# Mond process

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{{Short description|Process to extract and purify nickel}}
thumb|right|Spheres of nickel made by the Mond process
The '''Mond process''', sometimes known as the '''carbonyl process''', is a technique created by [Ludwig Mond](/source/Ludwig_Mond) in 1890,<ref name=mond90>{{cite journal | author1 = Mond, L. | authorlink1 = Ludwig Mond | author2 = Langer, C. | author3 = Quincke, F. | title = Action of Carbon Monoxide on Nickel | journal = [Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions](/source/Journal_of_the_Chemical_Society%2C_Transactions) | year = 1890 | volume = 57 | pages = 749–753 | doi = 10.1039/CT8905700749 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/2160347 }}</ref> to extract and purify [nickel](/source/nickel). The process was used commercially before the end of the 19th century,<ref name="MondNa">{{cite journal | title = The Extraction of Nickel from its Ores by the Mond Process | journal = [Nature](/source/Nature_(journal)) | year = 1898 | volume = 59 | issue = 1516 | pages = 63–64 | doi = 10.1038/059063a0 |bibcode = 1898Natur..59...63. | doi-access = free }}</ref> and particularly by the [International Nickel Company](/source/International_Nickel_Company) in the [Sudbury Basin](/source/Sudbury_Basin).<ref name="dbs32">{{cite book |title=Annual Report on the Mineral Production of Canada |date=1932 |publisher=Canada. Dominion Bureau of Statistics |page=88}}</ref> This process converts nickel oxides into nickel metal with very high purity being attainable in just a single step.

==Synopsis==

This process involves the fact that [carbon monoxide](/source/carbon_monoxide) combines with [nickel](/source/nickel) readily and reversibly to give [nickel carbonyl](/source/nickel_carbonyl). Few other elements other than nickel, iron, and cobalt form carbonyl compounds under the mild conditions used in the process.<ref name="MondNa">{{cite journal | title = The Extraction of Nickel from its Ores by the Mond Process | journal = [Nature](/source/Nature_(journal)) | year = 1898 | volume = 59 | issue = 1516 | pages = 63–64 | doi = 10.1038/059063a0 |bibcode = 1898Natur..59...63. | doi-access = free }}</ref>

This process has three steps:

1. Metal Feed (consisting of primarily Nickel oxide) [reacts](/source/chemical_reaction) with [hydrogen](/source/syngas) at 200&nbsp;°C to give nickel. Other impurities including [iron](/source/iron) and [cobalt](/source/cobalt) are also reduced.
:NiO(s)  +  H<sub>2</sub>(g)  →   Ni(s)  +  H<sub>2</sub>O(g)

2. The impure nickel reacts with [carbon monoxide](/source/carbon_monoxide) at 50&ndash;60&nbsp;°C to form the gas [nickel carbonyl](/source/nickel_carbonyl), leaving the impurities as solids.
:Ni(s)  +  4 CO(g)   →   Ni(CO)<sub>4</sub>(g)

3. The mixture of nickel carbonyl and carbon monoxide is heated to 220&ndash;250&nbsp;°C, resulting in decomposition back to nickel and carbon monoxide:
:Ni(CO)<sub>4</sub>(g)  →   Ni(s)  +  4 CO(g)

Steps 2 and 3 illustrate a [chemical transport reaction](/source/chemical_transport_reaction), exploiting the properties that (1) [carbon monoxide](/source/carbon_monoxide) and [nickel](/source/nickel) readily combine to give a volatile complex and (2) this complex degrades back to nickel and carbon monoxide at higher temperatures. The decomposition may be engineered to produce powder, but more commonly an existing substrate is coated with nickel. For example, nickel pellets are made by dropping small, hot pellets through the carbonyl gas; this deposits a layer of nickel onto the pellets.

This process has also been used for plating nickel onto other metals, where a complex shape or sharp corners have made precise results difficult to achieve by electroplating. Although the results are good, the toxicity makes it impractical as an industrial process. Such parts are now plated by [electroless nickel plating](/source/electroless_nickel_plating) instead.

==See also==
* [Carbonyl metallurgy](/source/Carbonyl_metallurgy)
* [Crystal bar process](/source/Crystal_bar_process)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web | url = http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ni/key.html | publisher = WebElements | title = Nickel: The Essentials }}
* {{cite book | author = Liptrot, G. F. | year = 1983 | title = Modern Inorganic Chemistry | edition = 4th | page = 386 | publisher = Unwin Hyman }}
* {{cite book | author = Pauling, L. | year = 1964 | title = College Chemistry | edition = 3rd | page = 658 | publisher = Freeman }}
* {{cite book |author1=Rawcliffe, C. T. |author2=Rawson, D. H. | year = 1974 | title = Principles of Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry | edition = 2nd | page = 409 | publisher = Heinemann }}
* {{cite web | url = http://wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm/courses/nickel.html | title = Nickel Chemistry | publisher = University of the West Indies (Mona) }}
* Miessler, Gary L. (2014). ''Inorganic Chemistry'' (5th ed.). Pearson. p.&nbsp;492

Category:Chemical processes
Category:Nickel

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Mond process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mond_process) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mond_process?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.