# Microvision

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First handheld game console that used interchangeable ROM cartridges

Not to be confused with [Macrovision](/source/Macrovision).

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Microvision A Microvision with Block Buster cartridge inserted Also known as Milton Bradley Microvision MB Microvision Manufacturer Milton Bradley Company Type Handheld game console Generation Second generation Released November 1979; 46 years ago (1979-11) Introductory price US$49.99 (equivalent to about $222 in 2025) Discontinued 1981 Media ROM cartridges CPU Intel 8021/TI TMS1100 (on cartridge) clocked at 100 kHz Memory 64 bytes RAM, 2K ROM Display 16 × 16 pixels resolution Power 1 × 9V battery (TMS1100 processors), 2 × 9V battery (Intel 8021 processors)

The **Microvision** (aka **Milton Bradley Microvision** or **MB Microvision**) is the first [handheld game console](/source/Handheld_console) that used interchangeable [cartridges](/source/ROM_cartridge)[1][2] and in that sense is reprogrammable.[3] It was released by the [Milton Bradley Company](/source/Milton_Bradley_Company) in November 1979[4] for a retail price of $49.99,[5][6] equivalent to $221.00 in 2025.

The Microvision was designed by Jay Smith, the engineer who later designed the [Vectrex](/source/Vectrex) video game console.[2] The Microvision's combination of portability and a cartridge-based system led to moderate success, with Smith Engineering grossing $15 million in the first year of the system's release. However, its small game library, its small screen, and a lack of support from established home video game companies led to its discontinuation in 1981.[7] According to [Satoru Okada](/source/Satoru_Okada), the former head of [Nintendo](/source/Nintendo)'s [R&D1 Department](/source/Nintendo_Research_%26_Development_1), the Microvision inspired the [Game Boy](/source/Game_Boy), the follow-up to [Game & Watch](/source/Game_%26_Watch), after Nintendo designed around Microvision's limitations.[8]

## Production

Screenshot of Block Buster, which came packaged with the Microvision

Unlike most later consoles, the Microvision did not contain an onboard processor ([CPU](/source/Central_processing_unit)). Instead, each game included its own processor contained within the removable cartridge.[9][10][11] This meant that the console itself effectively consisted of the controls, [LCD](/source/Liquid-crystal_display) panel and LCD controller.[9][11]

The processors for the first Microvision cartridges were made with both [Intel 8021](/source/Intel_8021) (cross-licensed by [Signetics](/source/Signetics)) and [Texas Instruments](/source/Texas_Instruments) [TMS1100](/source/Texas_Instruments_TMS1000) processors. Due to purchasing issues, Milton Bradley switched to using TMS1100 processors exclusively, including reprogramming the games that were originally programmed for the 8021 processor. The TMS1100 was a more primitive device, but offered more memory and lower power consumption than the 8021. First-revision Microvisions needed two batteries due to the 8021's higher power consumption, but later units (designed for the TMS1100) only had one active battery holder. Even though the battery compartment was designed to allow the two 9-volt batteries to be inserted with proper polarity of positive and negative terminals, when a battery was forcefully improperly oriented, while the other battery was properly oriented, the two batteries would be shorted and overheat. The solution was to remove terminals for one of the batteries to prevent this hazard. Due to the high cost of changing production molds, Milton Bradley did not eliminate the second battery compartment, but instead removed its terminals and called it a spare battery holder.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Problems

The uncovered LCD screen of a Microvision, showing screen damage

Microvision units and cartridges are now somewhat rare.[12][13] Those that are still in existence are susceptible to three main problems: "screen rot," [ESD](/source/Electrostatic_discharge) damage, and keypad destruction.

### Screen rot

The manufacturing process used to create the Microvision's [LCD](/source/Liquid_crystal_display) was primitive by modern standards. Poor sealing and impurities introduced during manufacture have resulted in the condition known as *screen rot*. The liquid crystal spontaneously leaks and permanently darkens, resulting in a game unit that still plays but is unable to properly draw the screen. While extreme heat, which can instantly destroy the screen, can be avoided, there is nothing that can be done to prevent screen rot in most Microvision systems.[3]

### ESD damage

A major design problem on early units involves the fact that the [microprocessor](/source/Microprocessor) (which is inside the top of each cartridge) lacks [ESD](/source/Electrostatic_discharge) protection and is directly connected to the copper pins which normally connect the cartridge to the Microvision unit. If the user opens the protective sliding door that covers the pins, the processor can be exposed to any [electric charge](/source/Static_electricity) the user has built up. If the user has built up a substantial charge, the discharge can jump around the door's edge or pass through the door itself ([dielectric breakdown](/source/Dielectric_breakdown)). The low-voltage [integrated circuit](/source/Integrated_circuit) inside the cartridge is extremely ESD sensitive, and can be destroyed by an event of only a few dozen volts which cannot even be felt by the person, delivering a fatal shock to the game unit. This phenomenon was described in detail by [John Elder Robison](/source/John_Elder_Robison) (a former Milton Bradley engineer) in his book *[Look Me in the Eye](/source/Look_Me_in_the_Eye)*; according to Robison, up to 60% of units were returned as defective during the 1979 holiday season, causing significant panic among Milton Bradley staff and prompting extensive modifications to both later Microvision units (which were his own design) and Microvision factories to better dispel stray static charges.[14]

### Keypad destruction

The Microvision unit had a twelve-button [keypad](/source/Keypad), with the switches buried under a thick layer of flexible plastic. To align the user's fingers with the hidden buttons, the cartridges had cutouts in their bottom (over the keypad). As different games required different button functions, the cutouts were covered with a thin printed piece of plastic, which identified the buttons' functions in that game. The problem with this design is that pressing on the buttons stretched the printed plastic, resulting in the thin material stretching and eventually tearing. Having long fingernails exacerbated the condition. Many of the initial games were programmed to give feedback of the keypress when the key was released instead of when the key was pressed. As a result, users may press on the keypad harder because they are not being provided with any feedback that the key has been pressed. This resulted from a keypad used for prototyping being different from the production keypad; the prototyping keypad had tactile feedback upon key pressing that the production units lacked.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Technical specifications

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The PCB of a Sea Duel game cartridge, showing the TI3496 processor from the TMS1100 family

- [CPU](/source/Central_processing_unit): [Intel 8021](/source/Intel_8021)/[TI TMS1100](/source/Texas_Instruments_TMS1000) (on cartridge)

- Screen type and resolution: 16 × 16 pixel LCD[2][6]

- Register width: 4 bit (TMS1100), 8 bit (8021)

- Processor speed: 100 kHz

- [RAM](/source/Random-access_memory) (integrated into CPU): 64 bytes

- [ROM](/source/Read-only_memory): 2K (TMS1100), 1K (8021)

- Cartridge ROM: 2K (TMS 1100), 1K (8021) masked (integrated into CPU; each game's CPU was different)

- Video Display Processor: LCD Custom Driver (made by Hughes)

- Sound: Piezo beeper

- Input: Twelve button keypad, one [paddle](/source/Paddle_(game_controller))

- Power requirements: One or two 9 volt batteries on earlier Microvision consoles, one 9 volt battery on later Microvision consoles

- Power Dissipation: 110 mW (TMS 1100), 1 W (8021)

## Games

While the game cartridge plastic cases were beige colored in the USA, in Europe they came in a variety of different colors, and the games were numbered on the Box. The age range in Europe for the console and its games was from 8 to 80 years old or 8 to Adult.

There were **12** titles known to have been released.

- *Background shading and an asterisk indicates cancelled games.*

# US title Overseas titles Game number (EU) Release date Microprocessor/s[15] PCB Revision(s) 1 Block Buster 4952 Block Buster Block Buster Block Buster Block Buster Casse Brique 1 1 1 1 1 November 1979 TI MP3450A 4952 REV A 4952-56 REV A 4952-79 REV B 2 Bowling 4972 Bowling Bowling Bowling Bowling Bowling 2 2 2 2 2 November 1979 TI MP3475NLL 4952 REV A 3 Connect Four 4971 Connect 4 4 Gewinnt Vier Op'n Rij Forza 4 Puissance 4 5 5 5 5 5 November 1979 Signetics Intel 8021 TI MP3481NLL 4971 REV C 4952 REV - 4 Pinball 4974 Pinball Pinball Flipper Flipper Flipper 4 4 4 4 4 November 1979 TI MP3455NLL 4952 REV A 5 Mindbuster 4976 N/A N/A 1979 TI MP3457NLL 4952 REV A 6 Star Trek: Phaser Strike (later just Phaser Strike) 4973 Shooting Star Shooting Star Shooting Star Shooting Star Shooting Star 3 3 3 3 3 1979 TI MP3454NLL 4952 REV A 7 Vegas Slots 4975 N/A N/A 1979 TI MP3474-NLL 4952-56 REV - 8 Baseball 4974 N/A N/A 1980 TI MP3479-N1NLL 4952-56 REV - 9 Sea Duel 4064 Sea Duel See-Duell Duel Duello Sul Mare Bataille Navale (Battleship) 6 6 6 6 6 1980 TI MP3496-N1 4952-56 REV - 10 Alien Raiders 4176 Space Blitz Blitz Blitz Blitz Blitz 7 7 7 7 7 1981 TI M34009-N1 4952-79 REV B 11 Cosmic Hunter 4177 N/A N/A 1981 TI M34007-N1 4952-79 REV B 12 N/A Super Block Buster Super Blockbuster 611497800 Super Block Buster Super Casse Brique (Super Brick Breaker) 611497801 8 8 8 8 1982 TI M34047-N2LL 7924952D02 Rev B 13 Barrage* ? ? Unreleased (supposed to be released in 1982) ?

## Reviews

- 1980 Games 100 in *[Games](/source/Games_(magazine))*[16]

- [1981 Games 100](https://archive.org/details/games-26-1981-november/page/50/mode/2up) in *[Games](/source/Games_(magazine))*

## See also

- [Mattel Auto Race](/source/Mattel_Auto_Race)

- [Vectrex](/source/Vectrex)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Sfetcu, Nicolae (2014-05-04). [*Game Preview*](https://books.google.com/books?id=J1aAAwAAQBAJ). Nicolae Sfetcu.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-NGen40_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-NGen40_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-NGen40_2-2) "Cribsheet No. 15: Milton Bradley's Microvision". *[Next Generation](/source/Next_Generation_(magazine))*. No. 40. [Imagine Media](/source/Imagine_Media). April 1998. p. 25.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_3-1) Vinciguerra, Robert (November 25, 2007). ["Milton Bradley Microvision: The World's First Handheld Game Console"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130125081809/http://www.revrob.com/sci-a-tech-topmenu-52/86-milton-bradley-Microvision-the-worlds-first-handheld-game-console). The Rev. Rob Times. Archived from [the original](http://www.revrob.com/sci-a-tech-topmenu-52/86-milton-bradley-Microvision-the-worlds-first-handheld-game-console) on January 25, 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** www.lookingtodraw.com, MICHAEL J. BARNES, ILTD DESIGN SERVICES. ["PC Timeline. The Freeman PC Museum... Largest Collection of Vintage Computers On The Web"](http://www.thepcmuseum.net/timeline.php). Retrieved 22 January 2017.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:0_5-0)** ["Milton Bradley Microvision – Pop Culture Maven"](https://www.popculturemaven.com/games/milton-bradley-microvision/). 2014-02-19. Retrieved 2020-07-21.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_6-1) ["Microvision by Milton Bradley – The Video Game Kraken"](http://videogamekraken.com/microvision). Retrieved 2020-08-06.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Donald Melanson, March 3, 2006, [A Brief History of Handheld Video Games](https://www.engadget.com/2006-03-03-a-brief-history-of-handheld-video-games.html) [Engadget](/source/Engadget)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Barder, Ollie (December 31, 2016). ["New Interview With Satoru Okada Delves Into The Hidden History Behind Nintendo's Gaming Handhelds"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebarder/2016/12/31/new-interview-with-satoru-okada-delves-into-the-hidden-history-behind-nintendos-gaming-handhelds/). *Forbes.com*. Retrieved 22 January 2017.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-hh_museum_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-hh_museum_9-1) ["Milton Bradley Microvision (U.S.)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180821212220/http://www.handheldmuseum.com/MB/uVUS.htm). *Handheld Museum*. Archived from [the original](http://www.handheldmuseum.com/MB/uVUS.htm) on 2018-08-21. Retrieved 2018-12-02. the console itself is nothing more than controls, LCD panel and a controller chip for the LCD panel. Each cartridge contains the microprocessor, which happens to have a small amount of ROM space on it that MB loaded the game code onto.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-simply_eighties_10-0)** ["MB Microvision Handheld Games Console"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170710171115/https://www.simplyeighties.com/mb-microvision-game-console.php). *Simply Eighties*. Archived from [the original](https://www.simplyeighties.com/mb-microvision-game-console.php#.XAQiaTFBqUk) on 2017-07-10. Retrieved 2018-12-02. In fact, it was the cartridge itself that contained the CPU, and just to confuse everyone two different ones were used.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-mus_obs_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-mus_obs_11-1) ["Milton Bradley Microvison (1979 – 1981)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20181121012836/https://obsoletemedia.org/milton-bradley-microvison/). *Museum of Obsolete Media*. 27 September 2013. Archived from [the original](https://obsoletemedia.org/milton-bradley-microvison/) on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 2018-12-07. The main unit was little more than a housing for the display, batteries, switches and controller, while the brains of each game was a combined microprocessor/memory chip inside the clip-on cartridge.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Brown, Jason (2022-01-14). ["12 Best Microvision Games Of 2022"](https://retrododo.com/best-microvision-games/). *RetroDodo*. Retrieved 2022-02-13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Lester, John "Gamester81" (2013-04-28). ["History of Consoles-Microvision (1979)"](https://gamester81.com/history-of-consoles-microvision-1979/). *Gamester81.com*. Retrieved 2022-02-13.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Robinson_14-0)** Robinson, John Elder (25 September 2007). ["Chapter 21: Being Young Executives"](https://archive.org/details/lookmeineyemyl00robi/page/197). *Look Me in the Eye*. Three Rivers Press. pp. [197-203](https://archive.org/details/lookmeineyemyl00robi/page/197). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-307-39598-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-39598-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Dan B's Atari Microvision Tech Page"](https://atarihq.com/danb/MicrovisionCarts.shtml).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["GAMES Magazine #20"](https://archive.org/details/games-20-1980-november/page/52/mode/2up). November 1980.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Microvision](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Microvision).

v t e Video game consoles Form factor Home video game console Microconsole Handheld game console Hybrid video game console Functionality Dedicated console Retro style console Generations First (1972–1983) Second (1976–1992) Third (1983–2003) Fourth (1987–2004) Fifth (1993–2006) Sixth (1998–2013) Seventh (2005–2017) Eighth (2012–present) Ninth (2020–present) Second generation Home APF-MP1000 Arcadia 2001 Atari 2600 Atari 5200 Bally Astrocade ColecoVision Epoch Cassette Vision Fairchild Channel F Gakken Compact Vision TV Boy Interton VC 4000/1292 Advanced Programmable Video System Intellivision Odyssey 2 RCA Studio II Vectrex Super Vision 8000 VTech CreatiVision Handheld Milton Bradley Microvision Children's Discovery System Entex Select-A-Game Entex Adventure Vision 3D Gamate Variety Palmtex Portable Videogame System / Super Micro Digi Casse Romtec Colorvision Epoch Game Pocket Computer Dedicated Nintendo Computer Mah-jong Yakuman Nintendo Game & Watch Lists Dedicated video game consoles Handheld game consoles Home video game consoles Microconsoles Retro style video game consoles ← First generation Third generation → Emulator Game Services History List Manufacturer

v t e Handheld game consoles Anbernic RG351 RG552 RG35XXSP Bandai Digi Casse Design Master Senshi WonderSwan Entex Select-A-Game Adventure Vision Epoch Epoch Game Pocket Computer Barcode Battler GamePad Digital GPD XD GPD Win GPD Win 2 GPD Win Max GPD Win 3 GPD Win Max 2 GPD Win 4 GPD Win Mini Game Park/Holdings GP32 GP2X GP2X Wiz Caanoo XGP LeapFrog Didj Leapster Leapster Explorer Fisher-Price/Mattel Children's Discovery System Pixter iXL Learning System NEC PC Engine LT TurboExpress Nintendo Game Boy Game Boy Color Game Boy Advance SP Micro Pokémon Mini Nintendo DS Lite DSi Nintendo 3DS 2DS New 3DS New 2DS XL Switch Lite OLED Switch 2 Retroid Pocket Classic Pocket 2 Pocket 3 Pocket 4 Pocket 5 Pocket 6 Pocket Flip Sega Game Gear Nomad VMU SNK Neo Geo Pocket Neo Geo X Sony PocketStation PlayStation Portable PlayStation Vita Playstation Portal Tiger R-Zone Game.com VideoNow XP VTech Variety 3D Gamate Pro Screen V.Smile Pocket MobiGo VTech PreComputer 1000 VTech PreComputer 2000 InnoTab Other handheld consoles 1970s Microvision 1980s Etch A Sketch Animator 2000 Palmtex Portable Videogame System / Super Micro Romtec Colorvision Atari Lynx 1990s Game Master Gamate Koei PasoGo Watara Supervision Mega Duck 2000s Tapwave Zodiac GameKing N-Gage Gizmondo Dingoo Nikko digiBLAST Cybiko 2010s Pandora Arduboy JXD devices Nvidia Shield Portable GCW Zero Game Gadget Monon Color LG Kids Pad 2020s Analogue Pocket Ayn Odin Evercade ModRetro Chromatic Playdate Thumby Steam Deck Ayaneo Asus ROG Ally Lenovo Legion Go Logitech G Cloud Early units List

v t e Milton Bradley Company Products (list) Board games 13 Dead End Drive Aggravation1 Axis & Allies Battle Cry Battle Masters Battleship Broadsides and Boarding Parties Candyland The Checkered Game of Life Connect Four Conquest of the Empire Crossfire Dark Tower Don't Break the Ice1 Dragonmaster Easy Money Enchanted Palace Fireball Island Focus1 Fortress America Go to the Head of the Class1 Guess Who? Headache1 HeroQuest Hi Ho! Cherry-O1 Hotel Loopin' Louie Mall Madness Mouse Trap Mystery Date Mystery Mansion Operation Park and Shop Pass the Pigs1 Perfection1 Pirate and Traveler Power Barons Pretty Pretty Princess1 Rack-O Scattergories1 Scotland Yard1 Scrabble1 Shogun Snakes and ladders1 Square Mile Stratego1 Thunder Road Torpedo Run! Trump: The Game Upwords Voice of the Mummy Which Witch? Why Yahtzee Electronic games Big Trak Heads Up Action Soccer Merlin Milton Microvision OMNI Simon Star Bird Other games Ants in the Pants1 Buckaroo!1 Don't Spill the Beans1 Downfall Gator Golf Heroscape Hungry Hungry Hippos Jenga1 KerPlunk1 Knock Out Robotix Twister Toys Barrel of Monkeys Mr. Bucket Buffalo Bill Gun Video games Abadox1 Cabal1 California Games1 Captain Skyhawk Digger T. Rock Jordan vs Bird: One on One1 Marble Madness Race America Time Lord World Games1 Consoles Vectrex People Milton Bradley Related topics Company building Gamemaster Series Related companies Hasbro McLoughlin Brothers Parker Brothers Playskool Category 1Licensed or not originally published by MB 2Only in the United States and Canada

v t e Hasbro Intellectual properties currently managed by Hasbro Toys Action Man Alphie Army Ants Baby Alive Beetleborgs Blythe DohVinci Easy-Bake Oven Furby FurReal Friends G.I. Joe America's Movable Fighting Man A Real American Hero Glo Worm GoBots Glitter Force Glitter Force Doki-Doki Hanazuki Inchworm Inhumanoids Jem Julius Jr. Koosh Kota the triceratops Lincoln Logs Lite-Brite Littlest Pet Shop Luna Petunia M.A.S.K. Masked Rider Maxie Micronauts Micro Machines Mighty Muggs Monkgomery Monster Face My Buddy My Little Pony Equestria Girls MoonDreamers My Pet Monster NakNak Nerf Nerf Blaster Popples Potato Head Pound Puppies Power Rangers Play-Doh Rom the Space Knight Robotix Sit 'n Spin Spirograph Starting Lineup Stickle Bricks Stretch Armstrong Super Soaker Talk 'n Play Tinkertoy Tonka Treehouse Detectives Transformers Beast Wars Visionaries VR Troopers Watchimals Weeble Games Acquire Aggravation Ants in the Pants Axis & Allies Barrel of Monkeys Battleship Boggle Bop It Buckaroo! Candy Land Catch Phrase Chutes & Ladders Clue Connect Four Cootie Cranium Crocodile Dentist Designer's World Don't Break the Ice Don't Spill the Beans Easy Money Elefun Gator Golf Girl Talk Guess Who? Hi Ho! Cherry-O HeroQuest Heroscape Hungry Hungry Hippos Jenga Lazer Tag The Game of Life Mastermind Mall Madness Merlin Microvision Milton Monopoly Mouse Trap Mystery Date Operation Ouija Parcheesi Pay Day Perfection Pit Risk Rook Pretty Pretty Princess Scattergories Scrabble1 Simon Sorry! Stay Alive Subbuteo Taboo Trivial Pursuit Trouble Twister Yahtzee Other Alien TV Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom The Big Knights Cubix Cupcake & Dino Duel Masters Kaijudo Dungeons & Dragons Exodus Humf Kiya & the Kimoja Heroes The Magic Hockey Skates Magic: The Gathering Ninja Express Pat & Stan Peppa Pig PJ Masks Ricky Zoom Tractor Tom Void Rivals Winston Steinburger and Sir Dudley Ding Dong Subsidiaries and brands Avalon Hill Cranium, Inc. Hasbro Entertainment Astley Baker Davies Discovery Family (40%) Kenner Milton Bradley Palitoy Parker Brothers Playskool Tiger Electronics Wizards of the Coast Archetype Entertainment D&D Beyond Invoke Studios Other media Comics Films Television programs Video games Hasbro Family Game Night Conventions Auto Assembly BotCon TFcon See also Hasbro Universe IDW Skybound Allspark Control-Vision Galoob Lionsgate Canada MNRK Music Group Saban Capital Group Saban Brands Category 1(U.S. and Canada) 2(except Japan and parts of Asia)

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