# Mikhail Chumakov

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{{Short description|Soviet microbiologist, virologist}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name              = Mikhail Petrovich Chumakov
|image             = Mikhail Chumakov.jpg
|image_size        = 220px
|caption           = January 1962
|birth_date        = 14 November 1909
|birth_place       = [Yepifan](/source/Yepifan), [Tula Governorate](/source/Tula_Governorate), [Russian Empire](/source/Russian_Empire)
|death_date        = {{Death date and age|1993|6|11|1909|11|14|df=y}}
|death_place       = [Moscow](/source/Moscow), [Russian Federation](/source/Russian_Federation)
|fields            = [Microbiology](/source/Microbiology), [Virology](/source/Virology)
|workplaces        = D.I.Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Moscow, USSR<br>M.P.Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and VIral Encephalitides, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
|alma_mater        = [Moscow State University](/source/Moscow_State_University)
|known_for         = Discovery of [Tick-borne encephalitis virus](/source/Tick-borne_encephalitis_virus)<br>Clinical trial of Oral [Polio Vaccine](/source/Polio_Vaccine) 
|awards            = [Stalin Prize](/source/USSR_State_Prize) of First Degree in Science and Technology(1941)<br>[Lenin Prize](/source/Lenin_Prize) in Science and Technology (1963)<br>[Hero of Socialist Labour](/source/Hero_of_Socialist_Labour) (1983)
}}

'''Mikhail Petrovich Chumakov''' ({{langx|ru|Михаи́л Петро́вич Чумако́в}}; 14 November 1909 – 11 June 1993) was a [Soviet](/source/Soviet_Union) Russian microbiologist and virologist most famous for conducting pivotal large-scale clinical trials that led to licensing of the Oral [Polio Vaccine](/source/Polio_Vaccine) (OPV) developed by [Albert B. Sabin](/source/Albert_B._Sabin).<ref>Sabin, A.B. Role of my cooperation with Soviet scientists in the elimination of polio: possible lessons for relations between the U.S.A. and the USSR. Perspect Biol Med. 1987 Autumn; 31(1):57-64. {{DOI|10.1353/pbm.1987.0023}}. {{PMID|3696960}}.</ref>

==Life and work==
Chumakov graduated in 1931 from [Moscow State University](/source/Moscow_State_University) Medical School that was later transformed into I.M. Sechenov [Moscow](/source/Moscow) Medical Academy. In 1937 Chumakov participated in a scientific expedition to Khabarovsk region of Soviet Far East that was led by Professor [Lev A. Zilber](/source/%3Aru%3A%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87). Together with his colleagues he discovered the etiology of a new transmissible neurological disease called [tick-borne encephalitis](/source/tick-borne_encephalitis) (TBE) and isolated the virus that causes it. He was accidentally infected with the virus and developed encephalitis that led to a permanent loss of hearing and paralysis of the right arm. For this discovery he was awarded [Stalin Prize](/source/USSR_State_Prize) of First Degree in Science and Technology in 1941. In 1948 Chumakov became a corresponding member, and in 1960 a full member of [Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR](/source/%3Aru%3A%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0). Beginning in the 1940s Chumakov organized multiple medical expeditions to Siberia and other regions of the Soviet Union to investigate outbreaks caused by new viruses. Among viruses discovered and studied by Chumakov are [Omsk hemorrhagic fever](/source/Omsk_hemorrhagic_fever) and Kemerovo fever viruses,<ref>Chumakov MP, Sarmanova ES, Bychkova MV, Bannova GG, Pivanova GP, Karpovich LG, Izotov VK, Rzhakhova OE. Identification of Kemerovo Tick-Borne Fever Virus and its antigenic independence. Fed Proc Transl Suppl. 1964 Jul-Aug;23:852-4. {{PMID|14196947}}.</ref> [hantavirus causing renal syndrome](/source/Hantavirus), [Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever](/source/Crimean-Congo_Hemorrhagic_Fever) virus, and many others. From 1950 he was the Director of the Ivanovsky Institute of Virology in Moscow. In 1952 as a part of the anti-Semitic campaign in the Soviet Union known as [Doctors' plot](/source/Doctors'_plot) he was removed from the Ivanovsky Institute for refusal to fire Jewish associates. In 1955 he organized a new research institute near Moscow to work on vaccines against [poliomyelitis](/source/poliomyelitis). His work on vaccines against poliomyelitis was done in close collaboration with American scientists including [Jonas Salk](/source/Jonas_Salk) and [Albert Sabin](/source/Albert_Sabin).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rojansky|first=Matthew|title=The Latent Power of Health Cooperation in U.S.-Russian Relations|journal=Science & Diplomacy|date=2013-05-08|volume=2|issue=2|url=https://www.sciencediplomacy.org/sites/default/files/the_latent_power_of_health_cooperation_in_u.s.-russian_relations_science__diplomacy.pdf}}</ref> In 1958-1959 he and his wife [Marina Voroshilova](/source/Marina_Voroshilova) organized the first mass production and clinical trials of Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (OPV)<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Khromchencko|first=Matvei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c603UDcyJVMC&q=Marina+Voroshilova|title=Soviet Life|year=1974|publisher=Embassy of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics in the USA|pages=47–48|chapter=He saved millions of lives}}</ref> made from live attenuated strains developed by Albert Sabin.<ref>Benison, S. International Medical Cooperation: Dr. Albert Sabin, Live Poliovirus Vaccine and the Soviets. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 56 (1982), 460-83. {{JSTOR|44441513}}.</ref><ref>Swanson, W. Birth of a Cold War Vaccine. Scientific American, April 2012, 306(4): 66 -9. {{JSTOR|26014328}}.</ref> This made the Soviet Union the first country to develop, produce, license and widely use this highly effective vaccine that practically eliminated poliomyelitis from the country in the first few years of its use. The vaccine produced by Chumakov's Institute was exported into more than 60 countries, and was instrumental in stopping large outbreaks of poliomyelitis in Eastern Europe and Japan. The success of the Russian clinical trials was critical to OPV licensing in the United States in 1962, and the vaccine becoming the main tool used in global [poliomyelitis eradication](/source/poliomyelitis_eradication) campaign. Chumakov also created a number of other human and veterinarian vaccines, including inactivated vaccine against TBE, measles, influenza and vaccine against [Canine distemper](/source/Canine_distemper) virus that is widely used to protect farmed fur animals. Chumakov published more than 960 research papers, scholarly articles and books.

Chumakov held an [Honoris Causa](/source/Honoris_Causa) degree from [Academia Leopoldina](/source/German_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina) in Germany and was an Honorary member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He also was an honorary member of Medical Societies and Academies of several other countries. After Chumakov's death, the Institute that he founded was renamed in his honor as [M.P.Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides](/source/%3Aru%3A%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%9D_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C._%D0%9F._%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0) of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. In 2016 the Institute and its vaccine manufacturing facility were reorganized into M.P. Chumakov Center for Research and Development of Biological Products of the [Russian Academy of Sciences](/source/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences). A main-belt asteroid [5465 Chumakov](/source/5465_Chumakov) discovered by [Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina](/source/Lyudmila_Georgievna_Karachkina) was also named in his honor.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{commons category|Mikhail Petrovich Chumakov}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chumakov, Mikhail Petrovich}}
Category:Soviet microbiologists
Category:Soviet virologists
Category:Academicians of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences
Category:Academicians of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
Category:1909 births
Category:1993 deaths
Category:Moscow State University alumni
Category:Burials at Troyekurovskoye Cemetery
Category:I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University alumni
Category:Employees of the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
Category:Russian scientists

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Mikhail Chumakov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Chumakov) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Chumakov?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.