# Migration to Abyssinia

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{{Short description|Episode in the early history of Islam}}
{{See also|Diplomatic career of Muhammad}}
{{Expand Arabic}}{{Infobox historical event
  |Event_Name     = Migration to Abyssinia
  | image = Hijra Abyssinia (Rashid ad-Din).jpg
  |AKA            = Hijrah Habashah ʽUla ({{Script/Arabic|الهجرة الأولى إلى الحبشة}}) or Hijrah il-al-Habashah ({{Script/Arabic|الهجرة إلى الحبشة}})
  |motive=To escape [persecution by the Quraysh](/source/Persecution_of_Muslims_by_Meccans)|blank_label=Departure location|blank_data=[Mecca](/source/Mecca), [Hejaz](/source/Hejaz), [Arabia](/source/Arabian_Peninsula)|blank1_label=Destination|blank1_data=[Aksum](/source/Axum), [Kingdom of Aksum](/source/Kingdom_of_Aksum)|Participants   = The early ''[Sahabah](/source/Companions_of_the_Prophet)'': Eleven men and four women
  |caption=1314 manuscript illustration by [Rashid ad-Din](/source/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani) depicting the [Negus](/source/Negus) of [medieval Abyssinia](/source/Kingdom_of_Aksum) declining a [Meccan](/source/Quraysh) delegation's request to surrender the [early Muslims](/source/History_of_Islam).|native_name={{Script/Arabic|الهجرة إلى الحبشة}}|native_name_lang=ar|Date           = c. 613-615 CE (9-7 [BH](/source/Islamic_calendar))
  |nongregorian   = Julian
  |partof=the [diplomatic career of Muhammad](/source/diplomatic_career_of_Muhammad)|Result         = Some of the early [Muslims](/source/Muslims) settle in Aksum
}}
{{Muhammad}}

The '''migration to Abyssinia''' ({{langx|ar|الهجرة إلى الحبشة|translit=al-hijra ʾilā al-habaša}}), also known as the '''First Hijra''' ({{langx|ar|الهجرة الأولى|translit=al-hijrat al'uwlaa|label=none}}), was an episode in the early history of [Islam](/source/Islam), where the first followers of the Islamic prophet [Muhammad](/source/Muhammad) (they were known as the [Sahabah](/source/Companions_of_the_Prophet), or the companions) migrated from [Arabia](/source/Arabian_Peninsula) due to their persecution by the [Quraysh](/source/Quraysh), the ruling [Arab](/source/Arabs) tribal confederation of [Mecca](/source/Mecca). They sought and were granted refuge in the [Kingdom of Aksum](/source/Kingdom_of_Aksum), an ancient [Christian state](/source/Christian_state) that was situated in modern-day northern [Ethiopia](/source/Ethiopia) and  [Eritrea](/source/Eritrea) (also referred to as [Abyssinia](/source/Abyssinia)),<ref>{{cite book|author=E. A. Wallis Budge|title=A History of Ethiopia: Volume I: Nubia and Abyssinia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWQtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PR7|date=Aug 1, 2014|publisher= Routledge|pages=vii|isbn=9781317649151}}</ref> in {{BH|9|613}} or {{BH|7|615}}. The kingdom's capital was [Aksum](/source/Aksum), which is an ancient city in the [Tigray Region](/source/Tigray_Region) of [Ethiopia](/source/Ethiopia). The ruling [Aksumite monarch](/source/List_of_kings_of_Axum) who received them is known in Islamic sources as [Najashi](/source/Najashi) ({{langx|ar|نجاشي|translit=najāšī|label=none}}), the [Negus](/source/Negus) of the kingdom; modern historians have alternatively identified him with the Aksumite king [Armah](/source/Najashi) and [Ella Tsaham](/source/Ella_Tsaham).<ref>{{cite book|author=M. Elfasi, Ivan Hrbek|title=Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century|year=1988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tw0Q0tg0QLoC&pg=PA560|publisher=UNESCO|page=560|isbn=9789231017094}}</ref> Some of the Sahabah exiles returned to Mecca and made the [migration to Medina](/source/Hegira) with Muhammad, while the others remained in Aksum and arrived in [Medina](/source/Medina) in 628.<ref name="Watt1961">{{cite book|author=William Montgomery Watt|title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman|year=1961|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLN2hNidLw4C&pg=PA66|publisher=[Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press)|page=66|isbn=9780198810780}}</ref>

The migration to Abyssinia is an Islamic historical event that refers to the migration of some of the early Muslims from Mecca to Abyssinia (the Kingdom of Aksum) because of the harm they were facing from the leaders of Quraysh. A number of Muslims left, and the first migration to Abyssinia was in Rajab of the fifth year after the mission. They were eleven men and four women, and they appointed Uthman ibn Mazun as their leader. Then, while they were in Abyssinia, they heard that the people of Mecca had converted to Islam. Some of them returned to Mecca, but they did not find that to be true. So they returned, and another group went with them to Abyssinia. It was the second migration. They were eighty-three men, their wives, and their children, headed by Ja`far ibn Abi Talib.<ref>{{Cite web |title=إسلام ويب - المستدرك على الصحيحين - كتاب الهجرة الأولى إلى الحبشة- الجزء رقم3 |url=https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=1808&idfrom=4116&idto=4130&flag=0&bk_no=74&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=www.islamweb.net |language=ar}}</ref>

==Background==
According to the traditional view,{{Clarification needed|reason=Which traditional view?|date=July 2022}} members of the [early Muslim community](/source/History_of_Islam) in [Mecca](/source/Mecca) faced persecution, which prompted Muhammad to advise them to seek refuge in [Aksum](/source/Kingdom_of_Aksum). The earliest extant account is given in the [''sirah''](/source/Prophetic_biography) of the eighth-century [Muslim](/source/Muslims) historian [Ibn Ishaq](/source/Ibn_Ishaq):<ref name="sira146">{{cite book|last=Ibn Ishāq|author-link= Ibn Ishāq|title=Sīratu Rasūlillāh (tr. [Alfred Guillaume](/source/Alfred_Guillaume))|year=2004|page=146|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref name="Watt110-111"/>

{{blockquote|When the apostle saw the affliction of [his companions](/source/Companions_of_the_Prophet), [...] he said to them: "If you were to go to Abyssinia (it would be better for you), for the king will not tolerate injustice and it is a friendly country, until such time as ''[Allah](/source/God_in_Islam)'' shall relieve you from your distress." Thereupon his companions went to Abyssinia, being afraid of apostasy and fleeing to God with their religion. This was the first hijra in [Islam](/source/Islam).}}

Another view, grounded in the political developments of the time, suggests that following the [capture of Jerusalem in 614](/source/Sasanian_conquest_of_Jerusalem) by the [Sasanian Empire](/source/Sasanian_Empire), many believers saw a potential danger to the community as they were not the partisans of the [Persians](/source/Iranian_peoples) who practiced [Zoroastrianism](/source/Zoroastrianism) and had earlier supported the [Jews of Arabia](/source/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia) in [Himyar](/source/Himyarite_Kingdom). The acceptance of these Muslims into the [Kingdom of Aksum](/source/Kingdom_of_Aksum) at precisely a moment of Persian triumph in the [Levant](/source/Levant) recalls the Aksumite foreign policy of the previous century, which saw Aksum and Persia [compete for influence](/source/Aksumite%E2%80%93Persian_wars) in [Arabia](/source/Arabian_Peninsula).<ref>Bowersock, G.W (Dr). ''The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam''. Oxford University Press, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-19-973932-5}}</ref>

==The migration(s)==
According to [historians of Islam](/source/List_of_Muslim_historians),{{Which|date=July 2022}} there were two migrations, although there are differences of opinion with regard to the dates.<ref name="ahlulbayt">{{cite web|title=The Two Migrations of Muslims to Abyssinia|date=10 November 2013 |url=http://www.al-islam.org/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-ashgar-razwy/two-migrations-muslims-abyssinia|publisher=[Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project](/source/Ahlul_Bayt_Digital_Islamic_Library_Project)|access-date=18 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Watt110-111">{{cite book |title=Muhammad at Mecca|author=W. Montgomery Watt|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1980|pages=110–111}}</ref><ref name="Oxford">{{cite book |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|editor= John L. Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&pg=PA351|page=351|isbn= 9780199757268}}</ref><ref name="Zakaria">Rafiq Zakaria, 1991, ''Muhammad and The Quran,'' New Delhi: [Penguin Books](/source/Penguin_Books), pp. 403-4. {{ISBN|0-14-014423-4}}</ref>

The first group of [migrants](/source/Human_migration), which comprised twelve men and four women, who fled [Arabia](/source/Arabian_Peninsula) in the year {{BH|7|615}} or {{BH|9|613}} according to other sources,<ref name="Oxford"/> and was granted asylum by [Najashi](/source/Najashi), the [Negus](/source/Negus) of the [Kingdom of Aksum](/source/Kingdom_of_Aksum), a [Christian state](/source/Christian_state) that existed in modern-day [Ethiopia](/source/Ethiopia) and [Eritrea](/source/Eritrea). This group included Muhammad's daughter [Ruqayyah](/source/Ruqayyah_bint_Muhammad) and his son-in-law [Uthman ibn Affan](/source/Uthman), who would later become the [third caliph](/source/Rashidun) of the [Rashidun Caliphate](/source/Rashidun_Caliphate) after Muhammad's death. Prior to the exile, Muhammad chose [Uthman ibn Mazʽun](/source/Uthman_ibn_Maz'un), one of his most important companions, as the leader of this group. According to [Tabqat Ibn Saʽd](/source/Ibn_Sa'd), the group boarded a merchant ship from the sea port of Shuʽaiba and paid a half-dinar each to cross into [East Africa](/source/East_Africa) via the [Red Sea](/source/Red_Sea).<ref>{{cite web |title=First Hijrah: Migration to Abyssinia |url=https://madainproject.com/migration_to_abyssinia |website=Madain Project |access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref> After a year, the exiles heard rumours that the [Quraysh](/source/Quraysh) had [converted to Islam](/source/Conversion_to_Islam), which prompted them to return to [Mecca](/source/Mecca). Confronted with the opposite reality, they set out for the Aksumite kingdom again in {{BH|6|616}} or {{BH|7|615}} according to other sources,<ref name="Zakaria"/>{{Clarify|reason=What "other sources"?|date=July 2022}} this time accompanied by other newly-founded Muslims, with the migrant group comprising 83 men and 18 women in total.<ref name="ahlulbayt"/>

Some [Western](/source/Western_world) historians such as [Leone Caetani](/source/Leone_Caetani) (1869–1935) and [William Montgomery Watt](/source/W._Montgomery_Watt) (1909–2006) questioned the account of two migrations.<ref name="Watt110-111"/> Although [Ibn Ishaq](/source/Ibn_Ishaq) provided two partially overlapping lists of migrants, he did not mention that the first group returned and went back a second time.<ref name="Watt110-111"/> Watt argued that the word used by Ibn Ishaq (''tatāba‘a'', {{Translation|'followed one after another'}}) and the order of the names on the lists suggests that the migration may have taken place in a number of smaller groups rather than two large parties, while the appearance of the two lists reflected the controversies surrounding the assignment of priority on official registers during the reign of the second [Rashidun](/source/Rashidun) caliph, [Umar ibn al-Khattab](/source/Umar).<ref name="Watt110-111"/>

==In Aksum==
Much of the coverage of this event comes from the historian [Ibn Ishaq](/source/Ibn_Ishaq).<ref name="sira150">{{cite book|last= Ibn Ishāq|author-link= Ibn Ishāq|title=Sīratu Rasūlillāh (tr. [Alfred Guillaume](/source/Alfred_Guillaume))|year=2004|pages=150–153|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref name="Lings">{{cite book|last= Martin Lings|author-link= Martin Lings|title=[Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources](/source/Muhammad%3A_His_Life_Based_on_the_Earliest_Sources)|year=2006|pages=81–84|publisher=Inner Traditions}}</ref>

When the [Quraysh](/source/Quraysh) learned that the early Muslims were planning to move to the [Aksumite kingdom](/source/Kingdom_of_Aksum), they sent a delegation to the [Negus](/source/Negus) to demand the surrender of the fugitives. They selected two envoys: [‘Amr ibn al-‘As](/source/Amr_ibn_al-As) and Abdullah bin Rabiah. The Meccan envoys were given gifts for the Aksumite king [Najashi](/source/Najashi) and his generals. The gifts were made up of leather and prepared by fine skin.<ref name="sira150" /><ref name="Lings" /> The Meccans appealed to the generals, arguing that the [Muslim](/source/Muslims) migrants were rebels who had invented a new religion, the likes of which neither the Meccans nor the Aksumites had heard of, and that their relatives were asking for their return. The king granted them an audience, but ultimately refused to hand over the migrants until he heard their defence.<ref name="sira150" /><ref name="Lings" />

The Sahaba were later brought in front of the Negus and his bishops. [Jaʽfar ibn Abi Talib](/source/Ja'far_ibn_Abi_Talib), who acted as the leader of the exiles, spoke in their defence:

{{blockquote|O king, we were a wicked and ignorant people who [worshipped idols](/source/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia) and ate corpses. We committed all types of disgraceful acts and did not pay our due obligations to neighbours and relatives. The strong man of us suppressed the weak by power. Then Allah raised a prophet among us whose nobility, righteousness, good character and pure life were well known to us. He called us to worship [only one God](/source/Tawhid), and exerted us to give up idolatry and stone worship. He taught us to speak the truth, to fulfill the promise, to regard the rights of relatives and neighbours. He forbade us from indecency; asked us to offer prayer and pay [Zakat](/source/Zakat); to shun everything foul and to avoid bloodshed. He forbade adultery, lewdness, telling lies, misappropriating the orphan’s heritage, bringing false accusation against others and all other indecent things to that sort. He taught us the [Holy Quran](/source/Quran), the divine revelation. When we believed in him and acted upon his nice teachings, our people began to persecute us and to subject us to torture. When their cruelties exceeded all bounds, we took shelter in your country by the permission of our prophet.|source=the [prophetic biography](/source/prophetic_biography) by [Ibn Hisham](/source/Ibn_Hisham){{citation needed|date=January 2021}}|author=|character=Jaʽfar ibn Abi Talib}}

The [Christian](/source/Christians) king requested their revelations from [God](/source/God_in_Abrahamic_religions). Jaʽfar then recited a passage from the Quran's [Surah Maryam](/source/Maryam_(surah)) ({{Literal translation|Chapter of [Mary](/source/Mary%2C_mother_of_Jesus)}}). When the king heard it, he wept and exclaimed: "Verily, this is the word of [Jesus](/source/Jesus) (the [Injeel](/source/Injeel)) has come from the same source of light (''miškāt'')".

However, one of the envoys, ‘Amr ibn al-‘As, thought of an alternative tactic. On the following day, he returned to the king and told him that the Muslims had disrespected Jesus. When the Muslims heard that the king had summoned them again to question them about their view of Jesus, they tried to find a diplomatic answer, but ultimately decided to speak according to the revelation they had received. When the king addressed Jaʽfar, he replied that they held Jesus to be "the servant of Allah, His prophet, His spirit and His word, which he cast unto the pure virgin Mary". Muslim accounts state that upon hearing these words, the Negus declared that Jesus was indeed no more than what he had said; he turned to the Muslims and told them: "go, for you are safe in my country". He then returned the gifts to the envoys and dismissed them.<ref name="sira150" /><ref name="Lings" />

==The Satanic Verses==
{{main|Satanic Verses}}

Along with many others,<ref name="Ahmed1998" /> Tabari recorded that Muhammad was desperate, hoping for an accommodation with his tribe. So, while he was in the presence of a number of Quraysh, after delivering verses mentioning three of their favorite deities (Quran 53:19–20), [Satan](/source/Satan) put upon his tongue two short verses: "These are the high flying ones / whose intercession is to be hoped for." This led to a general reconciliation between Muhammad and the Meccans, and the Muslims in Abyssinia began to return home. However, the next day, Muhammad retracted these verses at the behest of [Gabriel](/source/Gabriel), claiming that they had been cast by Satan to his tongue and God had abrogated them. Instead, verses that revile those goddesses were then revealed.<ref>The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad 2010, p. 35.</ref>{{efn|The aforementioned Islamic [histories recount](/source/Satanic_Verses) that as Muhammad was reciting Sūra Al-Najm (Q.53), as revealed to him by the archangel Gabriel, Satan tempted him to utter the following lines after verses 19 and 20: "Have you thought of Allāt and al-'Uzzā and Manāt the third, the other; These are the exalted Gharaniq, whose intercession is hoped for." (Allāt, al-'Uzzā and Manāt were three goddesses worshiped by the Meccans). cf Ibn Ishaq, A. Guillaume p. 166.}}{{efn|"Apart from this one-day lapse, which was excised from the text, the Quran is simply unrelenting, unaccommodating and outright despising of paganism." (The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad, Jonathan E. Brockopp, p. 35).}} The returning Muslims thus had to make arrangements for clan protection before they could re-enter Mecca.{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993}}{{sfn|Al-Tabari|1987|pp=107–112}}

According to the scholar [Shahab Ahmed](/source/Shahab_Ahmed), the so-called [Satanic Verses](/source/Satanic_Verses) incident was reported en masse and documented by nearly all of the major biographers of Muhammad during Islam's first two centuries,{{sfn|Ahmed|2017|pp=256–257}} which, according to these early sources, corresponds to Quran 22:52. Ahmed notes that with the rise of the [hadith](/source/hadith) movement and systematic theology introducing new doctrines such as  {{tlit|ar|[Ismah](/source/Ismah)}}—the belief in Muhammad’s infallibility, which holds that he could not be deceived by Satan—the early community’s historical memory of the incident was reevaluated. By the 20th century, Muslim scholars unanimously rejected this incident.<ref name="Ahmed1998">{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Shahab |year=1998 |title=Ibn Taymiyyah and the Satanic Verses |journal=Studia Islamica |publisher=Maisonneuve & Larose |volume=87 |issue=87 |pages=67–124 |doi=10.2307/1595926 |issn=0585-5292 |jstor=1595926}}</ref> On the other hand, most European biographers of Muhammad have historically recognized the veracity of this incident of satanic verses on the basis of the [criterion of embarrassment](/source/criterion_of_embarrassment). Historian Alfred T. Welch proposes that the period of Muhammad's turning away from strict monotheism was likely far longer but was later encapsulated in a story that made it much shorter and implicated Satan as the culprit.{{sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=365}} However, recent Western secular scholarship has generally questioned the veracity of the Satanic Verses narrative.<ref name="Anthony2019">{{cite journal |last1=Anthony |first1=Sean |date=2019 |title=The Satanic Verses in Early Shiʿite Literature: A Minority Report on Shahab Ahmed's Before Orthodoxy |url=https://www.academia.edu/38941116 |journal=Shii Studies Review |volume=3 |issue=1–2 |pages=215–252 |doi=10.1163/24682470-12340043 |s2cid=181905314 |access-date=16 August 2022 |quote=Western scholars subsequently divided into two camps, either affirming or denying the historicity of the [Satanic Verses] story. Nowadays, however, the denialist camp has won the day, as a steady stream of studies by the likes John Burton, Uri Rubin,Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila, Gerald Hawting, Nicolai Sinai, and Patricia Crone have all expressed profound reservations about the historicity of the story}}</ref>

==End of the Muslim exile==
Many of the exiles in [Aksum](/source/Kingdom_of_Aksum) returned to [Mecca](/source/Mecca) in 622 and made the [hijra to Medina](/source/hegira) with Muhammad, while a second wave went to [Medina](/source/Medina) in 628.<ref name="Watt1961" /><ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LhaWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP87|title= The Red Sea from Byzantium to the Caliphate: AD 500 - 1000|author= Timothy Power|publisher= [I.B. Tauris](/source/I.B._Tauris)|year= 2012|page= 87|isbn= 9781617973505}}</ref>

==First migration list==
The first list of emigrants reported by [Ibn Ishaq](/source/Ibn_Ishaq) included the following eleven men and four women:<ref name="sira146"/>

*[Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas](/source/Sa'd_ibn_Abi_Waqqas)
*[Jahsh ibn Riyab](/source/Jahsh_ibn_Riyab)<ref>He is father of Zainab and a father-in-law of Muhammad. In some accounts relating to Sahabahs in China, he (Jahsh) is noted as Geys. Muslims of Chams (Cambodiya) trace ancestry to a father-in-law of Muhammad, who is Jahsh (Geys). See [T. W. Arnold](/source/T.W._Arnold), ''The Preaching of Islam'', 294n8.</ref>
*[Abd-Allah ibn Jahsh](/source/Abd-Allah_ibn_Jahsh)
*[Ja'far ibn Abi Talib](/source/Ja'far_ibn_Abi_Talib) spokesman 
*[Uthman](/source/Uthman), son-in-law and [companion](/source/Companions_of_the_Prophet) of Muhammad, husband of [Ruqayyah](/source/Ruqayyah_bint_Muhammad), and the third [rightly guided caliph](/source/Rashidun).
*[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad](/source/Ruqayyah_bint_Muhammad), the wife of Uthman and daughter of Muhammad.
*[Abu Hudhayfa ibn 'Utba](/source/Abu_Hudhayfa_ibn_'Utba)
*[Sahla bint Suhail](/source/Sahla_bint_Suhail), wife of Abu Hudhayfa 
*[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam](/source/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam)
*[Mus'ab ibn Umair](/source/Mus'ab_ibn_Umair)
*[Abdur Rahman bin Awf](/source/Abdur_Rahman_bin_Awf)
*[Abu Salama Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Asad](/source/Abu_Salama_Abd_Allah_ibn_Abd_al-Asad)
*[Umm Salama](/source/Umm_Salama), wife of Abu Salama
*[Uthman bin Maz'oon](/source/Uthman_bin_Maz'oon) leader of group 
*Amir bin Rabiah
*Layla bint Abi Asmah – wife of Amir<ref name="list">{{cite web|url=http://dcbun.tripod.com/id17.html|title=Authentic History of King Negash of Abyssinia (Currently Ethiopia)|work=tripod.com|access-date=2010-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118233450/http://dcbun.tripod.com/id17.html|archive-date=2018-01-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([WP:NOTRS](/source/WP%3ANOTRS)).|date=July 2022}}

==See also==
*[Diplomatic career of Muhammad](/source/Diplomatic_career_of_Muhammad)
*[Mosque of the Companions](/source/Mosque_of_the_Companions) in [Massawa](/source/Massawa), Eritrea
*[Negash](/source/Negash)
*[Second migration to Abyssinia](/source/Second_migration_to_Abyssinia)
*[Timeline of 7th-century Muslim history](/source/Timeline_of_7th_century_Muslim_history)

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Shahab |author-link=Shahab Ahmed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCcuDwAAQBAJ |title=Before Orthodoxy: The Satanic Verses in Early Islam |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-674-04742-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Al-Tabari |first=Muhammad ibn Jarir |author-link=al-Tabari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uyFjzQEACAAJ |title=The History of al-Tabari |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-88706-707-5 |volume=6: Muhammad at Mecca}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1993 |title=Muḥammad |encyclopedia=[Encyclopaedia of Islam](/source/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam) |publisher=Brill |url=https://archive.org/details/ei2-complete/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam_vol_7_Mif-Naz/page/360 |edition=2nd |volume=7 |pages=360–376 |isbn=978-90-04-09419-2 |last1=Buhl |first1=F. |last2=Welch |first2=A. T. |author-link2=Alford T. Welch}}

{{Ethiopia topics}}

Category:History of Islam in Ethiopia
Category:Life of Muhammad
Category:Medieval history of Ethiopia
Category:Medieval history of Somalia
Category:Kingdom of Aksum
Category:Islam in Eritrea
Category:Islam in Somalia
Category:610s
Category:7th century in Africa
Category:History of the foreign relations of Ethiopia

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Migration to Abyssinia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_to_Abyssinia) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_to_Abyssinia?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.