# Monogram

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Motif made by overlapping two or more letters

Not to be confused with [Monograph](/source/Monograph), [Nomogram](/source/Nomogram), or [Nonogram](/source/Nonogram).

For other uses, see [Monogram (disambiguation)](/source/Monogram_(disambiguation)).

A **monogram** is a [motif](/source/Motif_(visual_arts)) made by overlapping or combining two or more letters or other [graphemes](/source/Grapheme) to form one [symbol](/source/Symbol). Monograms are often made by combining the initials of an individual or a company, used as recognizable symbols or [logos](/source/Logo). A series of uncombined initials is properly referred to as a cypher (e.g. a [royal cypher](/source/Royal_cypher)) and is not a monogram.[1]

Many of today's monograms are embroidered on items for the home like towels, bedding, robes etc.

## History

The "AD" monogram that [Albrecht Dürer](/source/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer) used as a signature

Monograms first appeared on coins, as early as 350 BC. The earliest known examples are of the names of Greek states which issued the coins, often the first two letters of their name. For example, the monogram of [Achaea](/source/Achaea_(ancient_region)) consisted of the letters [alpha](/source/Alpha) (Α) and [chi](/source/Chi_(letter)) (Χ) joined together.[2]

Monograms have been used as signatures by artists and [craft workers](/source/Artisan) on paintings, sculptures and pieces of furniture, especially when [guilds](/source/Guilds) enforced measures against unauthorized participation in the trade. A famous example of a monogram serving as an artist's signature is the "AD" used by [Albrecht Dürer](/source/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer).

## Christograms

Main article: [Christogram](/source/Christogram)

Over the centuries, monograms of the name of Jesus Christ have been used as [Christian symbols](/source/Christian_symbolism). The [IX monogram](/source/IX_monogram) consists of the initial Greek letters of the name "Jesus Christ," "I" for Ιησούς, ([Jesus](/source/Jesus) in Greek) and "X" for Χριστος ([Christ](/source/Christ_(title)) in Greek). The "IHS" Christogram, denoting the first three letters of the Greek name of Jesus, is usually written as a cypher, but sometimes as a monogram. Perhaps the most significant [Christogram](/source/Christogram) is the [Chi Rho](/source/Chi_Rho), formed from the first two letters of Χριστος. The symbol was used by the Roman emperor [Constantine I](/source/Constantine_I_(emperor)) (r. 306–337) as part of a [military standard](/source/Military_standard).

		- The [Chi-Rho](/source/Chi-Rho), a monogram of the first two letters of the Greek word for [Christ](/source/Christ_(title))

		- The [IX monogram](/source/IX_monogram)

		- IHS monogram

## Royal monograms

Main article: [Royal cypher](/source/Royal_cypher)

*Karolus* – The cross-signature of [Charlemagne](/source/Charlemagne)

*[Signum manus](/source/Signum_manus)* (sometimes also known as *Chrismon*) refers to the medieval practice, current from the [Merovingian period](/source/Merovingian_period) until the 14th century in the [Frankish Empire](/source/Frankish_Empire) and its successors, of signing a document or charter with a special type of monogram or royal cypher.

Monograms of the names of [monarchs](/source/Monarch) are used as part of the insignia of public organizations in kingdoms, such as on police badges. This indicates a connection to the ruler. However, many [royal cyphers](/source/Royal_cypher) are not technically monograms, since the letters are not combined.

Royal monograms often appear on coins, frequently surmounted by a crown. Countries that have employed this device in the past include [Bulgaria](/source/Bulgaria), [Great Britain](/source/Great_Britain), [Russia](/source/Russia), [Sweden](/source/Sweden) and many [German states](/source/List_of_historic_states_of_Germany). Today, several [Danish coins](/source/Danish_krone) carry the monogram of [Margrethe II](/source/Margrethe_II_of_Denmark), while the current Norwegian 1 [Krone coin](/source/Norwegian_krone) has the "H5" monogram of [Harald V](/source/Harald_V_of_Norway) on the [obverse](/source/Obverse_and_reverse).[3] The only countries using the [Euro](/source/Euro) to have a royal monogram as their [national identifying mark](/source/Identifying_marks_on_euro_coins) are [Belgium](/source/Belgian_euro_coins) and [Monaco](/source/Monegasque_euro_coins).[4] In Thailand, royal monograms appear on the individual flag for each major royal family member.

## Individual monograms

Dress shirt monogram locations

An individual's monogram may appear in stylized form on stationery, luggage, clothing, or other personalized items. These monograms may have two or three letters.

A basic 3-letter monogram has the initial of the individual's last name (surname) set larger, or with some special treatment in the center, while the first name initial appears to the left of it and the middle name initial appears to the right of it. There is a difference in how this is written for men and women. For example, if the individual's name is Mary Ann Jones, and Jones is the surname, then the arrangement of letters would be thus: **MJA**, with the surname initial set larger in the center, the **M** for Mary to the left and the **A** for Ann to the right.[5] Traditionally, individual monograms for men[6] are based on the order of the name. The name Kyle George Martin would be written (**KGM**).

Married or engaged couples may use two-letter monograms of their entwined initials, for example on [wedding invitations](/source/Wedding_invitations). Married couples may also create three-letter monograms incorporating the initial of their shared surname. For example, the monogram **MJA** might be used for Michael and Alice Jones.[5] However, monogramming etiquette for the married couple varies according to the item being monogrammed. [Linens](/source/Linens), for example, typically list the woman's given initial first, followed by the couple's shared surname initial and then the man's given initial (**AJM**). Monograms can often be found on custom dress shirts where they can be located in a number of different positions.

Some personal monograms have become famous symbols in their own right and instantly recognizable to many, such as [J.R.R. Tolkien](/source/J.R.R._Tolkien)'s monogram.

## Other monograms

See also: [Logo](/source/Logo)

The [University of Texas](/source/University_of_Texas_at_Austin) monogram

Some companies and organizations adopt a monogram for a logo, usually with the letters of their [acronym](/source/Acronym). For example, as well as having an official [seal](/source/Seal_(emblem)), and the [Texas Longhorns](/source/Texas_Longhorns) logo, the [University of Texas at Austin](/source/University_of_Texas_at_Austin) uses a "UT" monogram (in the same color as the Longhorns logo, [burnt orange](/source/Burnt_orange)). The [New York Yankees](/source/New_York_Yankees), [Los Angeles Dodgers](/source/Los_Angeles_Dodgers), among others baseball teams, also use a monogram on their [ball cap](/source/Ball_cap) insignia. The [Consolidated Edison](/source/Consolidated_Edison) logo, with a rounded "E" nested inside a "C", has been described as a "classic emblem."[7]

Many fashion companies have a monogram for a logo, including [Louis Vuitton](/source/Louis_Vuitton) and [Fendi](/source/Fendi). The connected "CC" company logo, created by [Coco Chanel](/source/Coco_Chanel), is one of the most recognizable monograms internationally.

The [victor](/source/Victor_(symbol)) is a monogram of the Latin *victor* or Spanish *vítor* painted on Spanish and Hispanic universities to celebrate a student receiving a [doctorate](/source/Doctorate).

Athletes have also been known to brand merchandise with their monogram logo; notably [Tiger Woods](/source/Tiger_Woods) and [Roger Federer](/source/Roger_Federer).[8]

[Chicago White Sox](/source/Chicago_White_Sox)

[Los Angeles Dodgers](/source/Los_Angeles_Dodgers)

[New York Mets](/source/New_York_Mets)

[New York Yankees](/source/New_York_Yankees)

[San Diego Padres](/source/San_Diego_Padres)

[San Francisco Giants](/source/San_Francisco_Giants)

[Saint Louis Cardinals](/source/Saint_Louis_Cardinals)

Monograms are a recurrent motif in baseball caps.

## Resistance symbols in wartime

A notable example of a royal monogram is the [H7](/source/H7_(monogram)) monogram of King [Haakon VII of Norway](/source/Haakon_VII_of_Norway). While in exile during World War II, Haakon VII spearheaded the Norwegian resistance to the [German occupation](/source/Occupation_of_Norway_by_Nazi_Germany), and H7 became a symbol used by the Norwegian populace to mark solidarity and loyalty to the King, and adherence to the [Norwegian resistance movement](/source/Norwegian_resistance_movement). The act of drawing or creating a H7 symbol in German-occupied Norway was punishable by imprisonment.[9]

Similarly, in [Poland](/source/Poland_in_World_War_II) during the war, the "PW" monogram was used as a resistance symbol, known as 'The Anchor' (Polish: *[Kotwica](/source/Kotwica)*), due to its characteristic shape. Its meaning varied, as the initials were useful for many different slogans, such as 'Poland Fights', 'Warsaw Uprising', 'Polish Army', and others. Like the Norwegian example above, its use was punished by the Nazi occupation authorities. Another example is the monogram of [La Liga Filipina](/source/La_Liga_Filipina). The monogram sees the letters [L](/source/L) and [F](/source/F) as well as two hexagons.

		- *Polska Walcząca* – "Fighting Poland"

		- Monogram of LLF

## Zirkel

Main article: [Zirkel (Studentenverbindung)](/source/Zirkel_(Studentenverbindung))

In the [Germanosphere](/source/Germanosphere), certain student societies (*[Studentenverbindung](/source/Studentenverbindung)*) use monograms known as *[Zirkel](/source/Zirkel_(Studentenverbindung))* ("circle", as in "circle of friends"), consisting of the initial letter of the organization's name and/or the letters v, c, f or e, f, v, together with an exclamation mark if the society is still active.

		- [Zirkel](/source/Zirkel_(Studentenverbindung)) composed of E, F, V.

## Japanese

Main article: [Japanese rebus monogram](/source/Japanese_rebus_monogram)

A Japanese rebus monogram is a monogram in a particular style, which spells a name via a [rebus](/source/Rebus), as a form of [Japanese wordplay](/source/Japanese_wordplay) or [visual pun](/source/Visual_pun). Today they are most often seen in corporate logos or product logos.

## Gallery

		- Late Roman-early [Byzantine](/source/Byzantine_architecture) [Chi Rho](/source/Chi_Rho) and [Alpha and Omega](/source/Alpha_and_Omega) monogram in the [Mausoleum of Galla Placidia](/source/Mausoleum_of_Galla_Placidia), [Ravenna](/source/Ravenna), Italy, unknown architect or mosaic craftsman, 425-450

		- Byzantine monogram of [Justinian I](/source/Justinian_I) in [Hagia Sophia](/source/Hagia_Sophia), [Istanbul](/source/Istanbul), [Turkey](/source/Turkey), unknown sculptor, [capital](/source/Capital_(architecture)) designed by [Anthemius of Tralles](/source/Anthemius_of_Tralles) and [Isidore of Miletus](/source/Isidore_of_Miletus), 537

		- [Renaissance](/source/Renaissance_architecture) monogram of [Francis I of France](/source/Francis_I_of_France) on the [Château de Cognac](/source/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Cognac), [Cognac](/source/Cognac), France, unknown sculptor or architect, 1517

		- [Norwegian](/source/Norway) royal monograms carved in a mountainside to mark royal visits to [Kongsberg](/source/Kongsberg) since 1623

		- [Baroque](/source/Baroque_architecture) monogram on the door of the [Hôtel Amelot de Bisseuil](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_Amelot_de_Bisseuil&action=edit&redlink=1) ([Rue Vieille-du-Temple](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rue_Vieille-du-Temple&action=edit&redlink=1) no. 47), Paris, designed by [Pierre Cottard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Cottard&action=edit&redlink=1), 1657-1660

		- Baroque monogram of [Louis XIV](/source/Louis_XIV) made of [acanthuses](/source/Acanthus_(ornament)), on the entrance door of the [Dôme des Invalides](/source/Les_Invalides), Paris, designed by [Jules Hardouin-Mansart](/source/Jules_Hardouin-Mansart), 1677–1706[10]

		- [Rococo](/source/Rococo) monogram on the punch bowl "with small vases and garlands" of [Madame du Barry](/source/Madame_du_Barry), by the [Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory](/source/S%C3%A8vres_Porcelain_Manufactory), 1771, painted and gilded porcelain, [Louvre](/source/Louvre)

		- Rococo monogram on a plate from a service of [Cardinal Prince Louis de Rohan](/source/Louis-Ren%C3%A9_de_Rohan), by the Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory, 1771-1772, painted and gilded porcelain, [Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art](/source/Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art), [Kansas City](/source/Kansas_City), [Texas](/source/Texas), US

		- [Rococo Revival](/source/Rococo_Revival) monogram on a cone-shaped vase, part of a pair, possibly by [Nicolas Bugeard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Bugeard&action=edit&redlink=1), mid-19th century, hard-paste porcelain, painted and gilded, [Museum of Decorative Arts](/source/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs%2C_Paris), Paris

		- [Neoclassical](/source/Neoclassical_architecture) monogram of the Grave of the Miton family in the [Père-Lachaise Cemetery](/source/P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_Cemetery), Paris, unknown architect or painter, c.1870

		- Rococo Revival monogram on a box, c.1880, ivory, metal and [satin](/source/Satin), [Musée Galliera](/source/Mus%C3%A9e_Galliera), Paris

		- [Beaux-Arts](/source/Beaux-Arts_architecture) monogram of the [National Bank of Romania](/source/National_Bank_of_Romania) in the [BNR Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BNR_Building&action=edit&redlink=1), [Bucharest](/source/Bucharest), [Romania](/source/Romania), designed by [Paul Louis Albert Galeron](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Louis_Albert_Galeron&action=edit&redlink=1), [Grigore Cerchez](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grigore_Cerchez&action=edit&redlink=1) or [Constantin Băicoianu](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantin_B%C4%83icoianu_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1), 1883-1900

		- [Romanesque Revival](/source/Romanesque_Revival_architecture) monogram on the entrance door of the [Monteoru House](/source/Monteoru_House), Bucharest, designed by [Ion Mincu](/source/Ion_Mincu) or [Nicolae Cuțarida](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Cu%C8%9Barida&action=edit&redlink=1), 1887-1889

		- Beaux-Arts monogram on the [Théâtre de l'Opéra-Comique](/source/Salle_Favart), Paris, designed by [Louis Bernier](/source/Louis_Bernier), 1893-1898

		- [Romanian Revival](/source/Romanian_Revival_architecture) monogram on the Grave of Georgiev Brothers, [Bellu Cemetery](/source/Bellu_Cemetery), Bucharest, by Ion Mincu, c.1900

		- [Art Nouveau](/source/Art_Nouveau) monogram, part of the illustration that is on the back of a photo, illustration created around 1900, ink on cardboard, [Troitske Local History Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Troitske_Local_History_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1), [Troitske](/source/Troitske), [Ukraine](/source/Ukraine)

		- [Art Deco](/source/Art_Deco) monogram of the [ESPCI Paris](/source/ESPCI_Paris) ([Rue Vauquelin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rue_Vauquelin&action=edit&redlink=1) no. 10), Paris, unknown architect of blacksmith, c.1925

		- Speciedaler of [Denmark](/source/Denmark), bearing the double C7 monogram of [Christian VII](/source/Christian_VII_of_Denmark)

		- Logo on cover of 1896 edition of *[The American Claimant](/source/The_American_Claimant)* by [Mark Twain](/source/Mark_Twain)

		- [Napkin](/source/Napkin) with embroidered monogram

		- Royal Monogram of [Bulgarian](/source/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria) king [Boris III](/source/Boris_III_of_Bulgaria)

		- Royal monogram of King [Maha Vajiralongkorn](/source/Maha_Vajiralongkorn) of Thailand

		- Paired monograms of the authors [Edith Œnone Somerville](/source/Edith_Somerville) and [Martin Ross](/source/Violet_Florence_Martin)

		- Cypher of [Margareta of Romania](/source/Margareta_of_Romania).

		- [John Ronald Reuel Tolkien's](/source/John_Ronald_Reuel_Tolkien) monogram, stylistically referring to the [Tengwar](/source/Tengwar) writing he developed.

		- [Chanel](/source/Chanel) logo on store.

		- [Louis Vuitton](/source/Louis_Vuitton) monogram on store.

		- [Yves Saint Laurent](/source/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(fashion_house))'s logo

		- [House flag](/source/House_flag) of the [Pickands Mather Company](/source/Pickands_Mather_Company).

		- [Toyota](/source/Toyota) logo containing all letters of the name in the Latin alphabet.

		- A monogram is part of [Fluminense Football Club](/source/Fluminense_FC) crest

## See also

- [Bind rune](/source/Bind_rune)

- [Huaya](/source/Huaya)

- [Interrobang](/source/Interrobang)

- [Ligature](/source/Typographic_ligature)

- [Nicolas Verrien](/source/Nicolas_Verrien), 17th-century French monogram designer

- [One-letter word](/source/One-letter_word)

- [Royal cypher](/source/Royal_cypher), often in the form of a monogram

- [Sigil (magic)](/source/Sigil_(magic))

- [Siglum](/source/Siglum)

- [Signum manus](/source/Signum_manus)

- [Tughra](/source/Tughra)

- [Varsity letter](/source/Varsity_letter)

- [Wordmark](/source/Wordmark)

## References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Monograms](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Monograms).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** The [Shorter Oxford English Dictionary](/source/Shorter_Oxford_English_Dictionary) (Fifth edition; 2002) defines it as a "device composed of two or more letters... interwoven together." Volume 1, p. 1820.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Henry Noel Humphreys, *The Coin Collector's Manual, Or Guide to Numismatic Student in the Formation of a Cabinet of Coins* (Bibliolife, 2008), 226.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [Coins](http://www.norges-bank.no/templates/article____12369.aspx) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110203082931/http://www.norges-bank.no/templates/article____12369.aspx) 2011-02-03 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), at the [Norges Bank](/source/Norges_Bank) website.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** A [commemorative €2 coin](/source/%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coins) from [Luxembourg](/source/Luxembourgish_euro_coins) carried the monogram of [Grand Duke Henri](/source/Henri%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-3LM_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-3LM_5-1) Jeanine Twigg, *[Embroidery Machine Essentials: How to Stabilize, Hoop and Stitch Decorative Designs](https://books.google.com/books?id=j6e847_n3MUC&pg=PA43)*, KP Craft, 2001, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-87341-999-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-999-5), p. 43.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Monogram Guide | Simply Stamps How-To"](https://www.simplystamps.com/blog/2016/06/30/monogram-guide-how-to/). 30 June 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** [BusinessWeek](/source/Bloomberg_BusinessWeek) online, [Con Ed: The Power of a Logo](https://web.archive.org/web/20050813024652/http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/aug2005/id20050811_494381.htm), 11 August 2005.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Brubach, Holly (29 August 2009). ["The Main Characters of Tennis, and Style"](https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/31/sports/tennis/31logo.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. Retrieved 21 August 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** [Hjeltnes, Guri](/source/Guri_Hjeltnes) (7 April 2008). "Meldinger fra Norge". *VG* (in Norwegian). p. 2.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Bailey, Gauvin Alexander (2012). *Baroque & Rococo*. Phaidon. p. 238. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7148-5742-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-5742-8).

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Monogram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogram) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogram?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.