and average temperatures were recorded for January, March, April, May, June, July, August, November, and December in 2007–2022.[93] The average July temperature from 1991 to 2020 is 19.7 °C (67.5 °F). The lowest ever recorded temperature was −42.1 °C (−43.8 °F) in January 1940. Snow, which is present for about five months a year, often begins to fall mid-October, while snow cover lies in late November and melts at the end of March.

On average, Moscow has 1731 hours of sunshine per year, varying from a low of 8% in December to 52% from May to August.[94] This large annual variation is due to convective cloud formation. In the winter, moist air from the Atlantic condenses in the cold continental interior, resulting in very overcast conditions. However, this same continental influence results in considerably sunnier summers than oceanic cities of similar latitude such as [Edinburgh](/source/Edinburgh). Between 2004 and 2010, the average was between 1800 and 2000 hours with a tendency to more sunshine in summer months, up to a record 411 hours in July 2014, 79% of possible sunshine. December 2017 was the darkest month in Moscow since records began, with only six minutes of sunlight.[95][96]

Temperatures in the centre of Moscow are often significantly higher than in the outskirts and nearby suburbs, especially in winter. For example, if the average January temperature in the north-east of Moscow is −6.2 °C (20.8 °F), in the suburbs it is about −8.3 °C (17.1 °F).[97] The temperature difference between the centre of Moscow and nearby areas of [Moscow Oblast](/source/Moscow_Oblast) can sometimes be more than 10 °C (18 °F) on frosty winter nights.

Climate data for Moscow (VDNKh) WMO ID: 27612; coordinates 55°49′53″N 37°37′20″E / 55.83139°N 37.62222°E / 55.83139; 37.62222; elevation: 147 m (482 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1879–present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 8.6 (47.5) 8.3 (46.9) 19.7 (67.5) 28.9 (84.0) 33.2 (91.8) 34.8 (94.6) 38.2 (100.8) 37.3 (99.1) 32.3 (90.1) 24.0 (75.2) 16.2 (61.2) 9.6 (49.3) 38.2 (100.8) Mean maximum °C (°F) 2.8 (37.0) 3.5 (38.3) 10.8 (51.4) 21.7 (71.1) 27.3 (81.1) 29.5 (85.1) 31.0 (87.8) 30.0 (86.0) 24.7 (76.5) 17.9 (64.2) 8.9 (48.0) 4.2 (39.6) 31.9 (89.4) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −3.9 (25.0) −3 (27) 3.0 (37.4) 11.7 (53.1) 19.0 (66.2) 22.4 (72.3) 24.7 (76.5) 22.7 (72.9) 16.4 (61.5) 8.9 (48.0) 1.6 (34.9) −2.3 (27.9) 10.1 (50.2) Daily mean °C (°F) −6.2 (20.8) −5.9 (21.4) −0.7 (30.7) 6.9 (44.4) 13.6 (56.5) 17.3 (63.1) 19.7 (67.5) 17.6 (63.7) 11.9 (53.4) 5.8 (42.4) −0.5 (31.1) −4.4 (24.1) 6.3 (43.3) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −8.7 (16.3) −8.8 (16.2) −4.2 (24.4) 2.3 (36.1) 8.1 (46.6) 12.2 (54.0) 14.8 (58.6) 13.0 (55.4) 8.0 (46.4) 3.0 (37.4) −2.4 (27.7) −6.5 (20.3) 2.6 (36.7) Mean minimum °C (°F) −21.1 (−6.0) −20.9 (−5.6) −12.8 (9.0) −5.1 (22.8) 0.3 (32.5) 5.8 (42.4) 9.7 (49.5) 6.8 (44.2) 0.9 (33.6) −4.6 (23.7) −11.7 (10.9) −17.3 (0.9) −23.9 (−11.0) Record low °C (°F) −42.1 (−43.8) −38.2 (−36.8) −32.4 (−26.3) −21 (−6) −7.5 (18.5) −2.3 (27.9) 1.3 (34.3) −1.2 (29.8) −8.5 (16.7) −20.3 (−4.5) −32.8 (−27.0) −38.8 (−37.8) −42.1 (−43.8) Average precipitation mm (inches) 53 (2.1) 44 (1.7) 39 (1.5) 37 (1.5) 61 (2.4) 78 (3.1) 84 (3.3) 78 (3.1) 66 (2.6) 70 (2.8) 52 (2.0) 51 (2.0) 713 (28.1) Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 24 (9.4) 35 (14) 29 (11) 2 (0.8) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 4 (1.6) 12 (4.7) 35 (14) Average rainy days 8 6 9 15 16 16 15 16 16 17 13 8 155 Average snowy days 25 23 15 6 1 0 0 0 0.3 5 17 24 116 Average relative humidity (%) 85 81 74 68 67 72 74 78 82 83 86 86 78 Mean monthly sunshine hours 33 72 128 170 265 279 271 238 147 78 32 18 1,731 Mean daily sunshine hours 1.1 2.5 4.1 5.7 8.5 9.3 8.7 7.7 4.9 2.5 1.1 0.6 4.7 Mean daily daylight hours 7.9 9.7 11.9 14.3 16.3 17.4 16.8 14.9 12.7 10.5 8.4 7.2 12.3 Percentage possible sunshine 14 27 35 40 53 53 52 51 38 24 13 8 34 Average ultraviolet index 0 1 2 3 5 6 6 5 3 1 1 0 3 Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net,[98][99] Thermograph.ru,[100] Meteoweb.ru (sunshine hours)[101] Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[102]

Climate data for Moscow (VDNKh) normals 1961–1990 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −6.3 (20.7) −4.2 (24.4) 1.5 (34.7) 10.4 (50.7) 18.4 (65.1) 21.7 (71.1) 23.1 (73.6) 21.5 (70.7) 15.4 (59.7) 8.2 (46.8) 1.1 (34.0) −3.5 (25.7) 8.9 (48.0) Daily mean °C (°F) −9.3 (15.3) −7.7 (18.1) −2.2 (28.0) 5.8 (42.4) 13.1 (55.6) 16.6 (61.9) 18.2 (64.8) 16.4 (61.5) 11.1 (52.0) 5.1 (41.2) −1.2 (29.8) −6.1 (21.0) 5.0 (41.0) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −12.3 (9.9) −11.1 (12.0) −5.6 (21.9) 1.7 (35.1) 7.6 (45.7) 11.5 (52.7) 13.5 (56.3) 12.0 (53.6) 7.1 (44.8) 2.0 (35.6) −3.3 (26.1) −8.6 (16.5) 1.2 (34.2) Source: [103][104][105][106]

Recent changes in Moscow's regional climate, since it is in the mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere, are often cited by climate scientists as evidence of [global warming](/source/Global_warming),[107] though by definition, [climate change](/source/Climate_change) is global, not regional. During the summer, extreme heat is often observed in the city (2001, 2002, 2003, [2010](/source/2010_Northern_Hemisphere_summer_heat_wave), 2011, [2021](/source/Heat_waves_of_2021#June)). Along with a southern part of [Central Russia](/source/Central_Federal_District),[108][109] after recent years of hot summer seasons, the climate of the city gets [hot-summer classification](/source/Humid_continental_climate#Koppen_Dfa) trends. Winter also became significantly milder: for example, the average January temperature in the early 1900s was −12.0 °C (10.4 °F), while now it is about −7.0 °C (19.4 °F).[110] At the end of January–February it is often colder, with frosts reaching −30.0 °C (−22.0 °F) a few nights per year (2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013).

The last decade was the warmest in the history of meteorological observations of Moscow. Temperature changes in the city are depicted in the table below:

Climate data for Moscow (2014–2024, VVC) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −4.2 (24.4) −1.6 (29.1) 4.3 (39.7) 11.7 (53.1) 19.3 (66.7) 22.9 (73.2) 24.4 (75.9) 23.7 (74.7) 17.0 (62.6) 8.7 (47.7) 1.8 (35.2) −2 (28) 10.5 (50.9) Daily mean °C (°F) −6.2 (20.8) −3.7 (25.3) 0.8 (33.4) 7.3 (45.1) 14.1 (57.4) 17.7 (63.9) 19.6 (67.3) 18.8 (65.8) 13.0 (55.4) 6.3 (43.3) 0.3 (32.5) −3.4 (25.9) 7.1 (44.8) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −7.9 (17.8) −5.8 (21.6) −2.7 (27.1) 2.9 (37.2) 8.9 (48.0) 12.5 (54.5) 14.9 (58.8) 13.9 (57.0) 9.1 (48.4) 3.8 (38.8) −1.2 (29.8) −4.7 (23.5) 3.6 (38.5) Mean monthly sunshine hours 37 65 142 213 274 299 323 242 171 88 33 14 1,901 Source: weatheronline.co.uk[111]

Wind direction in Moscow from 2002 to 2012 (average values) North Northeast East South East Southern Southwest West Northwest 15% 6.8% 7.8% 12.2% 12.6% 14.6% 16.4% 14.5% Source: world-weather.ru[112]

## Paleontology

Moscow is one of the few cities with paleontological monuments of world significance on its territory.[113] One of them is the [Gorodnya River](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gorodnya_River&action=edit&redlink=1) with its tributaries, on the banks of which outcrops of the [Quaternary](/source/Quaternary) and older [Cretaceous](/source/Cretaceous) periods are located. [Fossils](/source/Fossil) of the [bivalve](/source/Bivalve) mollusk *[Inoceramus kleinii](/source/Inoceramus)* and tubular passages of burrowing animals, described in 2017 as a new [ichnospecies](/source/Ichnospecies) *[Skolithos gorodnensis](/source/Skolithos)*, were discovered in the [Coniacian](/source/Coniacian) deposits near the stream bed of the Bolshaya Glinka River.[113] [Ichnogenera](/source/Ichnogenus) *[Diplocraterion](/source/Diplocraterion)*, *[Planolites](/source/Planolites)*, *Skolithos* and possibly *[Ophiomorpha](/source/Ophiomorpha)* were found in the [Albian](/source/Albian) deposits. [Paleolithic](/source/Paleolithic) flint tools were discovered in the Quaternary deposits of the Bolshaya Glinka stream bed.[113]

In 1878, paleontologist [Hermann Trautschold](/source/Hermann_Trautschold) discovered the left flipper of an [ichthyosaur](/source/Ichthyosauria) near the village of Mnevniki, which later became part of Moscow. In 2014, the animal was named *[Undorosaurus trautscholdi](/source/Undorosaurus)*, after its discoverer. Trautschold determined the age of the sediments from which the specimen was taken to be [Kimmeridgian](/source/Kimmeridgian), but, according to more recent studies, they were formed in the [Tithonian](/source/Tithonian) age of the [Jurassic](/source/Jurassic) period.[114]

Albian [foraminifera](/source/Foraminifera) and [ammonites](/source/Ammonite) also known from the Moscow deposits.[113]

Fossils of various organisms are on display in Moscow museums, including the [Orlov Museum of Paleontology](/source/Moscow_Paleontological_Museum) and [Vernadsky State Geological Museum](/source/Vernadsky_State_Geological_Museum).

## Demographics

### Population

‹ The [template](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Template) *[Historical populations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Historical_populations)* is being [considered for merging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2026_June_24#Template:Infobox_demographics). ›

Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1897 1,038,625 — 1926 1,995,252 +92.1% 1939 4,141,633 +107.6% 1959 5,045,905 +21.8% 1970 6,941,961 +37.6% 1979 7,830,509 +12.8% 1989 8,769,117 +12.0% 2002 10,382,754 +18.4% 2010 11,503,501 +10.8% 2021 13,010,112 +13.1% Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. Source: Censuses[115][116][117][118]

According to the [2021 Russian census](/source/2021_Russian_census), the population was 13,010,112;[5] up from 11,503,501 in the [2010 Russian census](/source/2010_Russian_census).[119]

Life expectancy at birth since 1990, with gender difference. Life expectancy has been declining since 2019.

### Ethnic groups

See also: [Ethnic groups in Moscow](/source/Ethnic_groups_in_Moscow)

Ethnicity Year 1897[120][c] 1939[121] 1959[122] 1970[123] 1979[124] 1989[125] 2002[126] 2010[119] 2021[127] Number (% of population) Number (%) Number (%) Number (%) Number (%) Number (%) Number (%) Number (%) % of ethnicity declared Number (%) % of ethnicity declared Russians 987,044 (95.0%) 3,614,430 (87.4%) 4,507,899 (88.6%) 6,301,247 (89.2%) 7,146,682 (90.1%) 7,963,246 (89.7%) 8,808,009 (84.8%) 9,930,410 (86.3%) 91.6% 9,074,375 (69.7%) 90.2% Tatars 4,288 (0.1%) 57,687 (1.4%) 80,489 (1.6%) 109,252 (1.5%) 131,328 (1.7%) 157,376 (1.8%) 166,083 (1.6%) 149,043 (1.3%) 1.4% 84,373 (0.6%) 0.8% Armenians 1,604 (0.1%) 13,682 (0.3%) 18,379 (0.4%) 25,584 (0.4%) 31,414 (0.4%) 43,989 (0.5%) 124,425 (1.2%) 106,466 (0.9%) 1.0% 68,018 (0.5%) 0.7% Ukrainians 4,478 (0.4%) 90,479 (2.2%) 115,489 (2.3%) 184,885 (2.6%) 206,875 (2.6%) 252,670 (2.8%) 253,644 (2.4%) 154,104 (1.3%) 1.4% 58,788 (0.5%) 0.6% Azerbaijanis – (–) 677 (–) 2,528 (–) 4,889 (–) 7,967 (0.1%) 20,727 (0.2%) 95,563 (0.9%) 57,123 (0.5%) 0.5% 37,259 (0.3%) 0.4% Uzbeks – (–) 659 (–) 2,478 (–) 5,973 (–) 4,222 (–) 9,183 (0.1%) 9,183 (0.1%) 35,595 (0.3%) 0.3% 29,526 (0.2%) 0.3% Jews 5,070 (0.4%) 250,181 (6.0%) 239,246 (4.7%) 251,350 (3.6%) 222,900 (2.8%) 174,728 (2.0%) 79,359 (0.8%) 53,145 (0.5%) 0.5% 28,014 (0.2%) 0.3% Georgians – (–) 4,251 (0.1%) 6,365 (0.1%) 9,563 (0.1%) 12,180 (0.2%) 19,608 (0.2%) 54,387 (0.5%) 38,934 (0.3%) 0.4% 26,222 (0.2%) 0.3% Tajiks – (–) 184 (–) 1,005 (–) 1,652 (–) 1,221 (–) 2,893 (–) 35,385 (0.4%) 27,280 (0.2%) 0.2% 22,783 (0.2%) 0.2% Belarusians 1,016 (–) 24,952 (0.6%) 34,370 (0.7%) 50,257 (0.7%) 59,193 (0.7%) 73,005 (0.8%) 59,353 (0.6%) 39,225 (0.3%) 0.4% 17,632 (0.1%) 0.2% Kyrgyz – (–) 77 (–) – (–) – (–) 1,173 (–) 3,044 (–) 4,102 (–) 18,736 (0.2%) 0.2% 16,858 (0.1%) 0.2% Others – (–) 76,173 (–) 225,031 (2.0%) 2.1% 595,543 (4.6%) 5.9% No ethnicity declared – (–) 668,409 (5.8%) – 2,950,721 (22.7%) – Total 1,038,591 (100%) 4,137,018 (100%) 5,085,581 (100%) 7,061,008 7,931,602 (100%) 8,875,579 (100%) 10,382,754 (100%) 11,503,501 (100%) 100% (10,835,092) 13,010,112 (100%) 100% (10,059,391)

- 668,409 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[128]

### Vital statistics

The official population of Moscow is based on those holding "[permanent residency](/source/Resident_registration_in_Russia)". According to Russia's Federal Migration Service, Moscow holds 1.8 million official "guests" who have temporary residency on the basis of visas or other documentation, giving a legal population of 14.8 million. The number of [Illegal immigrants](/source/Illegal_immigration_in_Russia), the vast majority originating from [Central Asia](/source/Central_Asia), is estimated to be an additional 1 million people,[129] giving a total population of about 15.8 million.

**Vital statistics for 2024:[130]**

- Births: 120,215 (9.1 per 1,000)

- Deaths: 116,478 (8.9 per 1,000)

**Total fertility rate (2024):[131]** 1.46 children per woman

**Life expectancy (2021):**[132] Total — 74.55 years (male — 71.00, female — 77.94)

### Religion

Religion in Moscow (2020)[133][134] Russian Orthodoxy 55% Atheism and irreligion 28% Islam 8% Other religions 3% Other Christians 2% Undeclared 4%

Clockwise from left: the [Cathedral of Christ the Saviour](/source/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour), demolished during the Soviet period and reconstructed from 1990–2000; [Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception](/source/Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_(Moscow)); [Moscow Cathedral Mosque](/source/Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque); and [Moscow Choral Synagogue](/source/Moscow_Choral_Synagogue)

[Christians](/source/Christianity) form the majority of the city's population; most of whom adhere [Russian Orthodox Church](/source/Russian_Orthodox_Church). The [Patriarch of Moscow](/source/Patriarch_of_Moscow_and_all_Rus') serves as the head of the church and resides in the [Danilov Monastery](/source/Danilov_Monastery). Moscow was called the "city of 40 times 40 churches"—prior to 1917. Moscow is Russia's capital of [Eastern Orthodox Christianity](/source/Eastern_Orthodox_Church), which has been the [country's traditional religion](/source/Religion_in_Russia).

Other religions practiced in Moscow include [Buddhism](/source/Buddhism_in_Russia), [Hinduism](/source/Hinduism_in_Russia), [Islam](/source/Islam_in_Russia), [Judaism](/source/Judaism), [Yazidism](/source/Yazidism), and [Rodnovery](/source/Rodnovery). The Moscow Mufti Council claimed that [Muslims](/source/Muslims) numbered around 1.5 million of 10.5 million of the city's population in 2010.[135] There are four [mosques](/source/Mosque) in the city.[136]

## Cityscape

See also: [List of tallest buildings in Moscow](/source/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Moscow)

### Architecture

The [State Historical Museum](/source/State_Historical_Museum), an example of the [Neo-Russian style](/source/Russian_Revival_architecture)

The [Cathedral of Christ the Saviour](/source/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour), an example of [Neo-Byzantine architecture](/source/Neo-Byzantine_architecture_in_the_Russian_Empire)

Moscow's architecture is world-renowned. Moscow is the site of [Saint Basil's Cathedral](/source/Saint_Basil's_Cathedral), with its elegant [onion domes](/source/Onion_dome), as well as the [Cathedral of Christ the Savior](/source/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Savior) and the [Seven Sisters](/source/Seven_Sisters_(Moscow)). The first Kremlin was built in the middle of the 12th century.

Medieval Moscow's design was of concentric walls and intersecting radial thoroughfares. This layout, as well as Moscow's rivers, helped shape Moscow's design in subsequent centuries.

The Kremlin was rebuilt in the 15th century. Its towers and some of its churches were built by Italian architects, lending the city some of the aurae of the renaissance. From the end of the 15th century, the city was embellished by masonry structures such as monasteries, palaces, walls, towers, and churches.

The city's appearance had not changed much by the 18th century. Houses were made of pine and spruce logs, with shingled roofs plastered with sod or covered by birch bark. The rebuilding of Moscow in the second half of the 18th century was necessitated by constant fires and the needs of the nobility. Much of the wooden city was replaced by buildings in the classical style.[137]

For much of its architectural history, Moscow was dominated by Orthodox churches. However, the overall appearance of the city changed drastically during Soviet times, especially as a result of [Joseph Stalin](/source/Joseph_Stalin)'s large-scale effort to "modernize" Moscow. Stalin's plans for the city included a network of broad avenues and roadways, some of them over ten lanes wide, which, while greatly simplifying movement through the city, were constructed at the expense of a great number of historical buildings and districts. Among the many casualties of Stalin's demolitions was the [Sukharev Tower](/source/Sukharev_Tower), a longtime city landmark, as well as mansions and commercial buildings. The city's newfound status as the capital of a deeply [secular](/source/Secular) nation, made religiously significant buildings especially vulnerable to demolition. Many of the city's churches, which in most cases were some of Moscow's oldest and most prominent buildings, were destroyed; some notable examples include the [Kazan Cathedral](/source/Kazan_Cathedral%2C_Moscow) and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. During the 1990s, both were rebuilt. Many smaller churches, however, were lost.[138]

[GUM](/source/GUM_(department_store)) department store, facing the [Red Square](/source/Red_Square)

[Ostankino Tower](/source/Ostankino_Tower), the tallest freestanding structure in Europe, and the [eighth-tallest in the world](/source/List_of_tallest_freestanding_structures_in_the_world)

While the later Stalinist period was characterized by the curtailing of creativity and architectural innovation, the earlier post-revolutionary years saw a plethora of radical new buildings created in the city. Especially notable were the constructivist architects associated with [VKHUTEMAS](/source/VKHUTEMAS), responsible for such landmarks as Lenin's Mausoleum. Another prominent architect was [Vladimir Shukhov](/source/Vladimir_Shukhov), famous for Shukhov Tower, just one of many [hyperboloid towers](/source/Hyperboloid_structure) designed by Shukhov. It was built between 1919 and 1922 as a transmission tower for a Russian broadcasting company.[139] Shukhov also left a lasting legacy to the [Constructivist](/source/Constructivism_(art)) architecture of early Soviet Russia. He designed spacious elongated shop galleries, most notably the [GUM](/source/GUM_(department_store)) department store on [Red Square](/source/Red_Square),[139] bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults.

One of the [Seven Sisters](/source/Seven_Sisters_(Moscow)), [Hotel Ukraina](/source/Radisson_Royal_Hotel%2C_Moscow), is the [tallest hotel in Europe](/source/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Europe), and one of the [tallest hotels in the world](/source/List_of_tallest_hotels).

[Zhivopisny Bridge](/source/Zhivopisny_Bridge), the highest cable-stayed bridge in Europe

Perhaps the most recognizable contributions of the Stalinist period are the so-called [Seven Sisters](/source/Seven_Sisters_(Moscow)), seven massive skyscrapers scattered throughout the city at about an equal distance from the Kremlin. A defining feature of Moscow's skyline, their imposing form was allegedly inspired by the [Manhattan Municipal Building](/source/Manhattan_Municipal_Building) in [New York City](/source/New_York_City), and their style—with intricate exteriors and a large central spire—has been described as [Stalinist Gothic architecture](/source/Stalinist_architecture). All seven towers can be seen from most high points in the city; they are among the tallest constructions in central Moscow apart from the [Ostankino Tower](/source/Ostankino_Tower), which, when it was completed in 1967, was the highest free-standing land structure in the world and today remains the world's seventy-second tallest, ranking among buildings such as the [Burj Khalifa](/source/Burj_Khalifa) in Dubai, [Taipei 101](/source/Taipei_101) in Taiwan and the [CN Tower](/source/CN_Tower) in Toronto.[140]

The Soviet goal of providing housing for every family, and the rapid growth of Moscow's population, led to the construction of large, monotonous housing blocks. Most of these date from the post-Stalin era and the styles are often named after the leader then in power (Brezhnev, Khrushchev, etc.). They are usually badly maintained.

Although the city still has some five-story apartment buildings constructed before the mid-1960s, more recent apartment buildings are usually at least nine floors tall, and have [elevators](/source/Elevator). It is estimated that Moscow has over twice as many elevators as New York City and four times as many as [Chicago](/source/Chicago). Moslift, one of the city's major elevator operating companies, has about 1500 elevator mechanics on call, to release residents trapped in elevators.[141]

[Stalinist-era buildings](/source/Stalinist_architecture), mostly found in the central part of the city, are massive and usually ornamented with [Socialist realism](/source/Socialist_realism) motifs that imitate [classical](/source/Classical_architecture) themes. However, small churches—almost always [Eastern Orthodox](/source/Eastern_Orthodox)–found across the city provide glimpses of its past. The Old [Arbat Street](/source/Arbat_Street), a tourist street that was once the heart of a bohemian area, preserves most of its buildings from prior to the 20th century. Many buildings found off the main streets of the inner city (behind the Stalinist [façades](/source/Fa%C3%A7ade) of [Tverskaya Street](/source/Tverskaya_Street), for example) are also examples of [bourgeois](/source/Bourgeoisie) architecture typical of Tsarist times. [Ostankino Palace](/source/Ostankino_Palace), [Kuskovo](/source/Kuskovo), [Uzkoye](/source/Uzkoye) and other large estates just outside Moscow originally belong to nobles from the Tsarist era, and some [convents, and monasteries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cloisters_of_Moscow), both inside and outside the city, are open to Muscovites and tourists.

Modern methods of skyscraper construction were implemented in the city for the first time with the ambitious [MIBC](/source/Moscow_International_Business_Center).

Attempts are being made to restore many of the city's best-kept examples of pre-Soviet architecture. These restored structures are easily spotted by their bright new colors and spotless façades. There are a few examples of notable, early Soviet [avant-garde](/source/Avant-garde) work too, such as the house of the architect [Konstantin Melnikov](/source/Konstantin_Melnikov) in the Arbat area. Many of these restorations were criticized for alleged disrespect of historical authenticity. [Facadism](/source/Facadism) is also widely practiced.[142] Later examples of interesting Soviet architecture are usually marked by their impressive size and the semi-[Modernist](/source/Modernist) styles employed, such as with the [Novy Arbat](/source/Novy_Arbat) project, familiarly known as "false teeth of Moscow" and notorious for the wide-scale disruption of a historic area in central Moscow involved in the project.

Borovitskaya square, [Monument to Vladimir the Great](/source/Monument_to_Vladimir_the_Great) and [Pashkov House](/source/Pashkov_House)

Plaques on house exteriors will inform passers-by that a well-known personality once lived there. Frequently, the plaques are dedicated to Soviet celebrities not well known outside (or often, like with decorated generals and revolutionaries, now both inside) of Russia. There are also many "museum houses" of famous Russian writers, composers, and artists in the city.

Moscow's skyline is quickly modernizing, with several new towers under construction. In recent years, the city administration has been widely criticized for heavy destruction that has affected many historical buildings. As much as a third of historic Moscow has been destroyed in the past few years[143] to make space for luxury apartments and hotels.[144] Other historical buildings, including such landmarks as the 1930 Moskva hotel and the 1913 department store Voyentorg, have been razed and reconstructed anew, with the inevitable loss of historical value. Critics blame the government for not enforcing conservation laws: in the last 12 years, more than 50 buildings with monument status were torn down, several of those dating back to the 17th century.[145] Some critics also wonder if the money used for the reconstruction of razed buildings could not be used for the renovation of decaying structures, which include many works by architect Konstantin Melnikov[146] and [Mayakovskaya](/source/Mayakovskaya_(Moscow_Metro)) metro station.

Some organizations, such as Moscow Architecture Preservation Society[147] and Save Europe's Heritage,[148] are trying to draw the international public attention to these problems.[149]

Panoramic view of Moscow Panoramic view of Moscow

### Parks and landmarks

See also: [List of Moscow tourist attractions](/source/List_of_Moscow_tourist_attractions)

[Red Square](/source/Red_Square) is a [World Heritage Site](/source/World_Heritage_Site).

There are 96 parks and 18 gardens in Moscow, including four [botanical gardens](/source/Botanical_garden). There are 450 square kilometres (170 sq mi) of green zones besides 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi) of forests.[150] Moscow is a very green city, if compared to other cities of comparable size in Western Europe and North America; this is partly due to a history of having green "yards" with trees and grass, between residential buildings. There are on average 27 square meters (290 sq ft) of parks per person in Moscow compared with 6 for [Paris](/source/Paris), 7.5 in [London](/source/London) and 8.6 in New York.[151]

[Gorky Park](/source/Gorky_Park_(Moscow))

[Gorky Park](/source/Gorky_Park_(Moscow)) (officially the [Central Park of Culture and Rest](/source/Gorky_Park_(Moscow)) named after [Maxim Gorky](/source/Maxim_Gorky)), was founded in 1928. The main part (689,000 square metres or 170 acres)[151] along the Moskva river contains [estrades](/source/Architectural_glossary#Estrade), children's attractions (including the *Observation Wheel* water ponds with boats and water bicycles), dancing, tennis courts and other sports facilities. It borders the [Neskuchny Garden](/source/Neskuchny_Garden) (408,000 square metres or 101 acres), the oldest park in Moscow and a former imperial residence, created as a result of the integration of three estates in the 18th century. The Garden features the Green Theater, one of the largest open amphitheaters in Europe, able to hold up to 15 thousand people.[152] Several parks include a section known as a "Park of Culture and Rest", sometimes alongside a much wilder area (this includes parks such as Izmaylovsky, Fili and Sokolniki). Some parks are designated as Forest Parks (lesopark).

[Dream Island](/source/Dream_Island_(amusement_park)), the largest indoor theme park in Europe

[Izmaylovsky Park](/source/Izmaylovsky_Park), created in 1931, is one of the largest urban parks in the world along with [Richmond Park](/source/Richmond_Park) in London. Its area of 15.34 square kilometres (5.92 sq mi) is six times greater than that of [Central Park](/source/Central_Park) in New York.[151]

[Bauman Garden](/source/Bauman_Garden_(Moscow)), officially founded in 1920 and renamed in 1922 after the [bolshevik](/source/Bolsheviks) [Nikolay Bauman](/source/Nikolay_Bauman), is one of the oldest parks in Moscow. It is standing on the site of the former [Golitsyn](/source/House_of_Golitsyn) estate and eighteenth-century public garden.[153]

[Novodevichy Convent](/source/Novodevichy_Convent) is a [World Heritage Site](/source/World_Heritage_Site).

[Sokolniki Park](/source/Sokolniki_Park), named after the [falcon](/source/Falcon) hunting that occurred there in the past, is one of the oldest parks in Moscow and has an area of 6 square kilometres (2.3 sq mi). A central circle with a large fountain is surrounded by birch, maple, and elm tree alleys. A labyrinth composed of green paths lies beyond the park's ponds.

[Losiny Ostrov National Park](/source/Losiny_Ostrov_National_Park) ("Elk Island" National Park), with a total area of more than 116 square kilometres (45 sq mi), borders Sokolniki Park and was Russia's first national park. It is quite wild, and is also known as the "city taiga" – elk can be seen there.

The Church of Ascension in [Kolomenskoye](/source/Kolomenskoye) is a [World Heritage Site](/source/World_Heritage_Site).

Tsytsin Main [Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences](/source/Moscow_Botanical_Garden_of_Academy_of_Sciences), founded in 1945 is the largest in Europe.[154] It covers the territory of 3.61 square kilometres (1.39 sq mi) bordering the All-Russia Exhibition Center and contains a live exhibition of more than 20 thousand species of plants from around the world, as well as a lab for scientific research. It contains a rosarium with 20 thousand rose bushes, a dendrarium, and an oak forest, with the average age of trees exceeding 100 years. There is a greenhouse taking up more than 5,000 square metres (53,820 square feet) of land.[151]

The All-Russian Exhibition Center (Всероссийский выставочный центр), formerly known as the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSKhV) and later [Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy](/source/VDNKh_(Russia)) (VDNKh), though officially named a "permanent trade show", is one of the most prominent examples of Stalinist-era monumental architecture. Among the large spans of a recreational park, areas are scores of elaborate pavilions, each representing either a branch of Soviet industry and science or a USSR republic. Even though during the 1990s it was, and for some part still is, misused as a gigantic shopping center (most of the pavilions are rented out for small businesses), it still retains the bulk of its architectural landmarks, including two monumental fountains (*[Stone Flower](/source/The_Stone_Flower_Fountain)* and *Friendship of Nations*) and a 360 degrees panoramic cinema. In 2014 the park returned to the name Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy, and in the same year, huge renovation works had been started.[155]

*Lilac Park*, founded in 1958, has a permanent sculpture display and a large rosarium. Moscow has always been a popular destination for tourists. Some of the more famous attractions include the city's UNESCO World Heritage Site, Moscow Kremlin and Red Square,[156] which was built between the 14th and 17th centuries.[157] The [Church of the Ascension](/source/Kolomenskoye#The_White_Column_of_Kolomenskoye) at Kolomenskoye, which dates from 1532, is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site and another popular attraction.[158]

Near the [new Tretyakov Gallery](/source/Tretyakov_Gallery) there is a sculpture garden, Museon, often called "[the graveyard of fallen monuments](/source/The_graveyard_of_fallen_monuments)" that displays statues of the former Soviet Union that were removed from their place after its dissolution.

Other attractions include the [Moscow Zoo](/source/Moscow_Zoo), a zoological garden in two sections (the valleys of two streams) linked by a bridge, with nearly a thousand species and more than 6,500 specimens.[159] Each year, the zoo attracts more than 1.2 million visitors.[159] Many of Moscow's parks and landscaped gardens are protected natural environments.

Zaryadye Park VDNKh Victory park on Poklonnaya Hill

## Moscow rings

Moscow's road system is centered roughly on the Kremlin at the heart of the city. From there, roads generally span outwards to intersect with a sequence of circular roads ("rings").

1. The first and innermost major ring, Bulvarnoye Koltso ([Boulevard Ring](/source/Boulevard_Ring)), was built at the former location of the 16th-century city wall around what used to be called [Bely Gorod](/source/Bely_Gorod) (White Town).[160] The Bulvarnoye Koltso is technically not a ring; it does not form a complete circle, but instead a [horseshoe-shaped](/source/Horseshoe-shaped) arc that begins at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and ends at the [Yauza River](/source/Yauza_River).

1. The second primary ring, located outside the Boulevard Ring, is the Sadovoye Koltso ([Garden Ring](/source/Garden_Ring)). Like the Boulevard Ring, the Garden Ring follows the path of a 16th-century wall that used to encompass part of Moscow.[160] Moscow as viewed from the [International Space Station](/source/International_Space_Station), 29 January 2014

1. The [Third Ring Road](/source/Third_Ring_Road_(Moscow)), was completed in 2003 as a high-speed [freeway](/source/Freeway).

1. The Fourth Transport Ring, another freeway, was planned, but cancelled in 2011. A system of chordal highways will replace it.

Aside from the aforementioned hierarchy, line 5 of [Moscow Metro](/source/Moscow_Metro) is a circle-shaped [looped](/source/Loop_line_(railway)) subway line (hence the name *Koltsevaya Liniya*, literally "ring line"), which is located between the *Sadovoye Koltso* and Third Transport Ring.

Two modern overlapping lines of Moscow Metro form "two hearts":

- Line 14. Since 10 September 2016, *[Moscow Central Circle](/source/Moscow_Central_Circle)* renovated railroad (former *Moskovskaya Okruzhnaya Zheleznaya Doroga*) was introduced as Line 14 of [Moscow Metro](/source/Moscow_Metro). The cone-shaped railroad initially opened in 1908 (freight-only railway from 1934 until the 2016 reopening).

- Line 11. Another circle metro line - *Big Circle Line* (*[Bolshaya Koltsevaya Liniya](/source/Bolshaya_Koltsevaya_line)*) is under construction and will be finished in 2023. [Kakhovskaya](/source/Kakhovskaya_(Moscow_Metro))-[Savyolovskaya](/source/Savyolovskaya_(Bolshaya_Koltsevaya_line)) western half of the line was launched in late 2021.

The outermost ring within Moscow is the [Moscow Ring Road](/source/Moscow_Ring_Road) (often called *MKAD*, acronym word for Russian *Московская Кольцевая Автомобильная Дорога*), which forms the cultural boundary of the city, and was established in the 1950s. It was built at ground level rather than elevated, so it forms a barrier to roads that would otherwise pass under it.

- Before 2012 expansion of Moscow, the MKAD was considered an approximate border for Moscow boundaries.

Outside Moscow, some of the roads encompassing the city continue to follow this circular pattern seen inside city limits, with the notable examples of *Betonka* roads (highways A107 and A108), originally made of concrete pads.

In order to reduce transit traffic on MKAD, the new ring road (called *CKAD* - *Centralnaya Koltsevaya Avtomobilnaya Doroga*, *Central Ring Road*) is now under construction beyond the MKAD.

### Transport rings in Moscow

Length Name Type 9 km Boulevard Ring – Bulvarnoye Koltso (not a full ring) Road 16 km Garden Ring – Sadovoye Koltso ("B") Road 19 km Koltsevaya line (Line 5) Metro 35 km Third Ring Road – Third Transport Ring – Tretye Transportnoye Koltso (TTK) Road 54 km Little Ring of the Moscow Railway, re-opened as Moscow Central Circle (MCC) – Line 14 Railway 20.2 km Bolshaya Koltsevaya line – Line 11 Metro 109 km Moscow Ring Road – Moskovskaya Koltsevaya Avtomobilnaya Doroga (MKAD) Road

## Culture

### Museums and galleries

One of the most notable art museums in Moscow is the [Tretyakov Gallery](/source/Tretyakov_Gallery), which was founded by [Pavel Tretyakov](/source/Pavel_Tretyakov), a wealthy patron of the arts who donated a large private collection to the city.[161] The Tretyakov Gallery is split into two buildings. The Old Tretyakov gallery, the original gallery in the [Tretyakovskaya](/source/Tretyakov_Gallery) area on the south bank of the Moskva River, houses works in the classic Russian tradition.[162] The works of famous pre-[Revolutionary](/source/October_Revolution) painters, such as [Ilya Repin](/source/Ilya_Repin), as well as the works of early Russian [icon painters](/source/Icon_painting) can be found here. Visitors can even see rare originals by early 15th-century [iconographer](/source/Iconography) [Andrei Rublev](/source/Andrei_Rublev).[162] The New Tretyakov gallery, created in Soviet times, mainly contains the works of Soviet artists, as well as of a few contemporary paintings, but there is some overlap with the Old Tretyakov Gallery for early 20th-century art. The new gallery includes a small reconstruction of [Vladimir Tatlin](/source/Vladimir_Tatlin)'s famous *[Monument to the Third International](/source/Tatlin's_Tower)* and a mixture of other avant-garde works by artists like [Kazimir Malevich](/source/Kazimir_Malevich) and [Wassily Kandinsky](/source/Wassily_Kandinsky). Socialist realism features can also be found within the halls of the New Tretyakov Gallery.

The [Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts](/source/Pushkin_Museum)

Another art museum in the city of Moscow is the [Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts](/source/Pushkin_Museum), which was founded by, among others, the father of [Marina Tsvetaeva](/source/Marina_Tsvetaeva). The Pushkin Museum is similar to the [British Museum](/source/British_Museum) in London in that its halls are a cross-section of exhibits on world civilisations, with many copies of ancient sculptures. However, it also hosts paintings from every major Western era; works by [Claude Monet](/source/Claude_Monet), [Paul Cézanne](/source/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne), and [Pablo Picasso](/source/Pablo_Picasso) are present in the museum's collection.

The [State Historical Museum](/source/State_Historical_Museum) of Russia (Государственный Исторический музей) is a museum of Russian history located between Red Square and [Manege Square](/source/Manezhnaya_Square%2C_Moscow) in Moscow. Its exhibitions range from relics of the prehistoric tribes inhabiting present-day Russia, through priceless artworks acquired by members of the Romanov dynasty. The total number of objects in the museum's collection numbers is several million. The [Polytechnical Museum](/source/Polytechnical_Museum),[163] founded in 1872 is the largest technical museum in Russia, offering a wide array of historical inventions and technological achievements, including humanoid automata from the 18th century and the first Soviet computers. Its collection contains more than 160,000 items.[164] The Borodino Panorama[165] museum located on Kutuzov Avenue provides an opportunity for visitors to experience being on a battlefield with a 360° [diorama](/source/Diorama). It is a part of the large historical memorial commemorating the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 over Napoleon's army, that includes also the [triumphal arch](/source/Triumphal_Arch_of_Moscow), erected in 1827. There is also a military history museum that includes statues, and military hardware. [Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics](/source/Memorial_Museum_of_Cosmonautics) under the [Monument to the Conquerors of Space](/source/Monument_to_the_Conquerors_of_Space) at the end of [Cosmonauts Alley](/source/Cosmonauts_Alley) is the central memorial place for the Russian space officials.

The [Shchusev State Museum of Architecture](/source/Shchusev_State_Museum_of_Architecture) is the national museum of Russian architecture by the name of the architect [Alexey Shchusev](/source/Alexey_Shchusev) near the Kremlin area.

Moscow will get its own branch of the Hermitage Museum in 2024, with authorities having agreed upon the final project, to be executed by Hani Rashid, co-founder of New York-based 'Asymptote Architecture' - the same bureau that is behind the city's stock market building, the Busan-based World Business Center Solomon Tower and the Strata Tower in Abu-Dhabi.[166]

The [Bolshoi Theatre](/source/Bolshoi_Theatre)

### Performing arts

Moscow is the heart of the Russian performing arts, including [ballet](/source/Russian_ballet) and film, with 68 museums[167] 103[168] theaters, 132 cinemas and 24 concert halls. Among Moscow's theaters and ballet studios is the [Bolshoi Theatre](/source/Bolshoi_Theatre) and the Malyi Theatre[169] as well as [Vakhtangov Theatre](/source/Vakhtangov_Theatre) and [Moscow Art Theatre](/source/Moscow_Art_Theatre).

The Moscow International Performance Arts Center,[170] opened in 2003, also known as [Moscow International House of Music](/source/Moscow_International_House_of_Music), is known for its performances in classical music. It has the largest [organ](/source/Organ_(music)) in Russia installed in Svetlanov Hall.

There are also two large circuses in Moscow: [Moscow State Circus](/source/Moscow_State_Circus) and [Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard](/source/Moscow_Circus_on_Tsvetnoy_Boulevard)[171] named after [Yuri Nikulin](/source/Yuri_Nikulin).

The [Mosfilm](/source/Mosfilm) studio was at the heart of many classic films, as it is responsible for both artistic and mainstream productions.[172] However, despite the continued presence and reputation of internationally renowned Russian filmmakers, the once prolific native studios are much quieter. Rare and historical films may be seen in the Salut cinema, where films from the Museum of Cinema[173] collection are shown regularly. International film festivals such as the [Moscow International Film Festival](/source/Moscow_International_Film_Festival), [Stalker](/source/Stalker_(film_festival)), [Artdocfest](/source/Artdocfest), and [Moscow Jewish Film Festival](/source/Moscow_Jewish_Film_Festival) are staged in Moscow.

## Sports

See also: [Football in Moscow](/source/Football_in_Moscow)

The [Luzhniki Stadium](/source/Luzhniki_Stadium) hosted the [1980 Summer Olympics](/source/1980_Summer_Olympics) and the [2018 FIFA World Cup Final](/source/2018_FIFA_World_Cup_Final).

[Sparrow Hills](/source/Sparrow_Hills) fanzone during [2018 FIFA World Cup](/source/2018_FIFA_World_Cup)

[SC Olimpiyskiy](/source/Olympic_Stadium_(Moscow)) was built for the [1980 Summer Olympics](/source/1980_Summer_Olympics).

Over 500 Olympic sports champions lived in the city by 2005.[174] Moscow is home to 63 stadiums (besides eight football and eleven light athletics maneges), of which [Luzhniki Stadium](/source/Luzhniki_Stadium) is the largest and the 4th biggest in Europe (it hosted the [1998–99 UEFA Cup](/source/1998%E2%80%9399_UEFA_Cup), [2007–08 UEFA Champions League](/source/2007%E2%80%9308_UEFA_Champions_League) finals, the [1980 Summer Olympics](/source/1980_Summer_Olympics), and the [2018 FIFA World Cup](/source/2018_FIFA_World_Cup) with 7 games total, including the [final](/source/2018_FIFA_World_Cup_Final)). Forty other sports complexes are located within the city, including 24 with artificial ice. The [Olympic Stadium](/source/Olympic_Stadium_(Moscow_arena)) was the world's first indoor arena for [bandy](/source/Bandy) and hosted the [Bandy World Championship](/source/Bandy_World_Championship) twice.[175] Moscow was again the host of the competition in 2010, this time in [Krylatskoye](/source/Ice_Palace_Krylatskoye).[176] That arena has also hosted the [World Speed Skating Championships](/source/World_Speed_Skating_Championships). There are also seven [horse racing](/source/Horse_racing) tracks in Moscow,[150] of which [Central Moscow Hippodrome](/source/Central_Moscow_Hippodrome),[177] founded in 1834, is the largest.

[CSKA Arena](/source/CSKA_Arena) during a game of [KHL](/source/Kontinental_Hockey_League), considered to be the second-best ice hockey league in the world

Moscow was the host city of the [1980 Summer Olympics](/source/1980_Summer_Olympics), with the [yachting](/source/Yachting) events being held at [Tallinn](/source/Tallinn), in present-day [Estonia](/source/Estonia). Large sports facilities and the main international airport, Sheremetyevo Terminal 2, were built in preparation for the 1980 Summer Olympics. Moscow had made a bid for the [2012 Summer Olympics](/source/2012_Summer_Olympics). However, when final voting commenced on 6 July 2005, Moscow was the first city to be eliminated from further rounds. The Games were awarded to [London](/source/2012_Summer_Olympics).

The most titled [ice hockey](/source/Ice_hockey) team in the Soviet Union and in the world, [HC CSKA Moscow](/source/HC_CSKA_Moscow) comes from Moscow. Other big ice hockey clubs from Moscow are [HC Dynamo Moscow](/source/HC_Dynamo_Moscow), which was the second most titled team in the Soviet Union, and [HC Spartak Moscow](/source/HC_Spartak_Moscow).

The most titled Soviet, Russian, and one of the most titled [Euroleague](/source/Euroleague) clubs, is the [basketball](/source/Basketball) club from Moscow [PBC CSKA Moscow](/source/PBC_CSKA_Moscow). Moscow hosted the [EuroBasket](/source/EuroBasket) in 1953 and 1965.

Moscow had more winners at the [USSR](/source/USSR_Chess_Championship) and [Russian Chess Championship](/source/Russian_Chess_Championship) than any other city.

The most titled [volleyball](/source/Volleyball) team in the Soviet Union and in Europe ([CEV Champions League](/source/CEV_Champions_League)) is [VC CSKA Moscow](/source/VC_CSKA_Moscow).

In [football](/source/Association_football), [FC Spartak Moscow](/source/FC_Spartak_Moscow) has won more championship titles in the [Russian Premier League](/source/Russian_Premier_League) than any other team. They were second only to [FC Dynamo Kyiv](/source/FC_Dynamo_Kyiv) in [Soviet times](/source/Soviet_Top_League). [PFC CSKA Moscow](/source/PFC_CSKA_Moscow) became the first Russian football team to win a [UEFA](/source/UEFA) title, the [UEFA Cup](/source/2004%E2%80%9305_UEFA_Cup) (present-day [UEFA Europa League](/source/UEFA_Europa_League)). [FC Lokomotiv Moscow](/source/FC_Lokomotiv_Moscow), [FC Dynamo Moscow](/source/FC_Dynamo_Moscow) and [FC Torpedo Moscow](/source/FC_Torpedo_Moscow) are other professional football teams also based in Moscow.

		- [Lukoil Arena](/source/Lukoil_Arena), home of [FC Spartak Moscow](/source/FC_Spartak_Moscow)

		- [VEB Arena](/source/VEB_Arena), home of [PFC CSKA Moscow](/source/PFC_CSKA_Moscow)

		- [VTB Arena](/source/VTB_Arena), home of [FC Dynamo Moscow](/source/FC_Dynamo_Moscow) and [HC Dynamo Moscow](/source/HC_Dynamo_Moscow)

		- [RZD Arena](/source/RZD_Arena), home of [FC Lokomotiv Moscow](/source/FC_Lokomotiv_Moscow)

Moscow houses other prominent football, ice hockey, and basketball teams. Because sports organisations in the Soviet Union were once highly centralized, two of the best Union-level teams represented defence and law-enforcing agencies: the Armed Forces ([CSKA](/source/CSKA_Moscow)) and the Ministry of Internal Affairs ([Dinamo](/source/Dynamo_Sports_Club)). There were army and police teams in most major cities. As a result, Spartak, CSKA, and Dinamo were among the best-funded teams in the USSR.

The [Irina Viner-Usmanova Gymnastics Palace](/source/Irina_Viner-Usmanova_Gymnastics_Palace) is located in the [Luzniki Olympic Complex](/source/Luzhniki_Olympic_Complex). The building works started in 2017 and the opening ceremony took place on 18 June 2019. The investor of the Palace is the billionaire [Alisher Usmanov](/source/Alisher_Usmanov), husband of the former gymnast and gymnastics coach [Irina Viner-Usmanova](/source/Irina_Viner-Usmanova). The total surface of the building is 23,500 m2, which include 3 fitness rooms, locker rooms, rooms reserved for referees and coaches, saunas, a canteen, a cafeteria, 2 ball halls, a Medical center, a hall reserved for journalists, and a hotel for athletes.[178]

Because of Moscow's cold local climate, [winter sports](/source/Winter_sport) have a following. Many of Moscow's large parks offer marked trails for skiing and frozen ponds for skating.

The [Luzhniki Stadium](/source/Luzhniki_Stadium) in Moscow, which hosted games of the [2018 FIFA World Cup](/source/2018_FIFA_World_Cup)

Moscow hosts the annual [Kremlin Cup](/source/Kremlin_Cup), a popular tennis tournament on both the [WTA](/source/Women's_Tennis_Association) and [ATP](/source/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals) tours. It is one of the ten Tier-I events on the women's tour and a host of Russian players feature every year.

[SC Olimpiyskiy](/source/Olympic_Stadium_(Moscow)) hosted the [Eurovision Song Contest 2009](/source/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2009), the first and so far the only [Eurovision Song Contest](/source/Eurovision_Song_Contest) arranged in Russia.

[Slava Moscow](/source/Slava_Moscow) is a professional [rugby](/source/Rugby_union) club, competing in the national [Professional Rugby League](/source/Professional_Rugby_League). Former [rugby league](/source/Rugby_league) heavyweights [RC Lokomotiv](/source/RC_Lokomotiv_Moscow) have entered the same league as of 2011[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moscow&action=edit). The Luzhniki Stadium also hosted the [2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens](/source/2013_Rugby_World_Cup_Sevens).

In bandy, one of the most successful clubs in the world is 20 times [Russian League](/source/Russian_Bandy_Super_League) champions [Dynamo Moscow](/source/Dynamo_Moscow_Bandy_Club). They have also won the [World Cup](/source/Bandy_World_Cup) thrice and [European Cup](/source/European_Cup_(bandy)) six times.

[MFK Dinamo Moskva](/source/MFK_Dinamo_Moskva) is one of the major [futsal](/source/Futsal) clubs in Europe, having won the [Futsal Champions League](/source/UEFA_Futsal_Champions_League) title once.

When Russia was selected to host the [2018 FIFA World Cup](/source/2018_FIFA_World_Cup), the Luzhniki Stadium got an increased capacity, by almost 10,000 new seats, in addition to a further two stadiums that have been built: the [Dynamo Stadium](/source/VTB_Arena), and the [Spartak Stadium](/source/Lukoil_Arena), although the first one later was dismissed from having World Cup matches.

### Football clubs

Club Founded League League Rank Stadium Spartak Moscow 1922 Premier League 1st Lukoil Arena CSKA Moscow 1911 Premier League 1st VEB Arena Lokomotiv Moscow 1923 Premier League 1st RZD Arena Dynamo Moscow 1923 Premier League 1st VTB Arena Torpedo Moscow 1924 First League 2nd Eduard Streltsov Stadium Rodina Moscow 2015 First League 2nd Spartakovets Stadium Veles Moscow 2016 Second League 3rd Avangard Stadium

## Entertainment

See also: [List of shopping malls in Moscow](/source/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Moscow)

[Arbat Street](/source/Arbat_Street), in the historical centre of Moscow

The city is full of clubs, restaurants, and bars. [Tverskaya Street](/source/Tverskaya_Street) is also one of the busiest shopping streets in Moscow.

The adjoining [Tretyakovsky Proyezd](/source/Tretyakovsky_Proyezd), also south of Tverskaya Street, in [Kitai-gorod](/source/Kitai-gorod), is host to upmarket boutique stores such as [Bulgari](/source/Bulgari), [Tiffany & Co.](/source/Tiffany_%26_Co.), [Armani](/source/Armani), [Prada](/source/Prada) and [Bentley](/source/Bentley).[179] [Nightlife](/source/Nightlife) in Moscow has moved on since Soviet times and today the city has many of the world's largest [nightclubs](/source/Nightclubs).[180] The hottest area is located around the old chocolate factory, where bars, nightclubs, galleries, cafés and restaurants are placed.[181]

[Dream Island](/source/Dream_Island_(amusement_park)) is an amusement park in Moscow that opened on 29 February 2020.[182][183] It is the largest indoor theme park in Europe. The park covers 300,000 square meters. The complex includes a landscaped park along with a concert hall, a cinema, a hotel, a children's sailing school, restaurants, and shops.

## Authorities

### Moscow authorities

[Government of Moscow](/source/Government_of_Moscow)

According to the [Constitution of the Russian Federation](/source/Constitution_of_Russia), Moscow is an independent [federal subject](/source/Federal_subject) of the [Russian Federation](/source/Russia), a [city of federal importance](/source/Federal_cities_of_Russia).

The [Mayor of Moscow](/source/Mayor_of_Moscow) is the leading official in the executive, leading the [Government of Moscow](/source/Government_of_Moscow), which is the highest organ of executive power. The [Moscow City Duma](/source/Moscow_City_Duma) is the [city duma](/source/City_duma) ([city council](/source/City_council) or local [parliament](/source/Parliament)) and local laws must be approved by it. It includes 45 members who are elected for a five-year term on [single-mandate constituency](/source/Electoral_district) basis.

From 2006 to 2012, direct elections of the mayor were not held due to changes in the [Charter of the city of Moscow](/source/Charter_of_the_city_of_Moscow), with the mayor appointed by presidential decree. The first direct elections from the time of the [2003 vote](/source/2003_Moscow_mayoral_election) were to be held after the expiration of the current mayor in 2015, however, in connection with his resignation of his own free will, they took place in [September 2013](/source/2013_Moscow_mayoral_election).

Local administration is carried out through eleven prefectures, uniting the districts of Moscow into administrative districts on a territorial basis, and 125 regional administrations. According to the law "On the organization of local self-government in the city of Moscow", since the beginning of 2003, the executive bodies of local self-government are municipalities, representative bodies are municipal assemblies, whose members are elected in accordance with the Charter of the intracity municipality.

### Federal authorities

[The House of the Government of the Russian Federation](/source/White_House_(Moscow))

In Moscow, as in a city endowed with the [Constitution of the Russian Federation](/source/Constitution_of_Russia), the legislative, executive, and judicial federal authorities of the country are located, with the exception of the [Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation](/source/Constitutional_Court_of_Russia), which has been located in [Saint Petersburg](/source/Saint_Petersburg) since 2008.

The supreme executive authority – the [Government of the Russian Federation](/source/Government_of_Russia) – is located in the House of the Government of the Russian Federation (the [White House](/source/White_House_(Moscow))) on [Krasnopresnenskaya Embankment](/source/Krasnopresnenskaya_Embankment) in the center of Moscow. The [State Duma](/source/State_Duma) sits on [Okhotny Ryad](/source/Okhotny_Ryad_(street)). The [Federation Council](/source/Federation_Council_(Russia)) is located in a building on [Bolshaya Dmitrovka](/source/Bolshaya_Dmitrovka_Street). The [Supreme Court of the Russian Federation](/source/Supreme_Court_of_Russia) is also located in Moscow.

The [Moscow Kremlin](/source/Moscow_Kremlin) is the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. The president's working residence in the Kremlin is located in the [Senate Palace](/source/Kremlin_Senate).

### Safety

A [BMW 5 Series](/source/BMW_5_Series) of the [Moscow Police](/source/Moscow_City_Police) on patrol

In a ranking of the safest cities by *[The Economist](/source/Economist_Intelligence_Unit)* in 2021, Moscow occupied the 38th position with a score of 62.5 points.[184] The general level of crime is quite low.[185] More than 170,000 surveillance cameras in Moscow are connected to the facial recognition system. The authorities recognized the successful two-month experiment with automatic recognition of faces, gender, and age of people in real-time – and deployed the system to the whole city. The network of video surveillance unites access video cameras (95% of residential apartment buildings in the capital), cameras in the territory and in buildings of schools and kindergartens, at the [MCC](/source/Moscow_Central_Circle) stations, stadiums, public transport stops, and bus stations, in parks, underground passages.[186]

The emergency numbers are the same as in all the other regions of Russia: 112 is the Single Emergency Number, 101 is the number of the Fire Service and [Ministry of Emergency Situations](/source/Ministry_of_Emergency_Situations_(Russia)), 102 is the [Police](/source/Police_of_Russia) one, 103 is the ambulance one, 104 is the Emergency Gas number.[187] Moscow's EMS is the second most efficient one among the world's megacities, as reported by PwC during the presentation of the international study Analysis of EMS Efficiency in Megacities of the World.[188]

## Administrative divisions

Main article: [Administrative divisions of Moscow](/source/Administrative_divisions_of_Moscow)

Federal city of Moscow City administrative divisions 12 City districts 125 City settlements 21

Moscow is divided into 12 administrative districts: Central Administrative Okrug Northern Administrative Okrug North-Eastern Administrative Okrug Eastern Administrative Okrug South-Eastern Administrative Okrug Southern Administrative Okrug South-Western Administrative Okrug Western Administrative Okrug North-Western Administrative Okrug Zelenogradsky Administrative Okrug Novomoskovsky Administrative Okrug Troitsky Administrative Okrug

Territorial change of Moscow from 1922 to 1995

The entire city of Moscow is headed by one mayor ([Sergey Sobyanin](/source/Sergey_Sobyanin)). The city of Moscow is divided into twelve administrative okrugs and 125 districts.

The Russian capital's town-planning development began to show as early as the 12th century when the city was founded. The central part of Moscow grew by consolidating with suburbs in line with medieval principles of urban development when strong fortress walls would gradually spread along the circle streets of adjacent new settlements. The first circular defence walls set the trajectory of Moscow's rings, laying the groundwork for the future planning of the Russian capital.

The following fortifications served as the city's circular defense boundaries at some point in history: the Kremlin walls, Zemlyanoy Gorod (Earthwork Town), the Kamer-Kollezhsky Rampart, the Garden Ring, and the small railway ring. The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD) has been Moscow's boundary since 1960. Also in the form of a circle are the main Moscow subway line, the Ring Line, and the so-called Third Automobile Ring, which was completed in 2005. Hence, the characteristic radial-circle planning continues to define Moscow's further development. However, contemporary Moscow has also engulfed a number of territories outside the MKAD, such as Solntsevo, Butovo, and the town of [Zelenograd](/source/Zelenograd). A part of [Moscow Oblast](/source/Moscow_Oblast)'s territory was merged into Moscow on 1 July 2012; as a result, Moscow is no longer fully surrounded by Moscow Oblast and now also has a border with [Kaluga Oblast](/source/Kaluga_Oblast).[189] In all, Moscow gained about 1,500 square kilometers (580 sq mi) and 230,000 inhabitants. Moscow's Mayor Sergey Sobyanin lauded the expansion that will help Moscow and the neighboring region, a "mega-city" of twenty million people, to develop "harmonically".[86]

All administrative okrugs and districts have their own [coats of arms](/source/Coat_of_arms) and flags as well as individual heads of the area.

In addition to the districts, there are Territorial Units with Special Status. These usually include areas with small or no permanent populations. Such is the case with the All-Russia Exhibition Centre, the [Botanical Garden](/source/Moscow_Botanical_Garden_of_Academy_of_Sciences), large parks, and industrial zones. In recent years, some territories have been merged with different districts. There are no ethnic-specific regions in Moscow, as in the [Chinatowns](/source/Chinatown) that exist in some [North American](/source/North_America) and [East Asian](/source/East_Asia) cities. And although districts are not designated by income, as with most cities, those areas that are closer to the city center, metro stations or green zones are considered more prestigious.[190]

Moscow also hosts some of the government bodies of [Moscow Oblast](/source/Moscow_Oblast), although the city itself is not a part of the oblast.[191]

## Economy

See also: [Economy of Russia](/source/Economy_of_Russia)

### Overview

Largest private companies based in Moscow (ranked by 2019 revenues) Moscow corporation Russia 1 Lukoil 1 2 X5 Retail Group 3 3 Novatek 6 4 Nornickel 9 5 UC Rusal 11 6 Sibur 13 7 SUEK 15 8 MTS 17 9 Metalloinvest 18 10 EuroChem 21 11 MegaFon 22 12 M.video 24 13 TMK 25 14 Mechel 26 Source: Forbes[192]

Moscow has one of the [largest municipal economies in Europe](/source/List_of_cities_by_GDP) and it accounts more than one-fifth of Russia's [gross domestic product](/source/Gross_domestic_product) (GDP).[193] As of 2021[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moscow&action=edit), the [GRP](/source/Gross_Regional_Product) of Moscow reached almost ₽24.5 trillion([US$](/source/US%24)332 billion).[194] GMP of Moscow Region was ₽31.3 trillion or around US$425 billion.

[Moscow Exchange](/source/Moscow_Exchange)

The average gross monthly wage in the city is ₽123,688[195] ([US$](/source/US%24)2,000), which is around twice the national average of ₽66,572 ([US$](/source/US%24)1,000), and one of the highest among the federal subjects of Russia.

Moscow is home to the [third-highest number of billionaires](/source/List_of_cities_by_number_of_billionaires) of any city in the world,[196] and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe. It is the financial center of Russia and home to the country's largest banks and many of its largest companies, such as oil giant [Rosneft](/source/Rosneft). Moscow accounts for 17% of retail sales in Russia and for 13% of all construction activity in the country.[197][198] Since the [1998 Russian financial crisis](/source/1998_Russian_financial_crisis), business sectors in Moscow have shown exponential rates of growth. Many new business centers and office buildings have been built in recent years, but Moscow still experiences shortages in office space. As a result, many former industrial and research facilities are being reconstructed to become suitable for office use. Overall, economic stability has improved in recent years; nonetheless, crime and corruption still hinder business development.

### Industry

Primary [industries](/source/Industry_(economics)) in Moscow include the [chemical](/source/Chemical_industry), [metallurgy](/source/Metallurgy), [food](/source/Food_industry), [textile](/source/Textile), [furniture](/source/Furniture), [energy production](/source/Energy_production), [software development](/source/Software_development) and [machinery](/source/Machine) industries.

The [Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant](/source/Mil_Moscow_Helicopter_Plant) is a manufacturer of military and civil helicopters. [Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center](/source/Khrunichev_State_Research_and_Production_Space_Center) produces various space equipment, including modules for space stations [Mir](/source/Mir), [Salyut](/source/Salyut) and the [ISS](/source/International_Space_Station) as well as [Proton launch vehicles](/source/Proton_(rocket)) and military [ICBMs](/source/ICBM). [Sukhoi](/source/Sukhoi), [Ilyushin](/source/Ilyushin), [Mikoyan](/source/Mikoyan), [Tupolev](/source/Tupolev) and [Yakovlev](/source/Yakovlev) aircraft design bureaus also situated in Moscow. [NPO Energomash](/source/NPO_Energomash), producing the [rocket engines](/source/Rocket_engine) for Russian and American space programs, as well as [Lavochkin](/source/Lavochkin) design bureau, which built [fighter planes](/source/Fighter_plane) during WWII, but switched to [space probes](/source/Space_probe) since the [Space Race](/source/Space_Race), are in nearby [Khimki](/source/Khimki), an independent city in [Moscow Oblast](/source/Moscow_Oblast) that have largely been enclosed by Moscow from its sides. Automobile plants [ZiL](/source/ZiL) and [AZLK](/source/AZLK), as well as the Voitovich Rail Vehicle plant, are situated in Moscow and [Metrovagonmash](/source/Metrovagonmash) metro wagon plant is located just outside the city limits. The [Poljot Moscow watch factory](/source/Poljot) produces military, professional and sport watches well known in Russia and abroad.

The Electrozavod factory was the first transformer factory in Russia. The Kristall distillery[199] is the oldest distillery in Russia producing [vodka](/source/Vodka) types, including "[Stolichnaya](/source/Stolichnaya)" while wines are produced at Moscow wine plants, including the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery.[200] The Moscow Jewelry Factory[201] and the Jewellerprom[202] are producers of jewelry in Russia.

There are other industries located just outside the city of Moscow, as well as microelectronic industries in Zelenograd, including [Ruselectronics](/source/Ruselectronics) companies.

Gazprom, the largest extractor of [natural gas](/source/Natural_gas) in the world and the largest [Russian company](/source/Economy_of_Russia), has head offices also in Moscow, as well as other oil, gas, and electricity companies.

Moscow hosts headquarters of the many of [telecommunications](/source/Telecommunications) and [technology](/source/Technology_company) companies, including [1C](/source/1C_Company), [ABBYY](/source/ABBYY), [Beeline](/source/Beeline_(brand)), [Kaspersky Lab](/source/Kaspersky_Lab), [Mail.Ru Group](/source/Mail.Ru), [MegaFon](/source/MegaFon), [MTS](/source/MTS_(network_provider)), [Rambler&Co](/source/Rambler_(portal)), [Rostelecom](/source/Rostelecom), [Yandex](/source/Yandex), and [Yota](/source/Yota).

Some industry is being transferred out of the city to improve the ecological state of the city.

### Cost of living

See also: [Hotels in Moscow](/source/Hotels_in_Moscow)

[Tretyakovsky Proyezd](/source/Tretyakovsky_Proyezd)

[Nikolskaya Street](/source/Nikolskaya_Street)

A [microdistrict](/source/Microdistrict) in [Mitino](/source/Mitino_District) built in the 1990s

During [Soviet](/source/Soviet_Union) times, apartments were lent to people by the government according to the square meters-per-person norm (some groups, including people's artists, heroes, and prominent scientists had bonuses according to their honors). [Private ownership](/source/Private_ownership) of apartments was limited until the 1990s when people were permitted to secure property rights to their inhabited places. Since the Soviet era, estate owners have had to pay the service charge for their residences, a fixed amount based on persons per living area.

The price of [real estate](/source/Real_estate) in Moscow continues to rise. Today, one could expect to pay $4,000 on average per square meter (11 sq ft) on the outskirts of the city[203] or US$6,500–$8,000 per square meter in a prestigious district. The price sometimes may exceed US$40,000 per square meter in a flat.[204][205][206] It costs about US$1,200 per month to rent a one-bedroom apartment and about US$1,000 per month for a studio in the center of Moscow.

A typical one-bedroom apartment is about thirty square metres (320 [square feet](/source/Square_foot)), a typical two-bedroom apartment is forty-five square metres (480 square feet), and a typical three-bedroom apartment is seventy square metres (750 square feet). Many cannot move out of their apartments, especially if a family lives in a two-room apartment originally granted by the state during the Soviet era. Some city residents have attempted to cope with the cost of living by renting their apartments while staying in [dachas](/source/Dacha) (country houses) outside the city.

In 2006, Mercer Human Resources Consulting named Moscow the world's [most expensive city for expatriate employees](/source/List_of_most_expensive_cities_for_expatriate_employees), ahead of perennial winner Tokyo, due to the stable [Russian ruble](/source/Russian_ruble) as well as increasing housing prices within the city.[207] Moscow also ranked first in the 2007 edition and 2008 edition of the survey. However, Tokyo has overtaken Moscow as the most expensive city in the world, placing Moscow at third behind Osaka in second place.[208]

In 2008, Moscow ranked top on the [list of most expensive cities](/source/List_of_most_expensive_cities) for the third year in a row.[209]

In 2014, according to *Forbes*, Moscow was ranked the 9th most expensive city in the world. *Forbes* ranked Moscow the 2nd most expensive city the year prior.[210]

In 2019 the Economist Intelligence Unit's Worldwide Cost of Living survey put Moscow to 102nd place in the biannual ranking of 133 most expensive cities.[211] ECA International's Cost of Living 2019 Survey ranked Moscow at number 120 among 482 locations worldwide.[212]

### Public utilities

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The heating of buildings in Moscow, like in other cities in Russia is done using [central heating system](/source/District_heating). Before 2004, state [unitary enterprises](/source/Unitary_enterprise) were responsible to produce and supply heat to the clients by the operation of heating stations and heating distribution system of Mosgorteplo, Mosteploenergo, and Teploremontnaladka which gave service to the [heating substations](/source/District_heating_substation) in the [north-eastern part](/source/Administrative_divisions_of_Moscow) of the city. Clients were divided between the various enterprises based on their geographical location. A major reform launched in 2004 consolidated the various companies under the umbrella of MIPC which became the municipal heat supplier. Its subsidiaries were the newly transformed Joint-stock companies. The city's main source of heating is the power station of Mosenergo which was reformed in 2005, when around ten subsidiaries were separated from it. One of the newly independent companies was the District Heating Network Company (MTK) ([Russian](/source/Russian_language): Московская теплосетевая компания). In 2007 the [Government of Moscow](/source/Government_of_Moscow) bought controlling stakes in the company.[213]

"Our city" is a geo-information portal created in 2011 under the mayor of Moscow Sergei Sobyanin with the aim of building a constructive dialogue between Moscow residents and the city's executive authorities. The portal is being developed by the State Public Institution "New Management Technologies" together with the Moscow Department of Information Technologies. In its 10 years of operation, more than 1.7 million users have joined the portal, and during this time it has become an effective tool for monitoring the state of urban infrastructure.[214]

## Education

Further information: [Education in Russia](/source/Education_in_Russia)

[Moscow State University](/source/Moscow_State_University)

There are 1,696 high schools in Moscow, as well as 91 colleges.[150] Besides these, there are 222 institutions of higher education, including 60 state universities[150] and the [Lomonosov Moscow State University](/source/Moscow_State_University), which was founded in 1755.[215] The main university building located in Vorobyovy Gory ([Sparrow Hills](/source/Sparrow_Hills)) is 240 metres (790 ft) tall and when completed, was the tallest building on the continent.[216] The university has over 30,000 [undergraduate](/source/Undergraduate_education) and 7,000 [postgraduate](/source/Postgraduate_education) students, who have a choice of twenty-nine faculties and 450 departments for study. The Moscow State University library contains over nine million books, making it one of the largest libraries in all of Russia.

The [I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University](/source/I.M._Sechenov_First_Moscow_State_Medical_University) named after [Ivan Sechenov](/source/Ivan_Sechenov) or formerly known as [Moscow Medical Academy](/source/Moscow_Medical_Academy) (1stMSMU) is a medical university situated in Moscow, Russia. It was founded in 1785 as the faculty of the Moscow State University. It is a Russian Federal Agency for Health and Social Development. It is one of the largest medical universities in Russia and Europe. More than 9200 students are enrolled in 115 academic departments. It offers courses for post-graduate studies.

[Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University](/source/Pirogov_Russian_National_Research_Medical_University)

The [Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University](/source/Pirogov_Russian_National_Research_Medical_University) (formerly known as [Russian State Medical University](/source/Russian_State_Medical_University)) is a medical higher education institution in Moscow, Russia founded in 1906. It is fully accredited and recognized by Russia's Ministry of Education and Science and is currently under the authority of the Ministry of Health and Social Development. Named after Russian surgeon and pedagogue [N.I. Pirogov](/source/Nikolay_Pirogov) (1810–1888), it is one of the largest medical institutions and the first university in Russia to allow women to acquire degrees.

Moscow is one of the financial centers of the [Russian Federation](/source/Russian_Federation) and [CIS](/source/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States) countries and is known for its business schools. Among them are the [Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation](/source/Financial_University_under_the_Government_of_the_Russian_Federation); [Plekhanov Russian University of Economics](/source/Plekhanov_Russian_University_of_Economics); [The State University of Management](/source/The_State_University_of_Management), and the [National Research University - Higher School of Economics](/source/National_Research_University_-_Higher_School_of_Economics). They offer undergraduate degrees in management, finance, accounting, marketing, real estate, and economic theory, as well as Masters programs and [MBAs](/source/MBA). Most of them have branches in other regions of Russia and countries around the world.

The main building of the [Bauman Moscow State Technical University](/source/Bauman_Moscow_State_Technical_University)

[Bauman Moscow State Technical University](/source/Bauman_Moscow_State_Technical_University), founded in 1830, is located in the center of Moscow and provides 18,000 undergraduate and 1,000 postgraduate students with an education in science and engineering, offering technical degrees.[217]

The [Moscow Conservatory](/source/Moscow_Conservatory) building

The [Moscow Conservatory](/source/Moscow_Conservatory),[218] founded in 1866, is a prominent music school in Russia.

The [Russian State Institute of Cinematography](/source/Gerasimov_Institute_of_Cinematography), the world's oldest
[film school](/source/Film_school)

The [Gerasimov All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography](/source/Gerasimov_Institute_of_Cinematography), abbreviated as VGIK, is the world's oldest educational institution in [Cinematography](/source/Cinematography), founded by [Vladimir Gardin](/source/Vladimir_Gardin) in 1919.

[Moscow State Institute of International Relations](/source/Moscow_State_Institute_of_International_Relations), founded in 1944, remains Russia's best- known school of international relations and diplomacy, with six schools focused on international relations. Approximately 4,500 students make up the university's student body and over 700,000 Russian and foreign-language books—of which 20,000 are considered rare—can be found in the library of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations.[219]

Other institutions are the [Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology](/source/Moscow_Institute_of_Physics_and_Technology), also known as [Phystech](/source/Phystech), the [Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex](/source/Fyodorov_Eye_Microsurgery_Complex), founded in 1988 by Russian eye surgeon [Svyatoslav Fyodorov](/source/Svyatoslav_Fyodorov), the [Moscow Aviation Institute](/source/Moscow_Aviation_Institute), the Moscow Motorway Institute (State Technical University), and the [Moscow Engineering Physics Institute](/source/Moscow_Engineering_Physics_Institute). [Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology](/source/Moscow_Institute_of_Physics_and_Technology) has taught numerous [Nobel Prize](/source/Nobel_Prize) winners, including [Pyotr Kapitsa](/source/Pyotr_Kapitsa), [Nikolay Semyonov](/source/Nikolay_Semyonov), [Lev Landau](/source/Lev_Landau) and [Alexander Prokhorov](/source/Alexander_Prokhorov), while the [Moscow Engineering Physics Institute](/source/Moscow_Engineering_Physics_Institute) is known for its research in [nuclear physics](/source/Nuclear_physics).[220] The highest Russian military school is the [Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation](/source/Combined_Arms_Academy_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation).

Although Moscow has a number of famous Soviet-era higher educational institutions, most of which are more oriented towards engineering or the fundamental sciences, in recent years Moscow has seen a growth in the number of commercial and private institutions that offer classes in business and management. Many state institutions have expanded their education scope and introduced new courses or departments. Institutions in Moscow, as well as the rest of post-Soviet Russia, have begun to offer new international certificates and postgraduate degrees, including the [Master of Business Administration](/source/Master_of_Business_Administration). [Student exchange programs](/source/Student_exchange_program) with numerous countries, specially with the rest of Europe, have also become widespread in Moscow's universities, while schools within the Russian capital also offer seminars, lectures, and courses for corporate employees and businessmen.

[Russian Academy of Sciences](/source/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences)

Moscow is one of the largest science centers in Russia. The headquarters of the [Russian Academy of Sciences](/source/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences) are located in Moscow as well as research and applied science institutions. The [Kurchatov Institute](/source/Kurchatov_Institute), Russia's leading research and development institution in the fields of nuclear energy, where the first [nuclear reactor](/source/Nuclear_reactor) in Europe was built, the [Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics](/source/Landau_Institute_for_Theoretical_Physics), [Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics](/source/Institute_for_Theoretical_and_Experimental_Physics), [Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems](/source/Institute_for_Physical_Problems) and [Steklov Institute of Mathematics](/source/Steklov_Institute_of_Mathematics) are all situated in Moscow.

There are 452 libraries in the city, including 168 for children.[150] The [Russian State Library](/source/Russian_State_Library),[221] founded in 1862, is the national library of Russia. The library is home to over 275 km (171 mi) of shelves and 42 million items, including over 17 million books and serial volumes, 13 million journals, 350,000 music scores and sound records, and 150,000 maps, making it the largest library in Russia and one of the largest in the world. Items in 247 languages account for 29% of the collection.[222][223]

The State Public Historical Library, founded in 1863, is the largest library specialising in [Russian history](/source/Russian_history). Its collection contains four million items in 112 languages, mostly on Russian and world history, [heraldry](/source/Heraldry), [numismatics](/source/Numismatics), and the [history of science](/source/History_of_science).[224]

In regard to primary and secondary education, in 2011, [Clifford J. Levy](/source/Clifford_J._Levy) of *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)* wrote, "Moscow has some strong public schools, but the system as a whole is dispiriting, in part because it is being corroded by the corruption that is a post-Soviet scourge. Parents often pay bribes to get their children admitted to better public schools. There are additional payoffs for good grades."[225]

## Transportation

Main article: [Transportation in Moscow](/source/Transportation_in_Moscow)

### Metro

Main article: [Moscow Metro](/source/Moscow_Metro)

[Moscow Metro](/source/Moscow_Metro) route map with planned stations

[Mayakovskaya](/source/Mayakovskaya_(Moscow_Metro)) station, opened in 1938

The [Moscow Metro](/source/Moscow_Metro) system is famous for its art, [murals](/source/Mural), [mosaics](/source/Mosaic), and ornate [chandeliers](/source/Chandelier). It started operation in 1935 and immediately became the centrepiece of the transportation system. More than that it was a Stalinist device to awe and reward the populace, and give them an appreciation of Soviet realist art. It became the prototype for future Soviet large-scale technologies. [Lazar Kaganovich](/source/Lazar_Kaganovich) was in charge; he designed the subway so that citizens would absorb the values and ethos of Stalinist civilisation as they rode. The artwork of the 13 original stations became nationally and internationally famous. For example, the Sverdlov Square subway station featured porcelain bas-reliefs depicting the daily life of the Soviet peoples, and the bas-reliefs at the Dynamo Stadium sports complex glorified sports and the physical prowess of the powerful new "Homo Sovieticus" (Soviet man).[226]

The metro was touted as the symbol of the new social order—a sort of Communist cathedral of engineering modernity.[227] Soviet workers did the labour and the artwork, but the main engineering designs, routes, and construction plans were handled by specialists recruited from the London Underground. The Britons called for tunneling instead of the "cut-and-cover" technique, the use of escalators instead of lifts, and designed the routes and the rolling stock.[228] The paranoia of Stalin and the NKVD was evident when the secret police arrested numerous British engineers for espionage—that is for gaining an in-depth knowledge of the city's physical layout. Engineers for the Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Company were given a show trial and deported in 1933, ending the role of British business in the USSR.[229]

Today, the Moscow Metro comprises twelve lines, mostly underground with a total of 203 stations. The Metro is one of the deepest subway systems in the world; for instance, the [Park Pobedy](/source/Park_Pobedy_(Moscow_Metro)) station, completed in 2003, at 84 metres (276 ft) underground, has the longest escalators in Europe. The Moscow Metro is the busiest metro system in Europe, as well as [one of the world's busiest](/source/Metro_systems_by_annual_passenger_rides) metro systems, serving about ten million passengers daily (300,000,000 people every month).[230] Facing serious transportation problems, Moscow has plans for expanding its Metro. In 2016, the authorities launched a [new circle metro railway](/source/Moscow_Central_Circle) that contributed to solving transportation issues, namely daily congestion at Koltsevaya Line.[231]

Due to the treatment of Metro stations as possible canvas for art, characterized by the fact that workers of Moscow would get to see them every day, many Stalin-era metro stations were built in different "custom" designs (where each station's design would be, initially, a massive installation on a certain theme. For example, [Elektrozavodskaya](/source/Elektrozavodskaya_(Arbatsko%E2%80%93Pokrovskaya_line)) station was themed solely after nearby lightbulb factory and ceramic ribbed lightbulb sockets);[232] the tradition of "Grand Designs" and, basically, decorating metro stations as single-themed installations, was restored in late 1979.

Moscow's metro is one of the world's busiest, handling 2.6 billion passengers in 2019.[233]

In the Russian capital, there are over 21.5 thousand Wi-Fi access points, in student dormitories, in parks, cultural and sports institutions, and within the Garden Ring and the Third Transport Ring. From September 2020 to August 2021, 1,700 new access points to urban Wi-Fi were launched in Moscow.[234] The structure of the Wi-Fi network allows citizens to use the Internet without re-authorization.[235]

### Monorail

Main article: [Moscow Monorail](/source/Moscow_Monorail)

Two trains of the [Moscow Monorail](/source/Moscow_Monorail)

The Moscow Metro operates a short [monorail line](/source/Moscow_Monorail) (line 13). The line connects [Timiryazevskaya](/source/Timiryazevskaya_(Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya_Line)) metro station and [Ulitsa Sergeya Eisensteina](/source/Ulitsa_Sergeya_Eisensteina), passing close to [VDNH](/source/Exhibition_of_Achievements_of_National_Economy) (and Line 6 Metro station "V.D.N.Kh."). The line opened in 2004. It accepts overground interchanges, no additional fare is needed if a ride was spent at Moscow Metro within previous 90 minutes.

### Bus, trolleybus and electric bus

Main article: [Electric buses in Moscow](/source/Electric_buses_in_Moscow)

Moscow has the [largest fleet of electric buses](/source/Electric_buses_in_Moscow) in Europe, with 500 operating as of October 2020[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moscow&action=edit).[236]

As Metro stations outside the city center are far apart in comparison to other cities, up to 4 kilometres (2.5 mi), a bus network radiates from each station to the surrounding residential zones. Moscow has a bus terminal for long-range and intercity passenger buses ([Central Bus Terminal](/source/Moscow_Central_Bus_Terminal)) with a daily turnover of about 25 thousand passengers serving about 40% of long-range bus routes in Moscow.[237]

Every major street in the city is served by at least one bus route. Many of these routes are doubled by a [trolleybus](/source/Trolleybus) route and have trolley wires over them.

With the total line length of almost 600 kilometres (370 miles) of a single wire, 8 depots, 104 routes, and 1740 vehicles, the Moscow trolleybus system was the [largest in the world](/source/Trolleybus_usage_by_country). But municipal authority, headed by Sergey Sobyanin, began to destroy the trolleybus system in Moscow in 2014 due to the planned replacement of trolleybuses by electric buses. In 2018 Moscow trolleybus system has only 4 depots and dozens of kilometers of unused wires. Almost all trolleybus wires inside Garden Ring (Sadovoe Koltso) were cut in 2016–2017 due to the reconstruction of central streets ("Moya Ulitsa"). Opened on 15 November 1933, it is also the world's 6th oldest operating trolleybus system.

In 2018 the vehicle companies [Kamaz](/source/Kamaz) and [GAZ](/source/GAZ) have won the [Mosgortrans](/source/Mosgortrans) tender for delivering 200 [electric buses](/source/Electric_bus) and 62 ultra-fast charging stations to the city transport system. The manufacturers will be responsible for the quality and reliable operation of the buses and charging stations for the next 15 years. The city will be procuring only electric buses as of 2021, replacing the diesel bus fleet gradually. According to expectations, Moscow will become the leader amongst the European cities in terms of electric and gas fuel share in public transport by 2019.[238]

### Moscow cable car

Main article: [Moskva River cable car](/source/Moskva_River_cable_car)

Cable cars passing across the [Moskva River](/source/Moskva_River) and the [Luzhniki Stadium](/source/Luzhniki_Stadium)

On 26 November 2018, the [mayor of Moscow](/source/Mayor_of_Moscow) [Sergey Sobyanin](/source/Sergey_Sobyanin) took part in the ceremony to open the [cable car](/source/Moskva_River_cable_car) above the [Moskva River](/source/Moskva_River). The cable car will connect the [Luzhniki sports complex](/source/Luzhniki_Olympic_Complex) with [Sparrow Hills](/source/Sparrow_Hills) and Kosygin Street. The journey from the well-known viewpoint on Vorobyovy Gory to [Luzhniki Stadium](/source/Luzhniki_Stadium) will last for five minutes instead of 20 minutes that one would have to spend on the same journey by car.

### Tram

Main article: [Trams in Moscow](/source/Trams_in_Moscow)

A Vityaz-M tram passing by the [Tverskaya Zastava Square](/source/Tverskaya_Zastava_Square)

Moscow has an extensive tram system, which first opened in 1899.[239] The newest line was built in 1984. Its daily usage by Muscovites is low, making up for approximately 5% of trips because many vital connections in the network have been withdrawn. Trams still remain important in some districts as feeders to Metro stations. The trams also provide important cross-links between metro lines, for example between [Universitet station](/source/Universitet_(Moscow_Metro)) of [Sokolnicheskaya Line](/source/Sokolnicheskaya_Line) (#1 red line) and [Profsoyuznaya station](/source/Profsoyuznaya_(Moscow_Metro)) of [Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line](/source/Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya_Line) (#6 orange line) or between [Voykovskaya](/source/Voykovskaya_(Moscow_Metro)) and [Strogino](/source/Strogino_(Moscow_Metro)).

Tram map of Moscow

There are three tram networks in the city:

- Krasnopresnenskoye depot network with the westernmost point at Strogino (depot location) and the easternmost point near platform Dmitrovskaya. This network became separated in 1973, but until 1997 it could easily have been reconnected by about one kilometre (fifty chains) of track and three switches. The network has the highest usage in Moscow and no weak points based on turnover except to-depot lane (passengers serviced by bus) and tram ring at Dmitrovskaya (because now it is neither a normal transfer point nor a repair terminal).

- The Apakov depot services the south-western part from the Varshavsky lane – Simferopolsky boulevard in the east to the Universitet station in the west and Boulevard lane at the center. This network is connected only by the four-way Dubininskaya and Kozhevnicheskaya streets. A second connection by Vostochnaya (Eastern) street was withdrawn in 1987 due to a fire at the Dinamo plant and has not been recovered, and remains lost (Avtozavodsky bridge) at 1992. The network may be serviced anyway by another depot (now route 35, 38).

- Main three depot networks with railway gate and tram-repair plant.

In addition, tram advocates have suggested that the new rapid transit services (metro to City, Butovo light metro, Monorail) would be more effective as at-grade tram lines and that the problems with trams are only due to poor management and operation, not the technical properties of trams. New tram models have been developed for the Moscow network despite the lack of expansion.

### Taxi

Commercial taxi services and [route taxis](/source/Route_taxi) are in widespread use. In the mid-2010s, service platforms such as [Yandex.Taxi](/source/Yandex.Taxi), [Uber](/source/Uber) and [Gett](/source/Gett) displaced many private drivers and small service providers and were in 2015 servicing more than 50% of all taxi orders in Moscow.[240][241]

Russian tech firm Yandex is testing self-driving taxis in Moscow.[242]

### Railway

[Komsomolskaya Square](/source/Komsomolskaya_Square_(Moscow)) known as "Three Station Square" thanks to three ornate rail terminal situated there: [Leningradsky](/source/Moscow_Passazhirskaya_railway_station), [Yaroslavsky](/source/Moscow_Yaroslavskaya_railway_station), and [Kazansky](/source/Moscow_Kazanskaya_railway_station).

Several train stations serve the city. Moscow's ten rail terminals (or *vokzals*) are:

- [Belorussky Rail Terminal](/source/Belorussky_Rail_Terminal)

- [Kazansky Rail Terminal](/source/Kazansky_Rail_Terminal)

- [Kiyevsky Rail Terminal](/source/Kiyevsky_Rail_Terminal)

- [Kursky Rail Terminal](/source/Kursky_Rail_Terminal)

- [Leningradsky Rail Terminal](/source/Leningradsky_Rail_Terminal)

- [Paveletsky Rail Terminal](/source/Paveletsky_Rail_Terminal)

- [Rizhsky Rail Terminal](/source/Rizhsky_Rail_Terminal)

- [Savyolovsky Rail Terminal](/source/Savyolovsky_Rail_Terminal)

- [Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal](/source/Yaroslavsky_Rail_Terminal)

- [Vostochny railway Terminal](/source/Vostochny_Railway_Terminal_(Moscow))

The high-speed [Sapsan](/source/Sapsan) train links Moscow with [Saint Petersburg](/source/Saint_Petersburg).

The terminals are located close to the city center, along with the metro ringline 5 or close to it, and connect to a metro line to the centre of town. Each station handles trains from different parts of Europe and Asia.[243] There are many smaller railway stations in Moscow. As train tickets are cheap, they are the preferred mode of travel for Russians, especially when departing to Saint Petersburg, Russia's second-largest city. Moscow is the western terminus of the [Trans-Siberian Railway](/source/Trans-Siberian_Railway), which traverses nearly 9,300 kilometres (5,800 mi) of Russian territory to [Vladivostok](/source/Vladivostok) on the [Pacific](/source/Pacific_Ocean) coast.

Suburbs and satellite cities are connected by commuter [elektrichka](/source/Elektrichka) (electric rail) network. Elektrichkas depart from each of these terminals to the nearby (up to 140 km or 87 mi) large railway stations.

During the 2010s, the [Little Ring of the Moscow Railway](/source/Little_Ring_of_the_Moscow_Railway) was converted to be used for frequent passenger service; it is fully integrated with Moscow Metro; the passenger service started on 10 September 2016. A connecting railway line on the North side of the town connects Belorussky terminal with other railway lines. This is used by some suburban trains.

#### Moscow Central Circle

"Lastochka" train on "[Luzhniki](/source/Luzhniki_(Moscow_Central_Circle))" station (Line 14)

The [Moskovskaya Okruzhnaya Zheleznaya Doroga](/source/Little_Ring_of_the_Moscow_Railway) formed a ring around the now-downtown Moscow since 1903, but only served as a non-electrified, fueled locomotive-only railway prior to reconstruction into MCC in 2010's.

The [Moscow Central Circle](/source/Moscow_Central_Circle) is a 54-kilometre-long (34 mi) [urban-metro railway](/source/Urban_rail_transit) orbital line that encircles historical Moscow. It was built alongside [Little Ring of the Moscow Railway](/source/Little_Ring_of_the_Moscow_Railway), taking some of its tracks into itself as well. M.C.C. was opened for passenger use on 10 September 2016.

The line is operated by the [Moscow Government](/source/Moscow_Government) owned company MKZD through the [Moscow Metro](/source/Moscow_Metro), with the [Federal Government](/source/Government_of_Russia) owned [Russian Railways](/source/Russian_Railways) selected as the operation subcontractor.

#### Moscow Central Diameters

An [EG2Tv](/source/Ivolga_(train)) train arriving at the [Moscow Belorussky railway station](/source/Moscow_Belorussky_railway_station)

Map of the [Moscow Central Diameters](/source/Moscow_Central_Diameters)

Another system, which forms "genuine *S-Bahn*" as in "suburbia-city-suburbia"-designed railway, is the [Moscow Central Diameters](/source/Moscow_Central_Diameters), a pass-through railways system, created by constructing bypasses from "vokzals" final stations (e.g. by avoiding the central stations of already existing Moscow Railway, used for both intercity and urban-suburban travel before)[244] and forming a train line across Moscow's centre.

Out of 5 projected lines, the first 2 lines were completed and launched on 2019-11-21.

### Roads

Intersection at [Tverskaya Zastava Square](/source/Tverskaya_Zastava_Square)

There are over 2.6 million cars in the city daily. Recent years have seen growth in the number of cars, which have caused traffic jams and lack of parking space to become major problems.

The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD), along with the [Third Transport Ring](/source/Third_Ring_Road_(Moscow)) and the canceled Fourth Transport Ring, is one of only three freeways that run within Moscow city limits. Several other roadway systems form [concentric circles](/source/Concentric_circles) around the city.

### Air

There are five primary commercial airports serving Moscow: [Sheremetyevo](/source/Sheremetyevo_International_Airport) (SVO), [Domodedovo](/source/Domodedovo_International_Airport) (DME), [Vnukovo](/source/Vnukovo_International_Airport) (VKO), [Zhukovsky](/source/Zhukovsky_International_Airport) (ZIA), [Ostafyevo](/source/Ostafyevo_International_Airport) (OSF).

Sheremetyevo, the [busiest airport in Russia](/source/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Russia), is ranked as the [eleventh-busiest airport](/source/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Europe) in Europe.

Sheremetyevo International Airport is the most globally connected of Moscow's airports, handling 60% of all international flights.[245] It is also a home to all [SkyTeam](/source/SkyTeam) members, and the main hub for [Aeroflot](/source/Aeroflot) (itself a member of SkyTeam). Domodedovo International Airport is the leading airport in Russia in terms of passenger throughput and is the primary gateway to long-haul domestic and CIS destinations and its international traffic rivals Sheremetyevo. It is a hub for [S7 airlines](/source/S7_airlines), and most of [OneWorld](/source/OneWorld) and [Star Alliance](/source/Star_Alliance) members use Domodedovo as their international hub. Vnukovo International Airport handles flights of [Turkish Airlines](/source/Turkish_Airlines), [Wizz Air Abu Dhabi](/source/Wizz_Air_Abu_Dhabi) and others. Ostafyevo International Airport caters primarily to business aviation.

Moscow's airports vary in distances from the MKAD beltway: Domodedovo is the farthest at 22 km (14 mi); Vnukovo is 11 km (7 mi); Sheremetyevo is 10 km (6 mi); and Ostafievo, the nearest, is about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from MKAD.[245]

There are a number of smaller airports close to Moscow (19 in Moscow Oblast) such as [Myachkovo Airport](/source/Myachkovo_Airport), that are intended for private aircraft, helicopters and charters.[246]

### Water

Moscow has two passenger terminals, ([South River Terminal](/source/South_River_Terminal) and [North River Terminal](/source/North_River_Terminal)), on the river and regular ship routes and cruises along the [Moskva](/source/Moskva_River) and [Oka](/source/Oka_River) rivers, which are used mostly for entertainment. The [North River Terminal](/source/North_River_Terminal), built in 1937, is the main hub for long-range river routes. There are three freight ports serving Moscow.

Moscow is connected via the [Moscow Canal](/source/Moscow_Canal) to Russia's [Unified Deep Water System](/source/Unified_Deep_Water_System_of_European_Russia), a large system of canals and rivers in European Russia. This gives the city water access to five seas: the [White Sea](/source/White_Sea), [Baltic Sea](/source/Baltic_Sea), [Caspian Sea](/source/Caspian_Sea), [Sea of Azov](/source/Sea_of_Azov), and the [Black Sea](/source/Black_Sea). As such, it is sometimes called the "port of the five seas" ([Russian](/source/Russian_language): порт пяти морей).[247]

### Sharing system

See also: [Carsharing in Moscow](/source/Carsharing_in_Moscow)

As of 2020[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moscow&action=edit), Moscow has the [largest fleet of carsharing vehicles](/source/Carsharing_in_Moscow) in the world, with more than 30,000 cars.[248]

Moscow has different vehicle sharing options that are sponsored by the local government. There are several [car sharing](/source/Car_sharing) companies which are in charge of providing cars to the population. To drive the automobiles, the user has to book them through the app of the owning company. In 2018 the mayor [Sergey Sobyanin](/source/Sergey_Sobyanin) said Moscow's car sharing system has become the biggest in Europe in terms of vehicle fleet.[249] Every day about 25,000 people use this service. In the end of the same year Moscow carsharing became the second in the world in therms of fleet with 16.5K available vehicles.[250] Another sharing system is [bike sharing](/source/Bike_sharing) (*[Velobike](/source/Velobike)*) of a fleet formed by 3000 traditional and electrical bicycles.[251] The *Delisamokat* is a new sharing service that provides electrical scooters.[252]

### Future development

The 2020 development concept of [Moscow International Business Center](/source/Moscow_International_Business_Center) and its adjacent territory implies the construction of even more skyscrapers during the period of 2020–2027.[253][254]

In 1992, the Moscow government began planning a projected new part of central Moscow, the [Moscow International Business Center](/source/Moscow_International_Business_Center), with the goal of creating a zone, the first in Russia, and in all of Eastern Europe,[255] that will combine business activity, living space and entertainment. Situated in [Presnensky District](/source/Presnensky_District) and located at the Third Ring, the Moscow City area is under intense development. The construction of the MIBC takes place on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment. The whole project takes up to one square kilometre (250 acres). The area is the only spot in downtown Moscow that can accommodate a project of this magnitude. Today, most of the buildings there are old factories and industrial complexes.

The [Federation Tower](/source/Federation_Tower), completed in 2016, is the [second-tallest building in Europe](/source/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Europe). It is planned to include a [water park](/source/Water_park) and other recreational facilities; business, office, entertainment, and residential buildings, a transport network and a [new site for the Moscow government](/source/City_Hall_and_City_Duma). The construction of four new metro stations in the territory has been completed, two of which have opened and two others are reserved for future metro lines crossing MIBC, some additional stations were planned.

- A rail shuttle service, directly connecting [MIBC](/source/Moscow_International_Business_Center) with the [Sheremetyevo International Airport](/source/Sheremetyevo_International_Airport) is also planned.

Major thoroughfares through MIBC are the [Third Ring](/source/Third_Ring_Road_(Moscow)) and [Kutuzovsky Prospekt](/source/Kutuzovsky_Prospekt).

Three metro stations were initially planned for the [Filyovskaya Line](/source/Filyovskaya_Line). The station Delovoi Tsentr opened in 2005 and was later renamed [Vystavochnaya](/source/Vystavochnaya) in 2009. The branch extended to the [Mezhdunarodnaya](/source/Mezhdunarodnaya_(Moscow_Metro)) station in 2006, and all work on the third station, Dorogomilovskaya (between [Kiyevskaya](/source/Kiyevskaya_(Filyovskaya)) and Delovoi Tsentr), has been postponed. There are plans to extend the branch as far as the [Savyolovskaya](/source/Savyolovskaya_(Serpukhovsko%E2%80%93Timiryazevskaya_line)) station, on the [Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line](/source/Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya_Line).

The cellphone service provider MTS announced on 5 March 2021, that they would begin the country's first pilot [5G](/source/5G) network in Moscow.[256]

## Media

See also: [Media of Russia](/source/Media_of_Russia)

Moscow is home to nearly all of Russia's nationwide [television networks](/source/Television_in_Russia), [radio stations](/source/Radio_station), newspapers, and magazines.

### Newspapers

Further information: [List of newspapers in Russia](/source/List_of_newspapers_in_Russia)

English-language media includes *[The Moscow Times](/source/The_Moscow_Times)*.[257] *[The Moscow News](/source/The_Moscow_News)* was the oldest English-language weekly newspaper Russia. *[Kommersant](/source/Kommersant)*, *[Vedomosti](/source/Vedomosti)* and *[Novaya Gazeta](/source/Novaya_Gazeta)* are Russian-language media headquartered in Moscow. *Kommersant* and *Vedomosti* are among the country's oldest Russian-language business newspapers.

### TV and radio

See also: [Television in Russia](/source/Television_in_Russia)

The [RTRN](/source/Russian_Television_and_Radio_Broadcasting_Network) building

Other media in Moscow include the *[Echo of Moscow](/source/Echo_of_Moscow)*, the first Soviet and Russian private news radio and information agency, and [NTV](/source/NTV_(Russia)), one of the first privately owned Russian television stations. The total number of radio stations in Moscow in the FM band is near 50.

**Moscow television networks:**

- [Channel One](/source/Channel_One_(Russia))

- [Russia-1](/source/Russia-1_(TV_channel))

- [Russia-2](/source/Russia-2_(TV_channel))

- [NTV](/source/NTV_(Russia))

- [TV Tsentr](/source/TV_Tsentr)

- [Channel 5](/source/Petersburg_%E2%80%93_Channel_5)

- [Rossiya Kultura](/source/Kultura_(TV_channel))

- [Russia-24](/source/Russia-24_(TV_channel))

- [Public Television of Russia](/source/Public_Television_of_Russia)

- [REN TV](/source/REN_TV)

- [STS](/source/STS_(TV_channel))

- [TNT](/source/TNT_(Russia))

- [TV-3](/source/TV-3_(Russia))

- [Zvezda](/source/Zvezda_(TV_channel))

- [Domashny](/source/Domashny)

- [Carousel](/source/Carousel_(TV_channel))

- [Peretz](/source/Peretz_(TV_channel%2C_Russia))

- [Euronews](/source/Euronews)

- [2x2](/source/2%C3%972_(TV_channel))

- [Pyatnica!](/source/Pyatnica!_(TV_channel%2C_Russia))

- [Disney Channel](/source/Disney_Channel_(Russia))

- [RBC](/source/RBC_TV)

- [Moskva 24](/source/Moscow_24_(TV_channel))

- [TV Rain](/source/TV_Rain)

- [RU.TV](/source/RU.TV)

- [Petersburg – Channel 5](/source/Petersburg_%E2%80%93_Channel_5)

**Moscow radio stations:**

- "Russian (Russkoye) Radio"

- "[Europa Plus](/source/Europa_Plus)"

- "DFM"

- "NRJ (Russia)"

- "[Radio Maximum](/source/Radio_Maximum)"

- "Voice of Russia (in English)"

- "Radio Freedom (Svoboda)"

- "Megapolis FM"

- "Radio Kultura (Culture)"

- "Pioneer FM"

- "Zvezda"

- "Komsomolskaya Pravda"

- "Orpheus"

- "Monte Carlo"

- "Love Radio"

- "The Main" Главная

- "Govorit Moskva"

- "Radio Dacha"

- "[Nashe Radio](/source/Nashe_Radio)"

- "Radio 7"

- "Humor FM"

- "Retro FM"

- "Ultra"

- "Keks FM"

- "Carnival"

- "Dobrye Pesni (Good Songs)"

- "Voyage FM"

- "Kino FM"

- "Finam FM"

- "First Popular"

- "Politseiskaya Volna (Police Wave)"

- "Radio Sport"

- "[Radio Rossii](/source/Radio_Rossii)"

- "Radio Podmoskovye"

- "Radiocompany Moscow"

- "UFM"

- "Mayak"

- "Business FM"

- "Autoradio"

- "Moya Semia (My Family)"

- "XFM"

- "Fresh Radio"

- "Silver Rain"

- "Chanson"

- "[M-Radio](/source/M-Radio)"

- "Orphey"

- "[Echo of Moscow](/source/Echo_of_Moscow)"

- "Radio Jazz"

- "Classic Radio"

- "Vesti FM"

- "City FM"

- "Relax FM"

- "Kommersant FM"

- "Rock FM"

- "Children's Radio"

- "Radio Alla"

- "Best FM"

- "Next FM"

- "Hit FM"

- "Radio Record"

- "Capital FM Moscow"

## People

Main article: [List of people from Moscow](/source/List_of_people_from_Moscow)

Further information: [Category:People from Moscow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Moscow)

		- [Alexander Pushkin](/source/Alexander_Pushkin), the founder of modern [Russian literature](/source/Russian_literature), was born in Moscow in 1799.

		- [Fyodor Dostoyevsky](/source/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky) was born in Moscow in 1821.

		- [Alexander Suvorov](/source/Alexander_Suvorov) was born in Moscow in 1730.

		- [Peter the Great](/source/Peter_the_Great) was born in Moscow in 1672.

## International relations

See also: [List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia](/source/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Russia)

### Twin towns – sister cities

Moscow is [twinned](/source/Sister_city) with:

- [Almaty](/source/Almaty), Kazakhstan[258]

- [Ankara](/source/Ankara), Turkey[259]

- [Astana](/source/Astana), Kazakhstan[258]

- [Baku](/source/Baku), Azerbaijan[260]

- [Bangkok](/source/Bangkok), Thailand[261]

- [Beijing](/source/Beijing), China[262]

- [Bucharest](/source/Bucharest), Romania[263]

- [Buenos Aires](/source/Buenos_Aires), Argentina[264]

- [Cusco](/source/Cusco), Peru[265]

- [Dubai](/source/Dubai), United Arab Emirates[266]

- [Ganja](/source/Ganja%2C_Azerbaijan), Azerbaijan[267]

- [Ho Chi Minh City](/source/Ho_Chi_Minh_City), Vietnam[268]

- [Jakarta](/source/Jakarta), Indonesia[269]

- [Ljubljana](/source/Ljubljana), Slovenia[270]

- [London](/source/London), United Kingdom[271]

- [Manila](/source/Manila), Philippines[272]

- [New Delhi](/source/New_Delhi), India[273]

- [Pyongyang](/source/Pyongyang), North Korea[274]

- [Rasht](/source/Rasht), Iran[275]

- [Reykjavík](/source/Reykjav%C3%ADk), Iceland[276]

- [Riga](/source/Riga), Latvia[277]

- [Seoul](/source/Seoul), South Korea[278]

- [Tashkent](/source/Tashkent), Uzbekistan[279]

- [Tehran](/source/Tehran), Iran[280]

- [Tokyo](/source/Tokyo), Japan[281]

- [Ulaanbaatar](/source/Ulaanbaatar), Mongolia[282]

### Cooperation agreements

Moscow has cooperation agreements with:

- [Bangkok](/source/Bangkok), Thailand (1997)[283]

- [Lisbon](/source/Lisbon), Portugal (1997)[284]

- [Madrid](/source/Madrid), Spain (2006)[285]

- [Tel Aviv](/source/Tel_Aviv), Israel (2001)[286]

- [Tunis](/source/Tunis), Tunisia (1998)[287]

- [Yerevan](/source/Yerevan), Armenia (1995)[288]

### Former twin towns and sister cities

- [Berlin](/source/Berlin), Germany (suspended due to the [Russo-Ukrainian war](/source/Russo-Ukrainian_war))[289]

- [Brno](/source/Brno), Czech Republic (terminated due to the [Russo-Ukrainian war](/source/Russo-Ukrainian_war))[290]

- [Chicago](/source/Chicago), United States (suspended due to the [Russo-Ukrainian war](/source/Russo-Ukrainian_war))[291]

- [Düsseldorf](/source/D%C3%BCsseldorf), Germany (suspended due to the [Russo-Ukrainian war](/source/Russo-Ukrainian_war))[292][293]

- [Kharkiv](/source/Kharkiv), Ukraine[294]

- [Kyiv](/source/Kyiv), Ukraine[295]

- [Prague](/source/Prague), Czech Republic (suspended since 2014 due to the [Russo-Ukrainian war](/source/Russo-Ukrainian_war))[296][297][298]

- [Tallinn](/source/Tallinn), Estonia[299]

- [Vilnius](/source/Vilnius), Lithuania[300]

- [Warsaw](/source/Warsaw), Poland (terminated due to the [Russo-Ukrainian war](/source/Russo-Ukrainian_war))[301]

## See also

- [List of churches in Moscow](/source/List_of_churches_in_Moscow)

- [List of Moscow tourist attractions](/source/List_of_Moscow_tourist_attractions)

- [List of museums in Moscow](/source/List_of_museums_in_Moscow)

- [List of shopping malls in Moscow](/source/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Moscow)

- [Mayor of Moscow](/source/Mayor_of_Moscow)

- [Moscow Millionaire Fair](/source/Moscow_Millionaire_Fair)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** English: [/ˈmɒskoʊ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [*MOS-koh*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key), [US](/source/American_English) chiefly [/ˈmɒskaʊ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [*MOS-kow*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key);[12][13] Russian: Москва, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Russian): *Moskva*, IPA: [\[mɐˈskva\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian) [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B02.oga).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** [Istanbul](/source/Istanbul), which is partially in Europe, is a larger city, with two-thirds of its population of 15 million living in Europe.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-123)** Taken from language of respondents

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-dolgorukiy_1-0)** Comins-Richmond, Walter. ["The History of Moscow"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060517163858/http://faculty.oxy.edu/richmond/csp8/history_of_moscow.htm). Occidental College. Archived from [the original](http://faculty.oxy.edu/richmond/csp8/history_of_moscow.htm) on 17 May 2006. Retrieved 3 July 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["The Moscow Statute"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110823154646/http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14215&documentId=118572). *Moscow City Duma*. Moscow City Government. 28 June 1995. Archived from [the original](http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14215&documentId=118572) on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2010. The supreme and exclusive legislative (representative) body of the state power in Moscow is the Moscow City Duma.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-mayor_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-mayor_3-1) ["The Moscow City Mayor"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110823154527/http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14107). Government of Moscow. Archived from [the original](http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14107) on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-InfostatArea_4-0)** ["Общая площадь Москвы в длинну и ширину"](https://rosinfostat.ru/ploshhad-moskvy/). RosInfoStat. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211203140325/https://rosinfostat.ru/ploshhad-moskvy/) from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-2021Census_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-2021Census_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-2021Census_5-2) ["Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации"](https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx). [Federal State Statistics Service](/source/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220901194902/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx) from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Urban_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Urban_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Urban_6-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Urban_6-3) ["Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps"](https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230707123157/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/) from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** [Moscow metropolitan area](/source/Moscow_metropolitan_area)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Including [Moscow Oblast](/source/Moscow_Oblast) (8,524,665)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Валовой региональный продукт - Врп с 1998-2024 года"](https://rosstat.gov.ru/statistics/accounts#). *rosstat.gov.ru*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации](http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085) (in Russian). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200622151333/http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085) from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Автомобильные коды регионов России-2022: таблица с последними изменениями"](https://ria.ru/20221116/avtokody-1831987874.html). *РИА Новости* (in Russian). 16 November 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221128050947/https://ria.ru/20221116/avtokody-1831987874.html) from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Wells, John C. (2008). *Longman Pronunciation Dictionary* (3rd ed.). Longman. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4058-8118-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Roach, Peter (2011). *Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary* (18th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-521-15253-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15253-2).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Megapolis_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Megapolis_15-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Megapolis_15-2) Akishin, Alexander (17 August 2017). ["A 3-Hour Commute: A Close Look At Moscow The Megapolis"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210417121056/https://strelkamag.com/en/article/moscow-agglomeration). *Strelka Mag*. Archived from [the original](https://strelkamag.com/en/article/moscow-agglomeration) on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2020.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Planète_Énergies_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Planète_Énergies_17-1) ["Moscow, a City Undergoing Transformation"](https://www.planete-energies.com/en/medias/close/moscow-city-undergoing-transformation). *Planète Énergies*. 11 September 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211027055122/https://www.planete-energies.com/en/medias/close/moscow-city-undergoing-transformation) from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** "Moscow, Grand Duchy of". [*World Encyclopedia*](https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-7792). Philip's. 2004. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-954609-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954609-1). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250601225153/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-7792) from the original on 1 June 2025. Retrieved 1 June 2025.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Weeks_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Weeks_19-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Weeks_19-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Weeks_19-3) Weeks, Theodore R. (1 January 2008). "Moscow". [*The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World*](https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195176322.001.0001/acref-9780195176322-e-1053). Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-517632-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517632-2). Moscow's status was considerably reduced during the imperial period of Russian history, after Peter the Great... moved the capital in 1712 to the newly constructed city of Saint Petersburg... As the capital of the Soviet Union, Moscow expanded greatly...

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["A glimpse into history"](https://web.archive.org/web/20211007105652/https://www.mos.ru/en/city/about/). *mos.ru*. Archived from [the original](https://www.mos.ru/en/city/about/) on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Brade, Isolde; Rudolph, Robert (2004). "Moscow, the Global City? The Position of the Russian Capital within the European System of Metropolitan Areas". *Area*. **36** (1). [Wiley](/source/Wiley_(publisher)): 69–80. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2004Area...36...69B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Area...36...69B). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.0004-0894.2004.00306.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0004-0894.2004.00306.x). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0004-0894](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-0894). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [20004359](https://www.jstor.org/stable/20004359).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Grosser, Annikka. ["The Cities With The Most Billionaires 2024"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/annikagrosser/2024/04/26/the-cities-with-the-most-billionaires-2024/). *Forbes*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230604161409/https://www.forbes.com/sites/gigizamora/2023/04/08/the-cities-with-the-most-billionaires-2023/) from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2024.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell202345_41-0)** [Fennell 2023](#CITEREFFennell2023), p. 45.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell202346_43-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell202346_43-1) [Fennell 2023](#CITEREFFennell2023), p. 46.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell202347_44-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell202347_44-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell202347_44-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell202347_44-3) [Fennell 2023](#CITEREFFennell2023), p. 47.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuchkin2013308_45-0)** [Kuchkin 2013](#CITEREFKuchkin2013), p. 308.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell202348_46-0)** [Fennell 2023](#CITEREFFennell2023), p. 48.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell202350–51_47-0)** [Fennell 2023](#CITEREFFennell2023), pp. 50–51.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell202355_48-0)** [Fennell 2023](#CITEREFFennell2023), p. 55.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell202360_49-0)** [Fennell 2023](#CITEREFFennell2023), p. 60.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell202387_50-0)** [Fennell 2023](#CITEREFFennell2023), p. 87.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell2023145_51-0)** [Fennell 2023](#CITEREFFennell2023), p. 145.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovskySteinberg201973_52-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovskySteinberg201973_52-1) [Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2019](#CITEREFRiasanovskySteinberg2019), p. 73.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrummey201440_53-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrummey201440_53-1) [Crummey 2014](#CITEREFCrummey2014), p. 40.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmirnova2013273_54-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmirnova2013273_54-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmirnova2013273_54-2) [Smirnova 2013](#CITEREFSmirnova2013), p. 273.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell2023211–212_55-0)** [Fennell 2023](#CITEREFFennell2023), pp. 211–212.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell2023217_56-0)** [Fennell 2023](#CITEREFFennell2023), p. 217.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell2023170–171_57-0)** [Fennell 2023](#CITEREFFennell2023), pp. 170–171.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrummey201449_58-0)** [Crummey 2014](#CITEREFCrummey2014), p. 49.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrummey201451_59-0)** [Crummey 2014](#CITEREFCrummey2014), p. 51.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell2023306_60-0)** [Fennell 2023](#CITEREFFennell2023), p. 306.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrummey201469_61-0)** [Crummey 2014](#CITEREFCrummey2014), p. 69.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrummey201475_62-0)** [Crummey 2014](#CITEREFCrummey2014), p. 75.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrummey201472_63-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrummey201472_63-1) [Crummey 2014](#CITEREFCrummey2014), p. 72.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrummey2014135_64-0)** [Crummey 2014](#CITEREFCrummey2014), p. 135.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovskySteinberg201977–79_65-0)** [Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2019](#CITEREFRiasanovskySteinberg2019), pp. 77–79.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiasanovskySteinberg201978_66-0)** [Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2019](#CITEREFRiasanovskySteinberg2019), p. 78.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrummey201492RiasanovskySteinberg201979_67-0)** [Crummey 2014](#CITEREFCrummey2014), p. 92; [Riasanovsky & Steinberg 2019](#CITEREFRiasanovskySteinberg2019), p. 79.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-159)** UNESCO considers the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square to be part of a single World Heritage Site. See also [UNESCO's profile](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170906015318/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545) 6 September 2017 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) on this site.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-160)** ["Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow"](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545). *World Heritage List*. UNESCO. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170906015318/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545) from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-161)** ["Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye"](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/634). *World Heritage List*. UNESCO. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210512044135/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/634/) from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2006.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-moszoo_162-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-moszoo_162-1) ["General Information"](http://www.moscowzoo.ru/). Moscow Zoo. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060712103540/http://www.moscowzoo.ru/) from the original on 12 July 2006. Retrieved 15 July 2006.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-golden-ring_163-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-golden-ring_163-1) ["Along the Moscow Golden Ring"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060723084926/http://www.moscow-city.ru/download/source/Golden_Ring_Engl.pdf/8-11.pdf) (PDF). Moscow, Russia Tourist Information center. Archived from [the original](http://www.moscow-city.ru/download/source/Golden_Ring_Engl.pdf/8-11.pdf) (PDF) on 23 July 2006. Retrieved 5 July 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-164)** ["The Official site of the Tretyakov Gallery"](http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/en/). Tretyakovgallery.ru. Retrieved 11 June 2012.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-trety_165-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-trety_165-1) ["About The State Tretyakov Gallery"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070927110355/http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/english/about.shtml). The State Tretyakov Gallery. Archived from [the original](http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/english/about.shtml) on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-166)** See also: (in Russian) [The Official Site of the Polytechnical Museum](http://eng.polymus.ru/rv/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060716112000/http://eng.polymus.ru/rv/) 16 July 2006 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) Retrieved on 23 July 2006. ([English version](http://eng.polymus.ru/rv/) )

1. **[^](#cite_ref-167)** ["The Museum Collections"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060719045139/http://eng.polymus.ru/?s=19&lvl=1). Polytechnical Museum. Archived from [the original](http://eng.polymus.ru/?s=19&lvl=1) on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 4 August 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-168)** ["The official site of Borodino Panorama museum"](http://www.1812panorama.ru/). 1812panorama.ru. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120608214523/http://www.1812panorama.ru/) from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-169)** Sinelschikova, Yekaterina (2 September 2021). ["Moscow is getting its own Hermitage Museum! (PICS)"](https://www.rbth.com/arts/334157-moscow-own-hermitage-museum). *Russia Beyond*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210920003340/https://www.rbth.com/arts/334157-moscow-own-hermitage-museum) from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-170)** ["Russian Ministry of Culture official statistics"](http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150702180223/http://mkrf.ru/upload/stats-web/index.html). Archived from [the original](http://mkrf.ru/upload/stats-web/index.html#) on 2 July 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-171)** ["Russian Ministry of Culture official stats"](http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150702180223/http://mkrf.ru/upload/stats-web/index.html). Archived from [the original](http://mkrf.ru/upload/stats-web/index.html#) on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-172)** ["State Academic Maly Theatre"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170925230442/https://www.moscovery.com/state-academic-maly-theatre/). 8 July 2016. Archived from [the original](https://www.moscovery.com/state-academic-maly-theatre/) on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-173)** ["The Official Site of the Moscow International Performance Arts Centre"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120513131136/http://www.mmdm.ru/en/). Mmdm.ru. Archived from [the original](http://www.mmdm.ru/en) on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-174)** See also: (in Russian) [The Official Site of the Moscow Nikulun Circus](http://www.circusnikulin.ru/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060717153240/http://www.circusnikulin.ru/) 17 July 2006 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). Retrieved on 17 July 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-175)** ["History of the Mosfilm concern studios foundation"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070927063958/http://www.mosfilm.ru/index.php?File=units%2Feng%2Fhistory.htm&Style=text&Lang=eng). MosFilm. Archived from [the original](http://www.mosfilm.ru/index.php?File=units/eng/history.htm&Style=text&Lang=eng) on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-176)** ["The Official Site of the Museum of Cinema"](http://www.museikino.ru/) (in Russian). Museikino.ru. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120626132633/http://www.museikino.ru/) from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-177)** ["The mood in Moscow"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4626831.stm). *BBC News*. 3 July 2005. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060526121800/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4626831.stm) from the original on 26 May 2006. Retrieved 22 December 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-178)** Archived at [Ghostarchive](https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/cwttEMCM-Y8) and the [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/20110125202043/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwttEMCM-Y8): ["Russia grabs World Bandy Championship"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwttEMCM-Y8). YouTube. Retrieved 15 June 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-179)** ["Google Translate"](https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/2/&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/2/%26hl%3Den%26tbo%3Dd%26biw%3D1024%26bih%3D545&sa=X&ei=qyW7UPq6KKri4QS03YE4&ved=0CC4Q7gEwAA). Translate.google.se. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210525002747/https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fstadium%2F2%2F&prev=%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fstadium%2F2%2F%26hl%3Den%26tbo%3Dd%26biw%3D1024%26bih%3D545&sa=X&ei=qyW7UPq6KKri4QS03YE4&ved=0CC4Q7gEwAA) from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-180)** See also: (in Russian) [The Official Site of the Central Moscow Hippodrome](http://www.cmh.ru/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080325082648/http://www.cmh.ru/) 25 March 2008 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-181)** See also: [about the Palace of Gymnastics on the Moscow Investment Portal](http://en.investmoscow.ru/calendar-of-events/2019-06/21sergey-sobyanin-otkryl-dvorets-gimnastiki-v-luzhnikakh/Article) [*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-go-mag_182-0)** ["Go Magazine"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070220063958/http://www.go-magazine.ru/articles/show/497). *The Moscow Times*. Archived from [the original](http://www.go-magazine.ru/articles/show/497) on 20 February 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-183)** ["Moscow: The City That Never Sleeps"](https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/06/13/moscow-city-that-never-sleeps-a65948). The Moscow Times. 3 June 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220504044143/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/06/13/moscow-city-that-never-sleeps-a65948) from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-184)** ["Moscow Nightlife: The Best Party Spots"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151124231936/https://www.n1ght.com/en/blog/article/moscow-nightlife-best-party-spots). 19 November 2015. Archived from [the original](https://www.n1ght.com/en/blog/article/moscow-nightlife-best-party-spots) on 24 November 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-185)** ["Парк "Остров мечты" откроется в Москве в 2019 году"](https://iz.ru/703885/2018-02-03/park-ostrov-mechty-otkroetsia-v-moskve-v-2019-godu). *Izvestia* (in Russian). 3 February 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180626135532/https://iz.ru/703885/2018-02-03/park-ostrov-mechty-otkroetsia-v-moskve-v-2019-godu) from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-186)** ["Dream Island Moscow"](https://www.themeparx.com/dream-island-moscow/). *Theme Park Construction Board*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210421072549/https://www.themeparx.com/dream-island-moscow) from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-187)** ["Safe Cities Index 2021 | NEC"](https://impact.economist.com/projects/safe-cities/). *www.nec.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201003004430/https://www.nec.com/en/global/ad/safecitiesindex2019/index.html) from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-188)** ["Crime in Moscow"](https://www.numbeo.com/crime/in/Moscow). *www.numbeo.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201002230229/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/in/Moscow) from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-189)** ["In Moscow, the face recognition system will work through CCTV cameras"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200623084209/https://geeks-world.github.io/articles/407023/index.html). Archived from [the original](https://geeks-world.github.io/articles/407023/index.html) on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-190)** ["Ambulance, police and Emergencies Ministry: Who to call in case of emergency"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220217091140/https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/26869073/). *Moscow City Web Site*. 2 September 2017. Archived from [the original](https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/26869073/) on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-191)** ["Moscow's EMS ranks as the second most efficient in the world"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220217091142/https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/63830073/). *Moscow City Web Site*. 24 October 2019. Archived from [the original](https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/63830073/) on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Merger_192-0)** Official website of the Government of Moscow. [Draft of adopted measures of the capital and oblast governments with regards to the expansion of the borders of Moscow](http://www.mos.ru/about/borders/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110821063010/http://www.mos.ru/about/borders/) 21 August 2011 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) (in Russian)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-193)** [Цены на Квартиры в Москве по Административным Районам и Станциям Метро](http://www.metrinfo.ru/area/). *Metrinfo.ru* (in Russian). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20101227235220/http://www.metrinfo.ru/area/) from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-MoscowO_194-0)** According to Article 24 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast, the government bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Moscow and throughout the territory of Moscow Oblast. However, Moscow is not officially named the administrative centre of the oblast.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-195)** ["200 крупнейших частных компаний России — 2019. Рейтинг Forbes | Бизнес"](https://www.forbes.ru//rating/383547-200-krupneyshih-chastnyh-kompaniy-rossii-2019-reyting-forbes). *Forbes.ru*. 16 September 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211027224136/https://www.forbes.ru/rating/383547-200-krupneyshih-chastnyh-kompaniy-rossii-2019-reyting-forbes) from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-196)** Arkhipov, Ilya (28 September 2010). ["Medvedev Fires Moscow Mayor Luzhkov After Conflict"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-28/medvedev-fires-moscow-s-mayor-yury-luzhkov-citing-a-loss-of-confidence-.html). *Bloomberg.com*. Bloomberg L.P. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20101202151836/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-28/medvedev-fires-moscow-s-mayor-yury-luzhkov-citing-a-loss-of-confidence-.html) from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-197)** [""GRP volume at current basic prices (billion rubles)""](https://77.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%20%D0%92%D0%A0%D0%9F%20%D0%B2%20%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%202021%20%D0%B3..htm). rosstat.gov.ru. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230414173212/https://77.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%20%D0%92%D0%A0%D0%9F%20%D0%B2%20%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%202021%20%D0%B3..htm) from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-198)** ["Среднемесячная номинальная начисленная заработная плата работников в целом по экономике Российской Федерации в 1991-2022 гг"](https://rosstat.gov.ru/labor_market_employment_salaries). *rosstat.gov.ru*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200319154712/https://rosstat.gov.ru/labor_market_employment_salaries) from the original on 19 March 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-199)** Giacomo Tognini. ["World's Richest Cities: The Top 10 Cities Billionaires Call Home"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2020/04/07/worlds-richest-cities-the-top-10-cities-where-most-billionaires-call-home-2020/). *Forbes*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200407105020/https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2020/04/07/worlds-richest-cities-the-top-10-cities-where-most-billionaires-call-home-2020/) from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-bofit_42_2010_200-0)** ["BOFIT Weekly 42/2010"](https://www.webcitation.org/5tmjrHFzM?url=http://www.bof.fi/NR/rdonlyres/A0C226F8-3D3F-4B6F-8AA3-B621E963D4CC/0/w201042.pdf) (PDF). Bank of Finland's Institute for Economies in Transition. 22 October 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.bof.fi/NR/rdonlyres/A0C226F8-3D3F-4B6F-8AA3-B621E963D4CC/0/w201042.pdf) (PDF) on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-201)** ["Average monthly salaries"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070824030354/http://www.gks.ru/gis/tables/UROV-7.htm). Federal Service on State Statistics. Archived from [the original](http://www.gks.ru/gis/tables%5CUROV-7.htm) on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 7 September 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-202)** ["The Official Site of the Moscow Cristall distillery"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120528082514/http://eng.kristall.ru/). Eng.kristall.ru. Archived from [the original](http://eng.kristall.ru/) on 28 May 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-203)** See also: (in Russian) [The Official Site of the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery](http://www.mmvz.ru/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20010220092957/http://www.mmvz.ru/) 20 February 2001 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). Retrieved on 7 July 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-204)** See also: (in Russian) [The Official Site of the Moscow Jewelry Factory](http://www.miuz.ru/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060702194811/http://www.miuz.ru/) 2 July 2006 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). Retrieved on 7 July 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-205)** See also: (in Russian) [The Official Site of the Experimental Moscow Jewelry Atelier Jewellerprom](https://web.archive.org/web/20100218032111/http://www.jewellerprom.ru/). Retrieved on 7 July 2006,

1. **[^](#cite_ref-206)** ["US$4,500 for a Square Meter of Apartment Space. The Moscow Times"](http://waybackmachine.org/*/http://rus.intermark.ru/about-us/press/mt_20_10/). Waybackmachine.org. 19 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-207)** ["Преодолен абсолютный рекорд роста цен на недвижимость: московский стройкомплекс в зеркале СМИ"](https://regnum.ru/news/643249.html). *ИА REGNUM*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210410052915/https://regnum.ru/news/643249.html) from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-208)** Humphries, Conor (20 June 2006). ["Dividing the Spoils of the Boom"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070817152833/http://www.stroi.ru/eng/default.aspx?d=5&dr=901&m=13). *The Moscow Times*. Archived from [the original](http://www.stroi.ru/eng/default.aspx?d=5&dr=901&m=13) on 17 August 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-209)** ["Costs of realty in Moscow (2006)"](http://mosday.ru/info/article.php?realty-2006) (in Russian). Mosday.ru. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140702171121/http://mosday.ru/info/article.php?realty-2006) from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-210)** Sahadi, Jeanne (23 June 2006). ["World's most expensive cities"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060703140408/https://money.cnn.com/2006/06/23/pf/expensive_cities/index.htm). CNNMoney. Archived from [the original](https://money.cnn.com/2006/06/23/pf/expensive_cities/index.htm) on 3 July 2006. Retrieved 4 July 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-mercer.com_211-0)** ["Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2009"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100615061034/http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr). Mercer.com. 7 July 2009. Archived from [the original](http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr#Top_50) on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-212)** ["Stock Quotes, Business News and Data from Stock Markets | MSN Money"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080805100832/http://realestate.msn.com/buying/Article_forbes.aspx?cp-documentid=8839818&GT1=35000). *www.msn.com*. Archived from [the original](https://www.msn.com/en-us/money) on 5 August 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-213)** Jacobs, Deborah L. ["The Most Expensive Cities In The World"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/deborahljacobs/2014/07/10/the-most-expensive-cities-in-the-world/). *forbes.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140714004726/https://www.forbes.com/sites/deborahljacobs/2014/07/10/the-most-expensive-cities-in-the-world/) from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-214)** ["Moscow Nose-Dives in Global Living Cost Rankings"](https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/03/19/moscow-nose-dives-in-global-living-cost-rankings-a64863). *[The Moscow Times](/source/The_Moscow_Times)*. 19 March 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190320124846/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/03/19/moscow-nose-dives-in-global-living-cost-rankings-a64863) from the original on 20 March 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-215)** ["Europe falls behind USA in cost of living"](https://www.eca-international.com/news/june-2019/europe-falls-behind-usa-in-cost-of-living). *[ECA International](/source/ECA_International)*. 13 June 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190616212508/https://www.eca-international.com/News/June-2019/Europe-falls-behind-USA-in-cost-of-living) from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-216)** [Andrey Kovalev, Liliana Proskuryakova. "Innovation in Russian District Heating: Opportunities, Barriers, Mechanisms", pp. 45-46]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-217)** ["MIL-OSI Submissions: Russia – How the portal of the Government of Moscow "Our City" helps to solve problems in the field of urban economy | ForeignAffairs.co.nz"](https://web.archive.org/web/20211005094106/https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2021/09/25/mil-osi-submissions-russia-how-the-portal-of-the-government-of-moscow-our-city-helps-to-solve-problems-in-the-field-of-urban-economy/). Archived from [the original](https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2021/09/25/mil-osi-submissions-russia-how-the-portal-of-the-government-of-moscow-our-city-helps-to-solve-problems-in-the-field-of-urban-economy/) on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-msu-history_218-0)** ["MSU History"](http://www.msu.ru/en/info/history.html). Moscow State University. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060702222014/http://www.msu.ru/en/info/history.html) from the original on 2 July 2006. Retrieved 6 July 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-219)** Templeton, John Marks (1997). *Is Progress Speeding Up?: Our Multiplying Multitudes of Blessings*. Templeton Foundation Press. p. 99. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-890151-02-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890151-02-7).

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## Sources

- Bushkovitch, Paul (5 December 2011). [*A Concise History of Russia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Le-n7ZYjGWkC). Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-139-50444-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50444-7).

- Crummey, Robert O. (6 June 2014). [*The Formation of Muscovy 1300 - 1613*](https://books.google.com/books?id=MMwFBAAAQBAJ). Routledge. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-317-87200-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87200-9).

- [Fennell, John](/source/John_Lister_Illingworth_Fennell) (15 November 2023). [*The Emergence of Moscow, 1304–1359*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ymzfEAAAQBAJ). Univ of California Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-520-34759-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-34759-5).

- Kuchkin, V. A. (2013). "Московское великое княжество" [Grand Principality of Moscow]. In Kravets, S. L. (ed.). *Болшая Российская энциклопедия. Том 21: Монголы — Наноматериалы* (in Russian). Болшая Российская энциклопедия. pp. 308–310. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-5-85270-355-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-85270-355-2).

- [Riasanovsky, Nicholas V.](/source/Nicholas_V._Riasanovsky); [Steinberg, Mark D.](/source/Mark_D._Steinberg) (2019). *A history of Russia* (Ninth ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0190645588](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190645588).

- Smirnova, E. S. (2013). "Московская школа" [Moscow school]. In Kravets, S. L. (ed.). *Болшая Российская энциклопедия. Том 21: Монголы — Наноматериалы* (in Russian). Болшая Российская энциклопедия. pp. 273–274. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-5-85270-355-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-85270-355-2).

## External links

**Moscow**  at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects)

- [Definitions](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moscow) from Wiktionary
- [Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0) from Commons
- [Quotations](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Moscow) from Wikiquote
- [Texts](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moscow) from Wikisource
- [Textbooks](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moscow) from Wikibooks
- [Resources](https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moscow) from Wikiversity
- [Travel information](https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Moscow) from Wikivoyage

- Media related to [Moscow](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Moscow) at Wikimedia Commons

- [Official website](https://www.mos.ru/en/)

- [Interactive map of housing in Moscow from 1785–2018](https://strelkamag.com/ru/article/moscow-housing-map). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200623093543/https://strelkamag.com/ru/article/moscow-housing-map) 23 June 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine).

- [Travel2moscow.com – Official Moscow Guide](https://web.archive.org/web/20170722083414/http://en.travel2moscow.com/)

- [Official Moscow Administration Site](https://web.archive.org/web/20120505061015/http://mos.ru/en/index.php)

- [Informational website of Moscow](http://xn--80adxhks.xn--h1akdx.xn--80aswg/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200527141051/http://www.xn--80adxhks.xn--h1akdx.xn--80aswg/) 27 May 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) (in Russian)

- [Old maps of Moscow](http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/russia/moscow/moscow.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210116220851/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/russia/moscow/moscow.html) 16 January 2021 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). Eran Laor Cartographic Collection. The [National Library of Israel](/source/National_Library_of_Israel). In [Historic Cities Research Project](http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220325051637/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html) 25 March 2022 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine).

v t e Subdivisions of Russia Federal subjects Oblasts (48) Amur Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Chelyabinsk Irkutsk Ivanovo Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kherson1 Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sakhalin Samara Saratov Smolensk Sverdlovsk Tambov Tomsk Tula Tver Tyumen Ulyanovsk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Yaroslavl Zaporozhye1 Republics (24) Adygea Altai Bashkortostan Buryatia Chechnya Chuvashia Crimea1 Dagestan Donetsk1 Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay-Cherkessia Luhansk1 Karelia Khakassia Komi Mari El Mordovia North Ossetia–Alania Sakha Tatarstan Tuva Udmurtia Krais (9) Altai Kamchatka Khabarovsk Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Zabaykalsky Autonomous okrugs (4) Chukotka Khanty-Mansi2 Nenets3 Yamalo-Nenets2 Federal cities (3) Moscow Saint Petersburg Sevastopol1 Autonomous oblast (1) Jewish 1Considered by most of the international community to be part of Ukraine. 2Administratively subordinated to Tyumen Oblast. 3Administratively subordinated to Arkhangelsk Oblast. Non-constitutional official divisions by various institutions Federal districts (by President) Economic regions (by Ministry of Economic Development) Military districts (by Ministry of Defence) Judicial districts

v t e Capitals of Europe Capitals of dependent territories and states whose sovereignty is disputed shown in italics. Sovereign states Amsterdam, Netherlands1 Andorra la Vella, Andorra Ankara, Turkey2 Astana, Kazakhstan2 Athens, Greece Baku, Azerbaijan2 Belgrade, Serbia Berlin, Germany Bern, Switzerland Bratislava, Slovakia Brussels, Belgium3 Bucharest, Romania Budapest, Hungary Chișinău, Moldova Copenhagen, Denmark Dublin, Ireland Helsinki, Finland Kyiv, Ukraine Lisbon, Portugal Ljubljana, Slovenia London, United Kingdom Luxembourg, Luxembourg Madrid, Spain Minsk, Belarus Monaco4 Moscow, Russia Nicosia, Cyprus2 Oslo, Norway Paris, France Podgorica, Montenegro Prague, Czech Republic Reykjavík, Iceland Riga, Latvia Rome, Italy San Marino, San Marino Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Skopje, North Macedonia Sofia, Bulgaria Stockholm, Sweden Tallinn, Estonia Tbilisi, Georgia2 Tirana, Albania Vaduz, Liechtenstein Valletta, Malta Vatican City4 Vienna, Austria Vilnius, Lithuania Warsaw, Poland Yerevan, Armenia2 Zagreb, Croatia States with limited recognition North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus2 Pristina, Kosovo Sokhumi, Abkhazia2 Tiraspol, Transnistria Tskhinvali, South Ossetia2 Dependencies United Kingdom Constituent countries London, England Edinburgh, Scotland Cardiff, Wales Belfast, Northern Ireland Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories Douglas, Isle of Man Episkopi Cantonment, Akrotiri and Dhekelia Gibraltar, Gibraltar St Helier, Jersey Saint Peter Port, Guernsey Other Longyearbyen, Svalbard (Norway) Tórshavn, Faroe Islands (Denmark) Federal states Austria Bregenz, Vorarlberg Eisenstadt, Burgenland Graz, Styria Innsbruck, Tyrol Klagenfurt, Carinthia Linz, Upper Austria Salzburg, Salzburg Sankt Pölten, Lower Austria Vienna, Vienna Belgium Communities Brussels, Flemish Community and French Community Eupen, German-speaking Community Regions Brussels, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders Namur, Wallonia Bosnia and Herzegovina Banja Luka (de facto), Republika Srpska Brčko, Brčko District Sarajevo, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Germany Berlin, Berlin Bremen, Bremen Dresden, Saxony Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia Erfurt, Thuringia Hamburg, Hamburg Hanover, Lower Saxony Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate Munich, Bavaria Potsdam, Brandenburg Saarbrücken, Saarland Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg Wiesbaden, Hesse Russia Republics Cheboksary, Chuvashia Cherkessk, Karachay-Cherkessia Elista, Kalmykia Grozny, Chechnya Izhevsk, Udmurtia Kazan, Tatarstan Magas, Ingushetia Makhachkala, Dagestan Maykop, Adygea Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkaria Petrozavodsk, Karelia Saransk, Mordovia Simferopol, Crimea (disputed) Syktyvkar, Komi Ufa, Bashkortostan Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia–Alania Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El Autonomous okrugs Naryan-Mar, Nenets Krais Krasnodar, Krasnodar Krai Perm, Perm Krai Stavropol, Stavropol Krai Oblasts Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast Astrakhan, Astrakhan Oblast Belgorod, Belgorod Oblast Bryansk, Bryansk Oblast Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast Kaluga, Kaluga Oblast Kirov, Kirov Oblast Kostroma, Kostroma Oblast Krasnogorsk and Moscow, Moscow Oblast (de facto) Kursk, Kursk Oblast Lipetsk, Lipetsk Oblast Murmansk, Murmansk Oblast Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast Orenburg, Orenburg Oblast Oryol, Oryol Oblast Penza, Penza Oblast Pskov, Pskov Oblast Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Oblast Ryazan, Ryazan Oblast Gatchina, Leningrad Oblast Samara, Samara Oblast Saratov, Saratov Oblast Smolensk, Smolensk Oblast Tambov, Tambov Oblast Tula, Tula Oblast Tver, Tver Oblast Ulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Oblast Vladimir, Vladimir Oblast Volgograd, Volgograd Oblast Vologda, Vologda Oblast Voronezh, Voronezh Oblast Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl Oblast Federal cities Moscow Saint Petersburg Sevastopol (disputed) Switzerland Aarau, Aargau Altdorf, Uri Appenzell, Appenzell Innerrhoden Basel, Basel-Stadt Bellinzona, Ticino Chur, Grisons Delémont, Jura Frauenfeld, Thurgau Fribourg, Canton of Fribourg Geneva, Canton of Geneva Herisau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden Lausanne, Vaud Liestal, Basel-Landschaft Lucerne, Canton of Lucerne Neuchâtel, Canton of Neuchâtel Sarnen, Obwalden Schaffhausen, Canton of Schaffhausen Schwyz, Canton of Schwyz Sion, Valais Solothurn, Canton of Solothurn Stans, Nidwalden St. Gallen, Canton of St. Gallen Glarus, Canton of Glarus Zug, Canton of Zug Zurich, Canton of Zürich Autonomous entities Italy Autonomous regions Cagliari, Sardinia Palermo, Sicily Trento, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Aosta, Aosta Valley Trieste, Friuli Venezia Giulia Portugal Autonomous regions Ponta Delgada, Angra do Heroísmo, & Horta, Azores Funchal, Madeira Spain Barcelona, Catalonia Las Palmas & Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands Logroño, La Rioja Madrid, Community of Madrid Mérida, Extremadura Murcia, Region of Murcia Oviedo, Asturias Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands Pamplona, Navarre Santander, Cantabria Santiago de Compostela, Galicia Seville, Andalusia Toledo, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto) Valencia, Valencian Community Valladolid, Castile and León (de facto) Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country (de facto) Zaragoza, Aragon Other Ajaccio, Corsica Collectivité (France) Batumi, Adjara (Georgia) Comrat, Gagauzia (Moldova) Karyes, Mount Athos (Greece) Mariehamn, Åland Islands (Finland) Nakhchivan, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan) Novi Sad, Vojvodina (Serbia) Pristina, Kosovo and Metohija (Serbia) Simferopol, Crimea (Ukraine) 1 Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands 2 Continental placement may vary depending on geographic convention being followed 3 Also the seat of the European Union, see Institutional seats of the European Union and Brussels and the European Union 4 A city-state

v t e Capitals of Asia Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics Central Asia South Asia Southeast Asia West Asia Ashgabat, Turkmenistan Astana, Kazakhstan Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Dushanbe, Tajikistan Tashkent, Uzbekistan East Asia Beijing, China Pyongyang, North Korea Seoul, South Korea Taipei, Taiwan Tokyo, Japan Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Camp Thunder Cove, BIOT (UK) * Dhaka, Bangladesh Islamabad, Pakistan Kabul, Afghanistan Kathmandu, Nepal Malé, Maldives New Delhi, India Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, Sri Lanka Thimphu, Bhutan Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Bangkok, Thailand Dili, Timor-Leste Flying Fish Cove, Christmas Island (Australia) Hanoi, Vietnam Jakarta, Indonesia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Manila, Philippines Naypyidaw, Myanmar Phnom Penh, Cambodia Singapore Vientiane, Laos West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia) Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Amman, Jordan Ankara, Turkey Baghdad, Iraq Baku, Azerbaijan Beirut, Lebanon Damascus, Syria Doha, Qatar Episkopi Cantonment, Akrotiri and Dhekelia (UK) Jerusalem, Israel * Kuwait City, Kuwait Manama, Bahrain Muscat, Oman Nicosia, Cyprus North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus * Ramallah, Palestine Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Sanaa, Yemen Sokhumi, Abkhazia * Tbilisi, Georgia Tehran, Iran Tskhinvali, South Ossetia * Yerevan, Armenia * Disputed. See: Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute, Cyprus dispute, Status of Jerusalem, Abkhaz-Georgian conflict and Georgian-Ossetian conflict

v t e Hero Cities of the Soviet Union Russian SFSR Moscow (capital) Leningrad Murmansk Novorossiysk Smolensk Stalingrad Tula Ukrainian SSR Kyiv (capital) Kerch Odesa Sevastopol Byelorussian SSR Minsk (capital) Brest Fortress (in Brest)

v t e Golden Ring of Russia Main route Ivanovo Kostroma Pereslavl-Zalessky Rostov Veliky Sergiyev Posad Suzdal Vladimir Yaroslavl Additional Alexandrov Bogolyubovo Dmitrov Gorokhovets Gus-Khrustalny Kaluga Kalyazin Kasimov Kideksha Murom Myshkin Palekh Plyos Rybinsk Shuya Tutayev Uglich Yuryev-Polsky Capital: Moscow

v t e Historical capitals of Russian states and their predecessors Rurik's state, Ancient Rus' Ladoga (862–864) Novgorod (864–882) Kiev (882–1169/1240) Grand Duchy of Vladimir (Period of Appanages) Suzdal (1125–1157) Vladimir-on-Klyazma (1157/1169–1328) Moscow (merger) Duchy of Moscow (a part of Vladimir-Suzdal) Moscow (1263–1478/1547) Reunited Rus', Tsardom of Russia Moscow (1478/1547–1712) Oprichnina* (1564/1565–1572/1584) Time of Troubles* (1611–1612) St. Petersburg (1712–1721) Russian Empire St. Petersburg (1721–1728; 1730–1917) Moscow (de facto 1728–1730) Russian Republic, White movement Petrograd (1917-1918) Samara* (1918) Ufa* (1918) Omsk* (1918) Soviet Union (included Russia) Moscow (1922–1991) Kuybyshev* (1941–1943) Moscow (1922–1991) Soviet Russia, Russian Federation Petrograd (1917–1918) Moscow (1918–present)

v t e World's 50 most-populous urban areas Tokyo Jakarta Delhi Guangzhou–Foshan Mumbai Manila Shanghai Seoul Cairo Mexico City Kolkata São Paulo New York Karachi Dhaka Bangkok Beijing Moscow Shenzhen Buenos Aires Los Angeles Johannesburg–Pretoria Bengaluru Chengdu Ho Chi Minh City Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto Lagos Istanbul Lahore Kinshasa–Brazzaville Tehran Chongqing Rio de Janeiro Xi'an Chennai Paris Zhengzhou Luanda London Dongguan Lima Wuhan Bogotá Tianjin Hangzhou Hyderabad Bandung Taipei Nagoya Surabaya

v t e Megacities Africa (5) Cairo Johannesburg Kinshasa Lagos Luanda Asia (33) China (10) Beijing Jieyang–Shantou–Chaozhou (Chaoshan) Chongqing Guangzhou Shenzhen Hangzhou Shanghai Suzhou Tianjin Wuhan India (6) Bengaluru (Bangalore) Chennai Delhi Hyderabad Kolkata Mumbai Japan (4) Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe (Keihanshin) Tokyo Indonesia (3) Bandung Jakarta Surabaya Pakistan (2) Karachi Lahore Other (8) Bangkok Dhaka Ho Chi Minh City Istanbul Metro Manila Seoul Taipei Tehran Europe (4) Istanbul London Moscow Paris America (8) Brazil (2) Rio de Janeiro São Paulo United States (2) Los Angeles New York City Other (4) Bogotá Buenos Aires Lima Mexico City Cities portal

[Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals):
- [Geography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography)
- [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Russia)
- [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Europe)

Authority control databases International VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Chile Greece Argentina Vatican Israel Catalonia Croatia Geographic MusicBrainz area Other IdRef NARA Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Moscow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.