# Mile

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Unit of length

Several terms  redirect here. For other uses, see [Scandinavian mile](/source/Scandinavian_mile), [Nautical mile](/source/Nautical_mile), [Mile (disambiguation)](/source/Mile_(disambiguation)), and [Miles (disambiguation)](/source/Miles_(disambiguation)).

Mile A milestone in the City of Westminster showing the distance from Kensington Road to Hounslow and Hyde Park Corner in miles General information Unit system British imperial/US customary Unit of length Symbol mi. or mi, (rarely) m Conversions 1 mi. or mi in ... ... is equal to ... SI units 1609.344 m imperial/US units 63360 in 5280 ft 1760 yd 80 ch 8 fur US survey mile 0.999998 survey mile nautical units ≈ 0.86898 nmi[n 1]

The **mile**, sometimes the **international mile** or **statute mile** to distinguish it from other miles, is a [British imperial unit](/source/Imperial_unit) and [United States customary unit](/source/United_States_customary_unit) of [length](/source/Length); both are based on the older [English unit](/source/English_units_of_measurement) of length equal to 5,280 [English feet](/source/Foot_(unit)), or 1,760 [yards](/source/Yards). The statute mile was standardised as a [unit of length](/source/Unit_of_length) between the [Commonwealth of Nations](/source/Commonwealth_of_Nations) and the United States by an [international agreement in 1959](/source/International_yard_and_pound), when the yard was formally redefined with respect to [SI units](/source/SI_units) as 0.9144 [metres](/source/Metre), making the mile exactly 1609.344 metres (1.609344 [kilometres](/source/Kilometre)). For everyday use, five miles equates roughly to eight kilometres. *Mileage* is the term used informally for a distance expressed in miles.

With qualifiers, *mile* is also used to describe or translate a wide range of units derived from or roughly equivalent to the [Roman mile](#Roman) (roughly 1.48 km), such as the [nautical mile](#Nautical) (now 1.852 km exactly), the [Italian mile](#Italian) (roughly 1.852 km), and the [Chinese mile](/source/Li_(unit)) (now 500 m exactly). The Romans divided their mile into 5,000 *[pedes](/source/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement#Length)* (lit. 'feet'), but the greater importance of furlongs in the [Elizabethan-era England](/source/Kingdom_of_England#Tudor_period) meant that the [statute mile](#Statute) was made equivalent to 8 [furlongs](/source/Furlong) or 5,280 [feet](/source/Foot_(unit)) in 1593. This form of the mile then spread across the [British Empire](/source/British_Empire), some successor states of which continue to employ the mile. The [US Geological Survey](/source/United_States_Geological_Survey) now employs the metre for official purposes, but legacy data from its [1927 geodetic datum](/source/North_American_Datum#North_American_Datum_of_1927) has meant that a separate [US survey mile](#US_survey) (⁠6336/3937⁠ km) continues to see some use, although it was officially phased out in 2022. While most countries replaced the mile with the kilometre when switching to the [International System of Units](/source/International_System_of_Units) (SI), the international mile continues to be used in some countries, such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and a number of countries with fewer than one million inhabitants, most of which are UK or US territories or have close historical ties with the UK or US.

## Name

The [modern English](/source/Modern_English) word *mile* derives from [Middle English](/source/Middle_English) *myle* and [Old English](/source/Old_English) *mīl*, which was [cognate](/source/Cognate) with all other [Germanic](/source/Germanic_languages) terms for *miles*. These derived from the [nominal ellipsis](/source/Ellipsis_(linguistics)#Nominal_ellipsis) form of *mīlle passus* 'mile' or **mīlia passuum** 'miles', the Roman mile of one thousand [paces](/source/Pace_(unit)).[1]

The present [international mile](#International) is usually what is understood by the unqualified term *mile*. When this distance needs to be distinguished from the nautical mile, the international mile may also be described as a land mile or statute mile.[2] In [British English](/source/British_English), *statute mile* may refer to the present international mile or to any other form of [English mile](#English) since an act of Parliament, the [Restriction on Building Act 1592](/source/Restriction_on_Building_Act_1592) ([35 Eliz. 1](/source/35_Eliz._1). c. 6) was passed in 1593, which set it as a distance of 1,760 yards. Under [American law](/source/American_law), however, *statute mile* refers to the US [survey mile](#US_survey).[3] Foreign and historical units translated into English as *miles* usually employ a qualifier to describe the kind of mile being used but this may be omitted if it is obvious from the context, such as a discussion of the 2nd-century [Antonine Itinerary](/source/Antonine_Itinerary) describing its distances in terms of *miles* rather than *Roman miles*.

### Abbreviation

The mile has been variously abbreviated in English—with and without a trailing period—as "mi", "M", "ml", and "m".[4] The American [National Institute of Standards and Technology](/source/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology) now uses and recommends "mi" to avoid confusion with the SI metre (m) and millilitre (ml).[5] However, derived units such as [miles per hour](/source/Miles_per_hour) or [miles per gallon](/source/Miles_per_gallon) continue to be abbreviated as an [initialism](/source/Initialism) as in "mph" and "mpg", rather than "mi/h" and "mi/gal". In the United Kingdom, [road signs](/source/Road_signs_in_the_United_Kingdom) use "m" as the abbreviation for mile though height and width restrictions also use "m" as the symbol for the metre, which may be displayed alongside feet and inches.[6] The [BBC](/source/BBC) style holds that "there is no acceptable abbreviation for 'miles'" and so it should be spelt out in all cases.[7]

## Historical

The supposed remains of the [Golden Milestone](/source/Milliarium_Aureum), the [zero-mile marker](/source/Kilometre_zero) of the [Roman road network](/source/Roman_road_network), in the [Roman Forum](/source/Roman_Forum)

### Roman

Main articles: [Ancient Roman units of measurement](/source/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement) and [Byzantine units of measurement](/source/Byzantine_units_of_measurement)

The **Roman mile** (*[mille passus](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mille_passus)*, lit. "thousand paces"; abbr. **m.p.**; also *milia passuum*[n 2] and *mille*) consisted of a thousand [paces](/source/Pace_(unit)) as measured by every other step—as in the total distance of the left foot hitting the ground 1,000 times.[9] The distance was indirectly standardised by [Agrippa](/source/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa)'s establishment of a standard [Roman foot](/source/Roman_foot) in 29 [BC](/source/Before_Christ),[10] and the definition of a pace as 5 (Roman) feet.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] An Imperial Roman mile thus denoted 5,000 [Roman feet](/source/Roman_feet). [Surveyors](/source/Agrimensor) and specialised equipment such as the [decempeda](/source/Decempeda) and [dioptra](/source/Dioptra) then spread its use.[11]

In modern times, Agrippa's Imperial Roman mile was empirically estimated to have been about 1,618 yards (1,479 m; 4,854 ft; 0.919 mi) in length, slightly less than the 1,760 yards (1,609 m; 5,280 ft) of the modern international mile.[12]

In [Hellenic areas](/source/Greek_East_and_Latin_West) of the Empire, the Roman mile ([Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek_language): μίλιον, *mílion*) was used beside the native [Greek units](/source/Ancient_Greek_units_of_measurement) as equivalent to 8 [stadia](/source/Stadia_(unit)) of 600 [Greek feet](/source/Greek_feet). The *mílion* continued to be used as a Byzantine unit and was also used as the name of the [zero mile marker](/source/Zero_mile_marker) for the [Byzantine Empire](/source/Byzantine_Empire), the [Milion](/source/Milion), located at the head of the [Mese](/source/Mese_(Constantinople)) near [Hagia Sophia](/source/Hagia_Sophia).

The Roman mile spread throughout Europe, with its local variations giving rise to the different units.[13] Also arising from the Roman mile is the [milestone](/source/Milestone). All roads radiated out from the [Roman Forum](/source/Roman_Forum) throughout the Empire – 50,000 (Roman) miles of stone-paved roads. At every mile was placed a shaped stone. Originally, these were [obelisks](/source/Obelisk#Ancient_Roman) made from granite, marble, or whatever local stone was available. On these was carved a [Roman numeral](/source/Roman_numeral), indicating the number of miles from the centre of Rome – the Forum. Hence, one can know how far one is from Rome.[14]

#### Ptolemaic mile

In the 2nd-century, Greco-Roman polymath, [Claudius Ptolemy](/source/Ptolemy), of [Alexandria (Egypt)](/source/Alexandria), in his [Almagest](/source/Almagest) and [Geography](/source/Geography_(Ptolemy)), defined a mile as a geographic [arcminute](/source/Minute_and_second_of_arc) of longitude, of the earth's circumference, equivalent to 1:60 of a degree of longitude, or 1:21,600 of the circumference.[15] While his estimate of the circumference of the earth, and therefore the derived length of a *stade*, and a mile, from third party observations, principally offered in non-normalised [stadion](/source/Stadion_(unit)) (600 Greek feet), Egyptian *schoinos*, and Persian *parasang* were erroneous.[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*] Ptolomy's assumptions of a customary *stade* to be ⁠1/8⁠ of a *Roman mile*, ⁠1/30⁠ of a *schoinos* or *parasang*, ⁠1/500⁠ of an arc-minute, or ~185 metres,[16][17] his [Geographical mile](/source/Geographical_mile), is the basis of the current nautical mile, and was adopted by medieval Arab and European cartographers.[18][19]

### Arabic

Main article: [Arabic mile](/source/Arabic_mile)

The **Arabic mile** (الميل, *al-mīl*), of 4,000 [cubits](/source/Cubit), was not the common [Arabic unit](/source/Arabic_unit) of [length](/source/Units_of_length); instead, [Arabs](/source/Arabs) and [Persians](/source/Persian_people) traditionally used the longer [parasang](/source/Parasang) or "Arabic [league](/source/League_(unit))". Although the precise length of the Arabic mile remains disputed, due to the variability in cubit length, it was somewhere between 1.8 and 2.0 km; it is approximate to a 1.852 km [nautical](/source/Nautical_mile) or [geographical mile](/source/Geographical_mile), and an approximation of 1 [arcminute](/source/Arcminute) of [latitude](/source/Latitude) measured directly north-and-south along a [meridian](/source/Meridian_(geography)). The mile was used by [medieval Arab geographers](/source/Medieval_Arab_geographers) and scientists.

### Breslau

The **Breslau mile**, used in [Breslau](/source/Wroc%C5%82aw), and from 1630 officially in all of [Silesia](/source/Silesia), is equal to 11,250 [ells](/source/Ell), or about 6,700 meters. The mile equaled the distance from the Piaskowa Gate all the way to Psie Pole ([Hundsfeld](/source/Psie_Pole)). By rolling a circle with a radius of 5 ells through [Piaskowa Island](/source/Wyspa_Piasek), [Ostrów Tumski](/source/Ostr%C3%B3w_Tumski%2C_Wroc%C5%82aw) and suburban tracts, passing eight bridges on the way, the standard Breslau mile was determined.[20][21]

### Croatian

The **Croatian mile** (*hrvatska milja*), first devised by the [Jesuit](/source/Jesuit) [Stjepan Glavač](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stjepan_Glava%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1) on a 1673 map, is the length of an arc of the equator subtended by ⁠1/10⁠° or 11.13 km exactly.[22][23] The previous Croatian mile, now known as the "[ban](/source/Ban_(title)) mile" (*banska milja*), had been the Austrian mile given above.[24]

### Danish

Main article: [Danish units of measurement](/source/Danish_units_of_measurement)

Following its standardisation by [Ole Rømer](/source/Ole_R%C3%B8mer) in the late 17th century, the **Danish mile** (*mil*) was precisely equal to the [Prussian mile](#German_mile) and likewise divided into 24,000 feet.[25] These were sometimes treated as equivalent to 7.5 km. Earlier values had varied: the *Sjællandske miil*, for instance, had been 11.13 km.

### Dutch

Scalebar on a 16th-century map made by [Mercator](/source/Gerardus_Mercator). The scalebar is expressed in "Hours walking or common Flemish miles", and includes three actual scales: small, medium and big Flemish miles.

The **Dutch mile** (*mijl*) has had different definitions throughout history. One of the older definitions was 5,600 [ells](/source/Ell). But the length of an ell was not standardised, so that the length of a mile could range between 3,280 m and 4,280 m. In the sixteenth century, the Dutch had three different miles: small (*kleine*), medium (*middelbaar/gemeen*), and large (*groote*). The Dutch *kleine* mile had the historical definition of one hour's walking (*uur gaans*), which was defined as 24 stadia, 3000 paces, or 15,000 Amsterdam or Rhineland feet (respectively 4,250 m or 4,710 m). The common Dutch mile was 32 stadia, 4,000 paces, or 20,000 feet (5,660 m or 6,280 m). The large mile was defined as 5000 paces.[26] The common Dutch mile was preferred by mariners, equating with 15 to one degree of [latitude](/source/Latitude) or one degree of [longitude](/source/Longitude) on the [equator](/source/Equator). This was originally based upon [Ptolemy](/source/Ptolemy)'s underestimate of the Earth's circumference. The ratio of 15 Dutch miles to a degree remained fixed while the length of the mile was changed as with improved calculations of the circumference of the Earth. In 1617, [Willebrord Snellius](/source/Willebrord_Snellius) calculated a degree of the circumference of the Earth at 28,500 *Rijnlantsche Roeden* (within 3.5% of the actual value), which resulted in a Dutch mile of 1900 rods.[27] By the mid-seventeenth century, map scales assigned 2000 rods to the common Dutch mile, which equalled around 7,535 m (reducing the discrepancy with latitude measurement to less than 2%). The metric system was introduced in the Netherlands in 1816, and the metric mile became a synonym for the kilometre, being exactly 1,000 m. Since 1870, the term *mijl* was replaced by the equivalent *kilometer*. Today, the word *mijl* is no longer used, except as part of certain proverbs and [compound](/source/Compound_(linguistics)) terms like *mijlenver* ('miles away').

### English

Main article: [English units of measurement](/source/English_units_of_measurement)

The "**old English mile**" of the [medieval](/source/Medieval_England) and [early modern periods](/source/Early_Modern_England) varied but seems to have measured about 1.3 [international miles](#International) (2.1 km).[28][29] The old English mile varied over time and location within England.[29] The old English mile has also been defined as 79,200 or 79,320 inches (1.25 or 1.2519 statute miles).[30] The English long continued the Roman computations of the mile as 5,000 feet, 1,000 [paces](/source/Pace_(unit)), or 8 longer divisions, which they equated with their "[furrow](/source/Furrow)'s length" or [furlong](/source/Furlong).[31]

The origins of English units are "extremely vague and uncertain",[32] but seem to have been a combination of the [Roman system](/source/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement) with native and Germanic systems both derived from multiples of the [barleycorn](/source/Barleycorn_(unit)).[n 3] Probably by the reign of [Edgar](/source/Edgar%2C_King_of_England) in the 10th century, the nominal [prototype](/source/Prototype) [physical standard](/source/Standard_(metrology)) of English length was an arm-length iron bar (a yardstick) held by the [king](/source/Kings_of_England) at [Winchester](/source/Winchester);[33][32] the foot was then one-third of its length. [Henry I](/source/Henry_I_of_England) was said to have made a new standard in 1101 based on his own arm.[32] Following the issuance of [Magna Carta](/source/Magna_Carta) in 1215, the [barons](/source/Baron_(UK)) of [Parliament](/source/English_Parliament) directed [John](/source/John_Lackland) and his son to keep the [king](/source/List_of_English_kings)'s standard measure (*Mensura Domini Regis*) and [weight](/source/Troy_pound) at the [Exchequer](/source/Exchequer),[32] which thereafter verified local standards until its abolition in the 19th century. New [brass](/source/Brass) standards are known to have been constructed under [Henry VII](/source/Henry_VII_of_England) and [Elizabeth I](/source/Elizabeth_I_of_England).[35]

Arnold's c. 1500 *Customs of London* recorded a mile shorter than previous ones, coming to 0.947 international miles (5,000 feet) or 1.524 km.[31]

#### English statute

"Statute mile" redirects here. For the current statute mile in the United Kingdom, see [§ International](#International). For the statute mile in the United States, see [§ US survey](#US_survey).

The English **statute mile** was established by a [Weights and Measures](/source/Weights_and_Measures_Acts_of_the_United_Kingdom) [Act of Parliament](/source/Act_of_Parliament) in 1593 during the reign of [Queen Elizabeth I](/source/Elizabeth_I_of_England). The act on the [Composition of Yards and Perches](/source/Composition_of_Yards_and_Perches) had shortened the length of the foot and its associated measures, causing the two methods of determining the mile to diverge.[36] Owing to the importance of the surveyor's [rod](/source/Rod_(unit)) in deeds and [surveying](/source/Surveying) undertaken under [Henry VIII](/source/Henry_VIII_of_England),[37] decreasing the length of the rod by 1⁄11 would have amounted to a significant [tax](/source/Land_tax) increase. Parliament instead opted to maintain the mile of 8 [furlongs](/source/Furlongs) (which were derived from the rod) and to increase the number of feet per mile from the old Roman value.[38] The applicable passage of the statute reads: "A Mile shall contain eight Furlongs, every Furlong forty Poles,[n 4] and every Pole shall contain sixteen Foot and an half."[40] The statute mile therefore contained 5,280 feet or 1,760 yards.[31] The distance was not uniformly adopted. [Robert Morden](/source/Robert_Morden) had multiple scales on his 17th-century maps which included continuing local values: his map of [Hampshire](/source/Hampshire), for example, bore two different "miles" with a ratio of 1 : 1.23[41] and his map of [Dorset](/source/Dorset) had three scales with a ratio of 1 : 1.23 : 1.41.[42] In both cases, the traditional local units remained longer than the statute mile. The English statute mile was superseded in 1959 by the [international mile](#International) by international agreement.

### German

Various historic miles and leagues from an 1848 German textbook, given in feet, metres, and fractions of a "[degree of meridian](/source/Circle_of_longitude)"

The **German mile** (*Meile*) was 24,000 German feet. The standardised **Austrian mile** used in southern Germany and the [Austrian Empire](/source/Austrian_Empire) was 7.586 km; the **Prussian mile** used in northern Germany was 7.5325 km. The Germans also used a longer version of the [geographical mile](#Geographical).

### Hungarian

The **Hungarian mile** (*mérföld* or *magyar mérföld*) varied from 8.3790 km to 8.9374 km before being standardised as 8.3536 km.

### Irish

Main article: [Irish mile](/source/Irish_mile)

Milestone on [Mountbellew](/source/Mountbellew) Bridge, erected c. 1760. Distances are given in Irish miles.

The **Irish mile** (*míle* or *míle Gaelach*) measured 2,240 yards: approximately 1.27 statute miles or 2.048 kilometres.[43][44] It was used in Ireland from the [16th century plantations](/source/Plantations_of_Ireland) until the 19th century, with residual use into the 20th century. The units were based on "[English measure](/source/Imperial_measure)" but used a [linear perch](/source/Linear_perch) measuring 7 yards (6.4 m) as opposed to the English [rod](/source/Rod_(unit)) of 5.5 yards (5.0 m).[44]

### Italian

Main article: [Italian units of measurement](/source/Italian_units_of_measurement)

The **Italian mile** (*miglio*, pl. *miglia*) was traditionally considered a direct continuation of the Roman mile, equal to 1000 paces,[45] although [its actual value over time or between regions](/source/Italian_units_of_measurement#Length) could vary greatly.[46] It was often used in international contexts from the Middle Ages into the 17th century[45] and is thus also known as the "geographical mile",[47] although the [geographical mile](/source/Geographical_mile) is now a separate standard unit.

### Japanese

The [CJK Compatibility](/source/CJK_Compatibility) [Unicode block](/source/Unicode_block) contains square-format versions of Japanese names for measurement units as written in [katakana](/source/Katakana) script. Among them, there is U+3344 ㍄ SQUARE MAIRU, after マイル *mairu*.

### Ottoman

Main article: [Ottoman units of measurement](/source/Ottoman_units_of_measurement)

The **Ottoman mile** was 1,894.35 m, which was equal to 5,000 Ottoman foot. After 1933, the Ottoman mile was replaced with the modern Turkish mile (1,853.181 m).

### Portuguese

The **Portuguese mile** (*milha*) used in Portugal and Brazil was 2.0873 km prior to metrication.[48]

### Russian

The **[Russian](/source/Obsolete_Russian_weights_and_measures) mile** (миля or русская миля, *russkaya milya*) was 7.468 km, divided into 7 [versts](/source/Verst).

### Saxon

The **Saxon post mile** (*kursächsische Postmeile* or *Polizeimeile*, introduced on occasion of a survey of the Saxon roads in the 1700s, corresponded to 2,000 Dresden [rods](/source/Rod_(unit)), equivalent to 9.062 kilometres.[49]

### Old Scandinavian

Main articles: [Scandinavian mile](/source/Scandinavian_mile) and [Scandinavian nautical mile](/source/Scandinavian_nautical_mile)

See also: [Danish units of measurement](/source/Danish_units_of_measurement), [Norwegian units of measurement](/source/Norwegian_units_of_measurement), and [Swedish units of measurement](/source/Swedish_units_of_measurement)

The **old Scandinavian miles** ([Norse](/source/Nordic_language): *mil*, [miːl], [Finnish](/source/Finnish_language): *peninkulma*) were a number of measurements of length used in Scandinavia prior to the adoption of the modern "[Scandinavian metric mile](#Scandinavian_metric_mile)" (10 km) in the late 19th century.

Before the [Renaissance](/source/Renaissance), there were various regional miles in Scandinavia. In Sweden, the regional miles were eventually divided after province, so called *landskapsmil* (roughly "county miles").[50][51][52] Some noteworthy Swedish county miles are:

- [Dala](/source/Dalarna) mile – 14,485 m (9.00 mi)

- [Finnish](/source/Finland) mile (*peninkulma*) – around 6 km (3.73 mi)

- [Småland](/source/Sm%C3%A5land) mile – around 7 km (4.35 mi)

- [Uppland](/source/Uppland) mile – 10,688.54 m (6.64 mi) = 3,600 [Swedish rods](/source/Rod_(unit)) = 6,000 [Swedish fathoms](/source/Fathom) = 18,000 [Swedish ells](/source/Ell) = 36,000 [Swedish feet](/source/Foot_(unit))

- [Västgöta](/source/V%C3%A4stra_G%C3%B6taland_County) mile – around 13 km (8.08 mi)

- [Ångermanland](/source/%C3%85ngermanland) mile – 11,875 m (7.38 mi) = 6,666 [Swedish fathoms](/source/Fathom)

While [Denmark](/source/Denmark) eventually adopted the [Prussian mile](#Prussian_mile) (see [§ Danish mile](#Danish_mile)), the Swedish kept their indigenous miles. In 1649 the Swedish government made the Uppland mile the de facto Swedish mile, or "unit mile" (*enhetsmil*), for all of Sweden, also called the "land mile" or "long mile". In [Finland](/source/Finland), then part of [Sweden](/source/Sweden), their measurement *peninkulma* (which is translated as "mile") then became equivalent to the Swedish "unit mile", which later carried over when Finland was ceded to the [Russian Empire](/source/Russian_Empire) in 1809. When Norway became part of Sweden in 1814, forming the [Union between Sweden and Norway](/source/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway), the Swedish standard for defining a "unit mile", 36,000 feet, was introduced to Norway, which, due to the Norwegian foot being slightly longer than the Swedish foot, then became slightly longer than in Sweden, making the "unit mile" 11.298 kilometres (7.020 miles) in Norway.

Upon metrification, Finland, Norway, and Sweden, decided to redefine their miles as 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), since they were all based on the old Swedish "unit mile", already close to the measurent. The modern [Scandinavian (metric) mile](#Scandinavian_metric_mile) is still a unit of length common in [Norway](/source/Norway) and [Sweden](/source/Sweden), to a lesser extent in [Finland](/source/Finland), but not [Denmark](/source/Denmark).

The Scandinavians also had their own "[nautical mile](/source/Nautical_mile)", called "sea mile" ([Danish](/source/Danish_language): *sømil*, [Norwegian](/source/Norwegian_language): *sjømil*, [Swedish](/source/Swedish_language): *sjömil*), or the equivalent "sea-peninkulma" in Finnish ([Finnish](/source/Finnish_language): *meripeninkulma*), equivalent to the German [geographical mile](/source/Geographical_mile) (1⁄15 degrees of [latitude](/source/Latitude)), around 7,413 m (24,321 ft); later, during metrification, standardized as 7,420 m (24,340 ft).

### Scots

Main article: [Scottish units of measurement](/source/Scottish_units_of_measurement)

[Edinburgh](/source/Edinburgh)'s "[Royal Mile](/source/Royal_Mile)"—running from [the castle](/source/Edinburgh_Castle) to [Holyrood Abbey](/source/Holyrood_Abbey)—is roughly a Scots mile long.[53]

The **Scots mile** was longer than the English mile,[54] as mentioned by [Robert Burns](/source/Robert_Burns) in the first verse of his poem "[Tam o' Shanter](/source/Tam_o'_Shanter_(Burns_poem))". It comprised 8 (Scots) furlongs divided into 320 [falls](/source/Fall_(Scots)) or faws (Scots [rods](/source/Rod_(unit))).[55] It varied from place to place but the most accepted equivalencies are 1,976 [Imperial](/source/Imperial_system) yards (1.123 [statute miles](/source/Statute_mile) or 1.81 km). It was legally abolished three times: first by a 1685 act of the [Scottish Parliament](/source/Parliament_of_Scotland),[56] again by the 1707 [Treaty of Union](/source/Act_of_Union_(1707)) with England,[57] and finally by the [Weights and Measures Act 1824](/source/Weights_and_Measures_Act_1824).[54] It had continued in use as a customary unit through the 18th century but had become obsolete by its final abolition.

### Welsh

Main article: [Welsh units of measurement](/source/Welsh_units_of_measurement)

The **Welsh mile** (*milltir* or *milldir*) was 3 statute miles and 1,470 yards long (6.17 km). It comprised 9,000 [paces](/source/Pace_(unit)) (*cam*), each of 3 [Welsh feet](/source/Welsh_feet) (*troedfedd*) of 9 inches (*modfeddi*).[58] (The Welsh inch is usually reckoned as equivalent to the English inch.) Along with other Welsh units, it was said to have been [codified](/source/Molmutine_Laws) under [Dyfnwal the Bald and Silent](/source/Dyfnwal_Moelmud) and [retained unchanged](/source/Laws_of_Hywel_Dda) by [Hywel the Good](/source/Hywel_Dda).[59] Along with other Welsh units, it was discontinued following the [conquest](/source/Edwardian_Conquest_of_Wales) of [Wales](/source/Principality_of_Wales) by [Edward I of England](/source/Edward_I_of_England) in the 13th century.

## International

Main article: [International System of Units](/source/International_System_of_Units)

The **international mile** is precisely equal to **1.609344 km** (or ⁠25146/15625⁠ km as a fraction).[61] It was established as part of the 1959 [international yard and pound](/source/International_yard_and_pound) agreement reached by the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the [Union of South Africa](/source/Union_of_South_Africa),[62] which resolved small but measurable differences that had arisen from separate physical standards each country had maintained for the yard.[63] As with the earlier [statute mile](#Statute), it continues to comprise 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet.

The difference from the previous standards was 2 [ppm](/source/Parts_per_million), or about 3.2 millimetres (1⁄8 inch) per mile. The US standard was slightly longer and the old Imperial standards had been slightly shorter than the international mile. When the international mile was introduced in English-speaking countries, the basic [geodetic datum](/source/Geodetic_datum) in America was the [North American Datum](/source/North_American_Datum) of 1927 (NAD27). This had been constructed by [triangulation](/source/Triangulation) based on the definition of the foot in the [Mendenhall Order](/source/Mendenhall_Order) of 1893, with 1 foot = ⁠1200/3937⁠ (≈0.304800609601) metres and the definition was retained for data derived from NAD27, but renamed the *US survey foot* to distinguish it from the international foot.[64][n 5] Thus a survey mile = ⁠1200/3937⁠ × 5280 (≈1609.347218694) metres. An international mile = 1609.344 / (⁠1200/3937⁠ × 5280) (=0.999998) survey miles.

The exact length of the land mile varied slightly among English-speaking countries until the [international yard and pound](/source/International_yard_and_pound) agreement in 1959 established the yard as exactly 0.9144 metres, giving a mile of exactly 1,609.344 metres. The US adopted this international mile for most purposes, but retained the pre-1959 mile for some land-survey data, terming it the *U. S. survey mile*. In the United States, *statute mile* normally refers to the survey mile,[65] about 3.219 mm (1⁄8 inch) longer than the international mile (the international mile is exactly 0.0002% less than the US survey mile).

While many countries abandoned the mile when switching to the [metric system](/source/Metric_system), the international mile continues to be used in some countries, such as [Liberia](/source/Liberia), [Myanmar](/source/Myanmar),[66] the United Kingdom[67] and the United States.[68] It is also used in a number of territories with fewer than a million inhabitants, most of which are UK or US territories, or have close historical ties with the UK or US: American Samoa,[69] Bahamas,[70] Belize,[71] British Virgin Islands,[72] Cayman Islands,[73] Dominica,[73] Falkland Islands,[74] Grenada,[75] Guam,[76] The N. Mariana Islands,[77] Samoa,[78] St. Lucia,[79] St. Vincent & The Grenadines,[80] St. Helena,[81] St. Kitts & Nevis,[82] the Turks & Caicos Islands,[83] and the US Virgin Islands.[84] The mile is even encountered in Canada, though this is predominantly in rail transport and horse racing, as the roadways have been metricated since 1977.[85][86][87][88] Ireland gradually replaced miles with kilometres, including in speed measurements; the process was completed in 2005.

## US survey

For the detailed calculations of international miles to survey miles and feet (above), see [§ International](#International).

The **US survey mile** is 5,280 [US survey feet](/source/U.S._survey_foot), or 1,609.347 metres and 0.30480061 metres respectively.[89] Both are very slightly longer than the [international mile](/source/International_mile) and [international foot](/source/International_foot). In the United States, the term *statute mile* formally refers to the survey mile,[3] but for most purposes, the difference of less than 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) between the survey mile and the international mile (1609.344 metres exactly) is insignificant—one international mile is 0.999998 US survey miles—so *statute mile* can be used for either. But in some cases, such as in the US [State Plane Coordinate Systems](/source/State_Plane_Coordinate_System) (SPCSs), which can stretch over hundreds of miles,[90] the accumulated difference can be significant, so the reference is to the US survey mile.

The United States redefined its yard in 1893, and this resulted in US and Imperial measures of distance having very slightly different lengths.

The [North American Datum](/source/North_American_Datum) of 1983 (NAD83), which replaced the NAD27, is defined in metres. State Plane Coordinate Systems were then updated, but the [National Geodetic Survey](/source/National_Geodetic_Survey) left individual states to decide which (if any) definition of the foot they would use. All State Plane Coordinate Systems are defined in metres, and 42 of the 50 states only use the metre-based State Plane Coordinate Systems. However, eight states also have State Plane Coordinate Systems defined in feet, seven of them in US survey feet and one in international feet.[90]

State legislation in the US is important for determining which conversion factor from the metric datum is to be used for land surveying and real estate transactions, even though the difference (2 [ppm](/source/Parts_per_million)) is hardly significant, given the precision of normal surveying measurements over short distances (usually much less than a mile). Twenty-four states have legislated that surveying measures be based on the US survey foot, eight have legislated that they be based on the international foot, and eighteen have not specified which conversion factor to use.[90]

SPCS 83 legislation refers to state legislation that has been passed or updated using the newer 1983 NAD data. Most states have done so. Two states, [Alaska](/source/Alaska) and [Missouri](/source/Missouri), and two jurisdictions, [Guam](/source/Guam) and [Puerto Rico](/source/Puerto_Rico), do not specify which foot to use.[90] Two states, [Alabama](/source/Alabama) and [Hawaii](/source/Hawaii), and four jurisdictions, [Washington, DC](/source/Washington%2C_DC), [US Virgin Islands](/source/United_States_Virgin_Islands), [American Samoa](/source/American_Samoa) and [Northern Mariana Islands](/source/Northern_Mariana_Islands), do not have SPCS 83 legislation.[90]

In October 2019, [US National Geodetic Survey](/source/US_National_Geodetic_Survey) and [National Institute of Standards and Technology](/source/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology) announced their joint intent to retire the US survey foot and US survey mile, as permitted by their 1959 decision, with effect on January 1, 2023.[91][92][93]

## Nautical

### International nautical

**On the utility of the nautical mile.**
Each circle shown is a [great circle](/source/Great_circle)—the analogue of a line in spherical trigonometry—and hence the shortest path connecting two points on the globular surface. [Meridians](/source/Meridian_(geography)) are great circles that pass through the poles.

Main article: [Nautical mile](/source/Nautical_mile)

The *nautical mile* (historically also (*sea mile*) was originally defined as one [minute of arc](/source/Minute_of_arc) along a [meridian](/source/Meridian_arc) of the Earth.[94] Navigators use [dividers](/source/Calipers#Divider_caliper) to step off the distance between two points on the navigational chart, then place the open dividers against the minutes-of-latitude scale at the edge of the chart, and read off the distance in nautical miles.[95] The Earth is not perfectly spherical but an [oblate spheroid](/source/Oblate_spheroid), so the length of a minute of latitude increases by 1% from the equator to the poles, as seen for example in the [WGS84 ellipsoid](/source/World_Geodetic_System), with 1,843 metres (6,046 ft) at the equator, 1,862 metres (6,108 ft) at the poles and average 1,852 metres (6,076 ft).

Since 1929 the international nautical mile is defined by the First International Extraordinary Hydrographic Conference in [Monaco](/source/Monaco) as exactly 1,852 metres (which is 1.151 miles or 6,076.12 feet).[96] In the United States, the nautical mile was defined in the 19th century as 6,080.2 feet (1,853.24 m), whereas in the United Kingdom, the *Admiralty nautical mile* was defined as 6,080 feet (1,853.18 m) and was about one minute of latitude in the latitudes of the south of the UK. Other nations had different definitions of the nautical mile.

#### Related units

The nautical mile per hour is known as the [knot](/source/Knot_(unit)). Nautical miles and knots are almost universally used for aeronautical and maritime navigation, because of their relationship with degrees and minutes of latitude and the convenience of using the latitude scale on a map for distance measuring.

The [data mile](/source/Data_mile) is used in [radar](/source/Radar)-related subjects and is equal to 6,000 feet (1.8288 kilometres).[97] The [radar mile](/source/Radar_mile) is a unit of time (in the same way that the [light year](/source/Light_year) is a unit of distance), equal to the time required for a radar pulse to travel a distance of two miles (one mile each way). Thus, the radar statute mile is 10.8 μs and the radar nautical mile is 12.4 μs.[98]

### Scandinavian nautical

Main article: [Scandinavian nautical mile](/source/Scandinavian_nautical_mile)

Scandinavians used their own version of the "[nautical mile](/source/Nautical_mile)" up to the beginning of the 20th century (with continued regional use), indigenously known as a **sea mile** ([Danish](/source/Danish_language): *sømil*, [Norwegian](/source/Norwegian_language): *sjømil*, [Swedish](/source/Swedish_language): *sjömil*), or the equivalent "sea-peninkulma" in Finnish ([Finnish](/source/Finnish_language): *meripeninkulma*). It was equal to a "[geographical mile](/source/Geographical_mile)", defined as 1⁄15 of an equatorial degree (1⁄360° of [longitude](/source/Longitude)),[99] equivalent to approximately four modern nautical miles or "medium meridian minutes" (4 × 1,852 m) – a nautical mile is approximately one sixtieth of a degree along a meridian (1/60 meridian degree).

During metrification in 1875, this brought it down to about 7,420 m (24,340 ft) from its former equivalence of 3950 fathoms ([Bokmål](/source/Bokm%C3%A5l_language): *favn*, [Swedish](/source/Swedish_language): *famn*) or about 7,435 m (24,393 ft).

## Geographical

Main article: [Geographical mile](/source/Geographical_mile)

The [geographical mile](/source/Geographical_mile) is based upon the length of a [meridian](/source/Meridian_(geography)) of [latitude](/source/Latitude). The German geographical mile (*geographische Meile*) was previously 1⁄15° of latitude (7.4127 km),[100] and was used as the basis for the [Scandinavian nautical mile](/source/Scandinavian_nautical_mile).

## Metric

Main article: [Metric mile](/source/Metric_mile)

The informal term "metric mile" is used in some countries, in sports such as [track and field athletics](/source/Track_and_field_athletics) and [speed skating](/source/Speed_skating), to denote a distance of 1,500 metres (0.932 miles). The [1500 meters](/source/1500_meters) is the premier [middle distance running](/source/Middle_distance_running) event in [Olympic sports](/source/Olympic_sports). In United States high-school competition, the term is sometimes used for a race of 1,600 metres (0.994 miles).[101]

Metric mile has also been used to denote other metric measurements under the name mile, such as the [Scandinavian mile](/source/Scandinavian_mile) ([Swedish](/source/Swedish_language): *metrisk mil*),[102] and previously also the [kilometre](/source/Kilometre), in [Dutch](/source/Dutch_language).

### Scandinavian metric

Main article: [Scandinavian mile](/source/Scandinavian_mile)

The **Scandinavian metric mile** ([Norwegian](/source/Norwegian_language) and [Swedish](/source/Swedish_language): *mil*, [miːl]) refers to the modern **Scandinavian mile**, used in [Norway](/source/Norway) and [Sweden](/source/Sweden), to a lesser extent in [Finland](/source/Finland) ([Finnish](/source/Finnish_language): *peninkulma*), but not in [Denmark](/source/Denmark), which since metrication in the late 19th century is standardized as 10 km.[25] It is used in informal situations and in measurements of fuel consumption, which are often given as litres per *mil*. In formal situations (such as official road signs) only kilometres are given.

The Scandinavian metric mile is based of the old Swedish "[unit mile](#Old_Scandinavian_mile)" ([Swedish](/source/Swedish_language): *enhetsmil*), which was standardised as 36,000 Swedish feet or 10.6884 kilometres (6.6415 miles) in 1649; before that, the mile varied by [province](/source/Provinces_of_Sweden) from about 6–14.485 km (3.728–9.001 mi), also known as "county miles" ([Swedish](/source/Swedish_language): *landskapsmil*).[25] In Finland, then part of Sweden, the traditional Finnish measurement *peninkulma*, or "Finnish mile" ([Swedish](/source/Swedish_language): *finsk mil*), became redefined as equivalent to the Swedish "unit mile" [Swedish](/source/Swedish_language): *mil*, which was then kept when Finland seceded to Russia in 1809. When Norway became part of Sweden in 1814, forming the [Union between Sweden and Norway](/source/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway), the Swedish standard for defining a mile was introduced, which then became slightly longer in Norway than in Sweden, due to the Norwegian foot being slightly longer than the Swedish foot, making the "unit mile" 11.298 kilometres (7.020 miles) in Norway. Upon metrification, each country decided to redefine their mile to 10 kilometres.

## Comparison table

A comparison of the different lengths for a "mile", in different countries and at different times in history, is given in the table below. [Leagues](/source/League_(unit)) are also included in this list because, in terms of length, they fall in between the short West European miles and the long North, Central and Eastern European miles.

Length (m) Name Country used From To Definition Remarks 0500 lǐ mainland China 1984 today 1,500 chi In Chinese, this unit and the imperial mile are written using the same word (里), with a qualifier to distinguish between systems if needed 0960–1,152 Talmudic mil Land of Israel/Canaan today 2,000 amot (cubits) Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement 01,480 mille passus, milliarium Roman Empire Ancient Roman units of measurement 01,486.6 miglio[103] Sicily 01,524 London mile England 01,609.3426 (statute) mile England/UK 1592 1959 1,760 yards Over the course of time, the length of a yard changed several times and consequently so did the English, and from 1824, the imperial mile. The statute mile was introduced in 1592 during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I 01,609.344 mile some English speaking countries[citation needed] 1959 today 1,760 yards On 1 July 1959, the imperial mile was standardized to an exact length in metres. This figure corresponds to 5280 feet at 25.4 millimeters per inch. 01,609.3472 (statute) mile United States 1893 2022 1,760 yards From 1959 also called the US Survey Mile. From then, its only utility has been land survey, before it was the standard mile. From 1893, its exact length in metres was: ⁠3600/3937⁠ × 1760 01,807 Scots mile Scotland 1685 5,920 feet 01,820 Italy 01,852 nautical mile international today approx. 1 minute of arc Measured at a circumference of 40,000 km. Abbreviation: NM, nm 01,852.3 (for comparison) 1 meridian minute 01,853.181 nautical mile Turkey 01,855.4 (for comparison) 1 equatorial minute Although the NM was defined on the basis of the minute, it varies from the equatorial minute, because at that time the circumference of the equator could only be estimated at 40,000 km. 02,065 Portugal 02,220 Gallo-Roman league Gallo-Roman culture 1.5 miles Under the reign of Emperor Septimius Severus, this replaced the Roman mile as the official unit of distance in the Gallic and Germanic provinces, although there were regional and temporal variations.[104] 02,470 Sardinia, Piemont 02,622 Scotland 02,880 Ireland 03,780 Flanders 03,898 French lieue (post league) France 2,000 "body lengths" 03,927 Ri Japan 12,960 shaku 04,000 general or metric league 04,000 legue Guatemala 04,190 legue Mexico[105] = 2,500 tresas = 5,000 varas 04,444.8 landleuge 1⁄25° of a circle of longitude 04,452.2 lieue commune France Units of measurement in France before the French Revolution 04,513 legue Paraguay 04,513 legua Chile,[105] (Guatemala, Haiti) = 36 cuadros = 5,400 varas 04,808 Switzerland 04,828 English land league England 3 miles 04,800 04,900 Germanic rasta, also doppelleuge (double league) 05,000 légua nova Portugal[105] 05,196 legua Bolivia[105] = 40 ladres 05,152 legua Argentina Argentina, Buenos Aires[105] = 6,000 varas 05,154 legue Uruguay 05,200 Bolivian legua Bolivia 05,370 legue Venezuela 05,500 Portuguese legua Portugal 05,510 legue Ecuador 05,510 Ecuadorian legua Ecuador 05,532.5 Landleuge (state league) Prussia Obsolete German units of measurement 05,540 legue Honduras 05,556 Seeleuge (nautical league) 1⁄20° of a circle of longitude 3 nautical miles 05,570 legua Spain and Chile Spanish customary units 05,572 legua Colombia[105] = 3 Millas 05,572.7 legue Peru[105] = 20,000 feet 05,572.7 legua Antigua old league Spain[105] = 3 millas = 15,000 feet 05,590 légua Brazil[105] = 5,000 varas = 2,500 bracas 05,600 Brazilian legua Brazil 05,685 Fersah (Turkish league) Ottoman Empire 1933 4 Turkish miles Derived from Persian parasang 05,840[106] Dutch mile Holland 06,170 milltir Wales 13thC 9,000 camau ( = 27,000 troedfeddi = 243,000 inches) Eclipsed by the conquest of Wales by Edward I 06,197 légua antiga Portugal[105] = 3 milhas = 24 estadios 06,240 Persian legue Persia 06,277 Luxembourg 06,280 Belgium 06,687.24 legua nueva new league, since 1766 Spain[105] = 8,000 varas 06,700 Breslau mile Silesia 1630 1872 Also known as mila wrocławska in Polish 06,797 Landvermessermeile (state survey mile) Saxony Obsolete German units of measurement 07,400 Netherlands 07,409 (for comparison) 4 meridian minutes 07,419.2 Kingdom of Hanover Obsolete German units of measurement 07,419.4 Duchy of Brunswick Obsolete German units of measurement 07,420.4 07,414.9 Bavaria Obsolete German units of measurement 07,420.439 geographic mile 1⁄15 equatorial grads [dubious – discuss] 07,421.6 (for comparison) 4 equatorial minutes 07,448.7 Württemberg Obsolete German units of measurement 07,450 Hohenzollern Obsolete German units of measurement 07,467.6 Russia 7 verst Obsolete Russian units of measurement 07,480 Bohemia 07,500 kleine / neue Postmeile (small/new postal mile) Saxony 1840 German Empire, North German Confederation, Grand Duchy of Hesse, Russia. Obsolete German units of measurement 07,532.5 Land(es)meile (German state mile) Denmark, Hamburg, Prussia Primarily for Denmark defined by Ole Rømer. Obsolete German units of measurement 07,585.9 Postmeile (post mile) Austro-Hungary Austrian units of measurement 07,850 Milă Romania 08,534.31 Mila Poland 1819 7146 meters before 1819, also equaled 7 verst[107] 08,800 Schleswig-Holstein Obsolete German units of measurement 08,888.89 Baden Obsolete German units of measurement 09,062 mittlere Post- / Polizeimeile (middle post mile or police mile) Saxony 1722 Obsolete German units of measurement 09,206.3 Electorate of Hesse Obsolete German units of measurement 09,261.4 (for comparison) 5 meridian minutes 09,277 (for comparison) 5 equatorial minutes 09,323 alte Landmeile (old state mile) Hanover 1836 Obsolete German units of measurement 09,347 alte Landmeile (old state mile) Hanover 1836 Obsolete German units of measurement 09,869.6 Oldenburg 10,000 metric mile, Scandinavian mile Norway, Sweden today Still commonly used today, e.g. for road distances; equates to the myriametre 10,044 große Meile (great mile) Westphalia Obsolete German units of measurement 10,670 Finland 10,688.54 mil Sweden 1889 In normal speech, "mil" means a Scandinavian mile of 10 km. 11,113.7 (for comparison) 6 meridian minutes 11,132.4 (for comparison) 6 equatorial minutes 11,299 mil Norway was equivalent to 3,000 Rhenish rods.

Similar units:

- 1,066.8 m – [verst](/source/Verst), see also [obsolete Russian units of measurement](/source/Obsolete_Russian_units_of_measurement)

## Idioms

The mile is still used in a variety of [idioms](/source/Idioms), even in English-speaking countries that have moved from the Imperial to the metric system (for example, Australia, Canada, or New Zealand). These idioms include:

- A *[country mile](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/country_mile)* is used [colloquially](/source/Colloquialism) to denote a very long distance

- *"A miss is as good as a mile"* (failure by a narrow margin is no better than any other failure)

- *"Give him an inch and he'll take a mile"* – a corruption of *"Give him an inch and he'll take an [ell](/source/Ell)"*[108][109] (the person in question will become greedy if shown generosity)

- *"Missed by a mile"* (missed by a wide margin)

- *"Go a mile a minute"* (move very quickly)

- *"Talk a mile a minute"* (speak at a rapid rate)

- *"To go the extra mile"* (to put in extra effort)

- *"Miles away"* (lost in thought, or daydreaming)

- *"[Milestone](/source/Milestone)"* (an event indicating significant progress)

- *[Glasgow's miles better](/source/Glasgow's_miles_better)*, a touristic campaign.

## See also

- [Science portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Science)

- [Biblical mile](/source/Biblical_mile)

- [Chinese mile](/source/Chinese_mile) (里)

- [Data mile](/source/Data_mile)

- [Food miles](/source/Food_miles)

- [Four-minute mile](/source/Four-minute_mile)

- [Geographical mile](/source/Geographical_mile)

- [Medieval weights and measures](/source/Medieval_weights_and_measures)

- [Mile run](/source/Mile_run)

- [Scandinavian mile](/source/Scandinavian_mile)

- [Section lines](/source/Section_line)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Exactly ⁠50292/57875⁠ nmi

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** A [partitive genitive](/source/Partitive_genitive) construction literally meaning "one thousand of paces".[8]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** The c. 1300 [Composition of Yards and Perches](/source/Composition_of_Yards_and_Perches), a [statute of uncertain date](/source/Statutes_of_uncertain_date) usually reckoned as an enactment of [Edward I](/source/Edward_I_of_England)[33] or [II](/source/Edward_II),[32] notionally continued to derive English units from three barleycorns "dry and round" to the inch[33] and this statute remained in force until the 1824 [Weights and Measures Act](/source/Weights_and_Measures_Acts_of_the_United_Kingdom) establishing the [Imperial system](/source/Imperial_units). In practice, official measures were verified using the standards at the Exchequer or simply ignored.[34]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** "Pole" being another name for the [rod](/source/Rod_(unit)).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-69)** When reading the document it helps to bear in mind that 999,998 = 3,937 × 254.

## References

### Citations

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED2002"mile,_''n.<sup>1</sup>''"_2-0)** [OED (2002)](#CITEREFOED2002), "mile, *n.1*".

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAHD2006"mile,_1"_3-0)** [AHD (2006)](#CITEREFAHD2006), "mile, 1".

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2008B.6._4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2008B.6._4-1) [Thompson (2008)](#CITEREFThompson2008), B.6..

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Weintrit, Adam (24 October 2019). ["History of the Nautical Mile"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180301104131/https://www.czasopismologistyka.pl/artykuly-naukowe/send/338-artykuly-na-plycie-cd-2/8932-weintrit-history-of-the-nautical-mile). *Logistyka*. Archived from [the original](https://www.czasopismologistyka.pl/artykuly-naukowe/send/338-artykuly-na-plycie-cd-2/8932-weintrit-history-of-the-nautical-mile) on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButcher2014C-16_6-0)** [Butcher (2014)](#CITEREFButcher2014), p. C-16.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Road traffic: The traffic signs regulations and general directions 2015"](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/307152/draft-tsrgd-schedules.pdf) (PDF). [Government of the United Kingdom](/source/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180921040502/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/307152/draft-tsrgd-schedules.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["Numbers"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/article/art20130702112133541) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180727165446/http://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/article/art20130702112133541) 27 July 2018 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) BBC

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELease1905211_9-0)** [Lease (1905)](#CITEREFLease1905), p. 211.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Bassett, David R.; Mahar, Matthew T.; Rowe, David A.; Morrow, James R. (2008). ["Walking and Measurement"](https://doi.org/10.1249%2FMSS.0b013e31817c699c). *Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise*. **40** (7): S529–S536. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817c699c](https://doi.org/10.1249%2FMSS.0b013e31817c699c). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0195-9131](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9131). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [18562970](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18562970).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoren1999184_12-0)** [Soren (1999)](#CITEREFSoren1999), p. 184.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShuttleworth_13-0)** [Shuttleworth](#CITEREFShuttleworth).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1875762_14-0)** [Smith (1875)](#CITEREFSmith1875), p. 762.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Measurement"](https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Measurement/). *Maths History*. Retrieved 1 September 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-AdkinsAdkins2014_16-0)** Lesley Adkins; Roy A. Adkins; Both Professional Archaeologists Roy A Adkins (14 May 2014). [*Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome*](https://books.google.com/books?id=zGY1Sqjwf8kC&pg=PA199). Infobase Publishing. pp. 199–. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8160-7482-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7482-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Shcheglov, Dmitry A. (2017). ["Eratosthenes' Contribution to Ptolemy's Map of the World"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/48547828). *Imago Mundi*. **69** (2): 159–175. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/03085694.2017.1312112](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03085694.2017.1312112). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0308-5694](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0308-5694). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [48547828](https://www.jstor.org/stable/48547828).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-92)** Government of Canada, Transportation Safety Board of Canada (26 October 2011). ["Railway Investigation Report R10E0096 - Transportation Safety Board of Canada"](http://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/rail/2010/r10e0096/r10e0096.html). *www.tsb.gc.ca*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220914190153/https://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/rail/2010/r10e0096/r10e0096.html) from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2023. February 2012, Rail Report – 2010 – Report Number R10E0096. Other Factual Information (See Figure 1). 2. Assignment 602 travelled approximately 12 car lengths into track VC-64 and at a speed of 9 mph struck a stationary cut of 46 empty cars (with the air brakes applied) that had been placed in the track about 2+1⁄2 hours earlier. Canadian railways have not been metricated and therefore continue to measure trackage in miles and speed in miles per hour.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-93)** *[Hastings Racecourse Fact Book](http://www.hastingspark.com/racing/factbook.aspx)* [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120418172501/http://www.hastingspark.com/racing/factbook.aspx) 18 April 2012 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) Like Canadian railways, Canadian race tracks have not been metricated and continue to measure distance in miles, furlongs, and yards (see page 18 of the fact book).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-94)** ["Appendix E. General Tables of Units of Measurement"](https://www.nist.gov/document-2382). Retrieved 14 January 2020. (links to a Microsoft Word document)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-NGS-FAQ_95-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-NGS-FAQ_95-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-NGS-FAQ_95-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-NGS-FAQ_95-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-NGS-FAQ_95-4) US National Geodetic Survey. ["What are the 'official' conversions that are used by NGS to convert 1) metres to inches, and 2) metres to feet?"](http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/faq.shtml#Feet). Frequently Asked Questions about the National Geodetic Survey. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054504/http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/faq.shtml#Feet) from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-96)** ["NGS and NIST to Retire U.S. Survey Foot after 2022"](https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/web/news/us-survey-foot.shtml). National Geodetic Survey. 31 October 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210527213329/https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/web/news/us-survey-foot.shtml) from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-97)** ["U.S. Survey Foot: Revised Unit Conversion Factors"](https://www.nist.gov/pml/us-surveyfoot/revised-unit-conversion-factors). *NIST*. 16 October 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200302225408/https://www.nist.gov/pml/us-surveyfoot/revised-unit-conversion-factors) from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-98)** ["Federal Register :: Request Access"](https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/10/05/2020-21902/deprecation-of-the-united-states-us-survey-foot). *Federal Register*. 5 October 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221221184624/http://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/10/05/2020-21902/deprecation-of-the-united-states-us-survey-foot) from the original on 21 December 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaloney197834_99-0)** [Maloney (1978)](#CITEREFMaloney1978), p. 34.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaloney197834–35_100-0)** [Maloney (1978)](#CITEREFMaloney1978), pp. 34–35.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-101)** [International Bureau of Weights and Measures](/source/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures) (2006), [*The International System of Units (SI)*](https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/si_brochure_8.pdf) (PDF) (8th ed.), p. 127, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [92-822-2213-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-822-2213-6), [archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210604163219/https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/si_brochure_8.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 4 June 2021, retrieved 16 December 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowlett2018"data_mile"_102-0)** [Rowlett (2018)](#CITEREFRowlett2018), "data mile".

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowlett2018"radar_mile"_103-0)** [Rowlett (2018)](#CITEREFRowlett2018), "radar mile".

1. **[^](#cite_ref-104)** [Store norske leksikon](https://snl.no/sj%C3%B8mil) (in Norwegian)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowlett2018"meile"_105-0)** [Rowlett (2018)](#CITEREFRowlett2018), "meile".

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowlett2018"mile"_106-0)** [Rowlett (2018)](#CITEREFRowlett2018), "mile".

1. **[^](#cite_ref-107)** [*Statistisk handbok för Finland. Andra upplagan*](https://runeberg.org/sthbfi90/) – via [Project Runeberg](/source/Project_Runeberg).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-108)** Leopold Carl Bleibtreu: *Handbuch der Münz-, Maß- und Gewichtskunde und des Wechsel-Staatspapier-, Bank- und Aktienwesens europäischer und außereuropäischer Länder und Städte*. Verlag von J. Engelhorn, Stuttgart, 1863, p. 332

1. **[^](#cite_ref-109)** Rottländer, R.C.A. (January 2006). ["Hierarchische Gliederung der vormetrischen Längeneinheiten"](http://vormetrische-laengeneinheiten.de/html/gliederung.html). *vormetrische-laengeneinheiten.de*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060222062621/http://vormetrische-laengeneinheiten.de/html/gliederung.html) from the original on 22 February 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-BI_110-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-BI_110-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-BI_110-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-BI_110-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-BI_110-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-BI_110-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-BI_110-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-BI_110-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-BI_110-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-BI_110-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-BI_110-10) Helmut Kahnt (1986), *BI-Lexikon Alte Maße, Münzen und Gewichte*, Leipzig: VEB Bibliographisches Institut, p. 380

1. **[^](#cite_ref-111)** [IKAR-Altkartendatenbank](http://ikar.sbb.spk-berlin.de/werkzeugkasten/sonderregeln/4_3,htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220202180208/http://ikar.sbb.spk-berlin.de/werkzeugkasten/sonderregeln/4_3,htm) 2 February 2022 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Kartenabteilung.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-112)** Gloger, Zygmunt (1898). *Ksiega rzeczy polskich*. Druk W.L. Anczyca i Sp. [OL](/source/OL_(identifier)) [23442814M](https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23442814M).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-113)** *[Concise Oxford English Dictionary](/source/Concise_Oxford_English_Dictionary)* (5th edition; 1964). [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Heywood1562_114-0)** John Heywood (1562). [*The proverbs, epigrams, and miscellanies of John Heywood ...*](https://books.google.com/books?id=pK07AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA95) Print. for subscribers, by the Early English Drama Society. pp. 95–. Retrieved 1 December 2011.

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## Further reading

- [*NIST General Tables of Units of Measurement*](https://web.archive.org/web/20111210164956/http://ts.nist.gov/weightsandmeasures/publications/appxc.cfm), United States National Institute of Standards and Technology, archived from [the original](http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/Publications/appxc.cfm) on 10 December 2011

- ["Tafel zur Vergleichung und Bestimmung der Wegemaasse"](https://archive.org/stream/naturhistorisch00unkngoog#page/n712/mode/1up), *Naturhistorische und chemischtechnische Notizen nach den neuesten Erfahrungen zur Nutzanwendung für Gewerbe, Fabrikwesen und Landwirthschaft*, Expedition der Medicinischen Centralzeitung, 1856, pp. 320–326 (Item notes: Sammlung5-6 (1856–57) Original from Harvard University Digitized 9 January 2008)

- Smits, Jan (15 February 2013) [1996], [*Mathematical data for bibliographic descriptions of cartographic materials and spatial data*](http://ica-proj.kartografija.hr/for-librarians.en.html), Personal page on website ICA Commission on Map Projections, [archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140212174413/http://persons.kb.nl/jsmits/skd/mathemat.html) from the original on 12 February 2014

- Wigglesworth Clarke, Frank (1875), [*Weights, measures, and money, of all nations*](https://archive.org/details/weightsmeasures01unkngoog), New York, D. Appleton & Company, p. [91](https://archive.org/stream/weightsmeasures01unkngoog#page/n97/mode/1up)

v t e Hellenic measurement Length pous plethron stade milion parasang schoenus Volume medimnos Other Salamis Stone

v t e Imperial units Comparison with US customary system Length Twip Thousandth of an inch Barleycorn Inch Hand Link Foot Yard Fathom Rod Chain Furlong Cable Mile Nautical mile League Area Square inch Square foot Square yard Perch Rood Acre Square mile Volume Derived Cubic inch Cubic foot Hoppus Cubic yard Cubic mile Tmcft Cooking Teaspoon Tablespoon Fluid ounce Cup Pint Quart Trade gallon Gallon Other Chaldron Minim Gill Fluid Scruple Fluid Drachm Peck Bushel Barrel Stuck Hogshead Speed Miles per hour Mass Grain Drachm Ounce Pound (mass) Stone Quarter Slug Long hundred Hundredweight Ship load Ton Pressure Ksi Pounds per square inch Other units and measures British thermal unit Degree Fahrenheit Rankine Foot-candle Foot-pound Foot-poundal Horsepower Horsepower-hour Kenning Pound (force) Pound-foot Poundal Span Related systems Avoirdupois system English units Winchester Exchequer English Engineering units Foot–pound–second system (FPS) Twenty-foot equivalent unit

v t e United States customary units Comparison with imperial unit system Length Thousandth of an inch Inch Hand Link Foot Yard Rod Chain Furlong Mile Statute mile Area Square inch Square foot Square yard Acre Square mile Volume Derived Cubic inch Cubic foot Cubic yard Cubic mile Cooking Teaspoon Tablespoon Fluid ounce Cup Pint Quart Gallon Wood Board foot Cord Face cord Other Minim Gill Peck Bushel Barrel Acre-foot Speed Foot per second Miles per hour Mass Grain Dram Ounce Pound Hundredweight Ton Long Short Force Poundal Pound-force Kip Pressure Inch of mercury Pound per square inch Kilopound per square inch Other units and measures Bolt (cloth) British thermal unit Degree (angle) Fahrenheit Foot-candle Foot-lambert Foot-pound (energy) Horsepower Perm Pound-foot (torque) Ton of refrigeration Related systems American wire gauge Avoirdupois system Body jewelry sizes English Engineering Units Foot–pound–second system of units

Authority control databases Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine İslâm Ansiklopedisi

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Mile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.