# Method engineering

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{{Short description|Term}}
{{distinguish|text=[Methods engineering](/source/Methods_engineering), a subspecialty of Industrial engineering}}

[[File:Method engineering process.jpg|thumb|420px|Example of a Method Engineering Process. This figure provides a [process-oriented](/source/functional_model) [view](/source/view_model) of the approach used to develop prototype [IDEF](/source/IDEF)9 method concepts, a procedure, and candidate graphical and textual language elements.<ref name="RJM95">[Richard J. Mayer](/source/Richard_J._Mayer) and others (1995). [http://www.idef.com/pdf/compendium.pdf Information Integration for Concurrent Engineering (IICE) Compendium of methods report] Air Force Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. p.7-10.</ref>]]

'''Method engineering''' in the "field of [information systems](/source/information_systems) is the [discipline](/source/List_of_academic_disciplines) to construct new methods from existing methods".<ref name="HS96">F. Harmsen & M. Saeki (1996). "Comparison of four method engineering languages".  In: [Sjaak Brinkkemper](/source/Sjaak_Brinkkemper) et al. (eds.) ''Proceedings of the IFIP TC8, WG8.1/8.2 working conference on method engineering on Method engineering : principles of method construction and tool support: principles of method construction and tool support''. January 1996, Atlanta, Georgia, United States. p.209-231</ref> It focuses on "the design, construction and evaluation of methods, techniques and support tools for [information systems development](/source/software_development_process)".<ref>[Sjaak Brinkkemper](/source/Sjaak_Brinkkemper), Method engineering: engineering of information systems development methods and tools. Journal of Information & Software Technology, Vol 38, n°4, pp 275-280 (1996)</ref>

Furthermore, method engineering "wants to improve the usefulness of [systems development methods](/source/Systems_Development_Life_Cycle) by creating an adaptation framework whereby methods are created to match specific organisational situations".<ref name="CR08">[Colette Rolland](/source/Colette_Rolland) (2008) [http://crinfo.univ-paris1.fr/KeynoteICSE08.pdf ''Method Engineering: Towards Methods as Services'']. Keynote speech ICSE0. 2008.</ref>

== Types ==

=== Computer aided method engineering ===
The [meta-process modeling](/source/meta-process_modeling) process is often not supported through software tools, called computer aided method engineering (CAME) tools, or [MetaCASE tool](/source/MetaCASE_tool)s (Meta-level Computer Assisted Software Engineering tools). Often the instantiation technique "has been utilised to build the repository of Computer Aided Method Engineering environments".<ref name="Rolland 1998">[Colette Rolland](/source/Colette_Rolland) (1998). ''A Comprehensive View of Process Engineering''. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference CAiSE'98, B. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1413, Pernici, C. Thanos (Eds), Springer. Pisa, Italy, June 1998.</ref> There are many tools for meta-process modeling.<ref name="Kelly 1996">S. Kelly, K. Lyyttinen, M. Rossi. Meta Edit+: A fully configurable, multi-user and multi-tool CASE and CAME environment, Proc. CAiSE'96 Conf., Springer Verlag, 1996</ref><ref name="Harmsen 1995">F. Harmsen, S. Brinkkemper, Design and implementation of a method base management system for situational CASE environment. Proc. 2nd APSEC Conf., IEEE Computer Society Press, pp 430-438, 1995</ref><ref name="Merbeth 1991">G. Merbeth. Maestro II- das intergrierte CASE-system von Softlab, CASE systeme and Werkzeuge (Ed. H. Balzert) BI Wissenschaftsverlag, pp 319-336, 1991</ref><ref name="Si-Said 1996">S. Si Said. Guidance for requirements engineering processes. In: Proceedings of the 8th international conference and workshop on 'database and experts system application', DEXA'97, Toulouse, 1–5 September 1997</ref><ref name="Rolland 1997">[C. Rolland](/source/C._Rolland). A Primer for Method Engineering. Proceedings of the INFORSID Conference (INFormatique des ORganisations et Systemes d'Information et de Decision), Toulouse, France, June 10–13, 1997.</ref>

=== Method tailoring ===
In the literature, different terms refer to the notion of method adaptation, including 'method tailoring', 'method fragment adaptation' and 'situational method engineering'. Method tailoring is defined as:

<blockquote>A process or capability in which human agents through responsive changes in, and dynamic interplays between contexts, intentions, and method fragments determine a system development  approach for a specific project situation.<ref name="Aydin2004">Aydin, M.N., Harmsen, F., Slooten, K. v., & Stagwee, R. A. (2004). An Agile Information Systems Development Method in use. ''Turk J Elec Engin, 12(2),'' 127-138</ref></blockquote>

Potentially, almost all agile methods are suitable for method tailoring. Even the [DSDM](/source/Dynamic_systems_development_method) method is being used for this purpose and has been successfully tailored in a [CMM](/source/Capability_Maturity_Model)  context.<ref name="Abrahamsson2003">Abrahamsson, P., Warsta, J., Siponen, M.T., & Ronkainen, J. (2003). New Directions on Agile Methods: A Comparative Analysis. ''Proceedings of ICSE'03'', 244-254</ref> Situation-appropriateness can be considered as a distinguishing characteristic between agile methods and traditional software development methods, with the latter being relatively much more rigid and prescriptive. The practical implication is that agile methods allow project teams to adapt working ''practices'' according to the needs of individual projects. Practices are concrete activities and products that are part of a method framework. At a more extreme level, the philosophy behind the method, consisting of a number of ''principles'', could be adapted.<ref name="Aydin2004" />

=== Situational method engineering ===
Situational method engineering is the construction of methods which are tuned to specific situations of development projects.<ref>R.J. Welke & K. Kumar (1992). "Method Engineering: a proposal for situation-specific methodology construction". In: Cotterman, Senn (eds.) ''Systems Analysis and Design: A Research Agenda.'' Wiley, Chichester. pp. 257–268.</ref> It can be described as the creation of a new method by
# selecting appropriate method components from a repository of reusable method components,
# tailoring these method components as appropriate, and
# integrating these tailored method components to form the new situation-specific method.
This enables the creation of development methods suitable for any development situation. Each system development starts then, with a method definition phase where the development method is constructed on the spot.<ref name="CR08"/>

In case of mobile business development, there are methods available for specific parts of the [business model](/source/business_model) design process and ICT development. Situational method engineering can be used to combine these methods into one unified method that adopts the characteristics of mobile ICT services.

== Method engineering process ==
The developers of the [IDEF](/source/IDEF) modeling languages, Richard J. Mayer et al. (1995), have developed an early approach to method engineering from studying common method engineering practice and experience in developing other analysis and [design methods](/source/design_methods). The following figure provides a process-oriented view of this approach. This image uses the [IDEF3](/source/IDEF3) Process Description Capture method to describe this process where boxes with verb phrases represent activities, arrows represent precedence relationships, and "exclusive or" conditions among possible paths are represented by the junction boxes labeled with an "X.".<ref name="RJM95"/>

thumb|600px|center|This image provides a general overview of the IDEF Method engineering process approach.

According to this approach there are three basic strategies in method engineering:<ref name="RJM95"/>
* ''Reuse'': one of the basic strategies of methods engineering is reuse. Whenever possible, existing methods are adopted.
* ''Tailormade'': find methods that can satisfy the identified needs with minor modification. This option is an attractive one if the modification does not require a fundamental change in the basic concepts or design goals of the method.
* ''New development'': Only when neither of these options is viable should method designers seek to develop a new method.
This basic strategies can be developed in a similar process of concept development

=== Knowledge engineering approach ===
A [knowledge engineering](/source/knowledge_engineering) approach is the predominant mechanism for method enhancement and new method development. In other words, with very few exceptions, method development involves isolating, documenting, and packaging existing practice for a given task in a form that promotes reliable success among practitioners. Expert attunements are first characterized in the form of basic intuitions and method concepts. These are often initially identified through analysis of the techniques, diagrams, and expressions used by experts. These discoveries aid in the search for existing methods that can be leveraged to support novice practitioners in acquiring the same attunements and skills.<ref name="RJM95"/>

New method development is accomplished by establishing the scope of the method, refining characterizations of the method concepts and intuitions, designing a procedure that provides both task accomplishment and basic apprenticeship support to novice practitioners, and developing a language(s) of expression. Method application techniques are then developed outlining guidelines for use in a stand-alone mode and in concert with other methods. Each element of the method then undergoes iterative refinement through both laboratory and field testing.<ref name="RJM95"/>

=== Method language design process ===
The method language design process is highly iterative and experimental in nature. Unlike procedure development, where a set of heuristics and techniques from existing practice can be identified, merged, and refined, language designers rarely encounter well-developed graphical display or textual information capture mechanisms. When potentially reusable language structures can be found, they are often poorly defined or only partially suited to the needs of the method.<ref name="RJM95"/>

A critical factor in the design of a method language is clearly establishing the purpose and scope of the method. The purpose of the method establishes the needs the method must address. This is used to determine the expressive power required of the supporting language. The scope of the method establishes the range and depth of coverage which must also be established before one can design an appropriate language design strategy. Scope determination also involves deciding what cognitive activities will be supported through method application. For example, language design can be confined to only display the final results of method application (as in providing IDEF9 with graphical and textual language facilities that capture the logic and structure of constraints). Alternatively, there may be a need for in-process language support facilitating information collection and analysis. In those situations, specific language constructs may be designed to help method practitioners organize, classify, and represent information that will later be synthesized into additional representation structures intended for display.<ref name="RJM95"/>

With this foundation, language designers begin the process of deciding what needs to be expressed in the language and how it should be expressed. Language design can begin by developing a textual language capable of representing the full range of information to be addressed. Graphical language structures designed to display select portions of the textual language can then be developed. Alternatively, graphical language structures may evolve prior to, or in parallel with, the development of the textual language. The sequence of these activities largely depends on the degree of understanding of the language requirements held among language developers. These may become clear only after several iterations of both graphical and textual language design.<ref name="RJM95"/>

=== Graphical language design ===
Graphical language design begins by identifying a preliminary set of schematics and the purpose or goals of each in terms of where and how they will support the method application process. The central item of focus is determined for each schematic. For example, in experimenting with alternative graphical language designs for IDEF9, a Context Schematic was envisioned as a mechanism to classify the varying environmental contexts in which constraints may apply. The central focus of this schematic was the context. After deciding on the central focus for the schematic, additional information (concepts and relations) that should be captured or conveyed is identified.<ref name="RJM95"/>

Up to this point in the language design process, the primary focus has been on the information that should be displayed in a given schematic to achieve the goals of the schematic. This is where the language designer must determine which items identified for possible inclusion in the schematic are amenable to graphical representation and will serve to keep the user focused on the desired information content. With this general understanding, previously developed graphical language structures are explored to identify potential reuse opportunities. While exploring candidate graphical language designs for emerging IDEF methods, a wide range of diagrams were identified and explored. Quite often, even some of the central concepts of a method will have no graphical language element in the method.<ref name="RJM95"/>

For example, the [IDEF1](/source/IDEF1) Information Modeling method includes the notion of an entity but has no syntactic element for an entity in the graphical language.8. When the language designer decides that a syntactic element should be included for a method concept, candidate symbols are designed and evaluated. Throughout the graphical language design process, the language designer applies a number of guiding principles to assist in developing high quality designs. Among these, the language designer avoids overlapping concept classes or poorly defined ones. They also seek to establish intuitive mechanisms to convey the direction for reading the schematics.<ref name="RJM95"/>

For example, schematics may be designed to be read from left to right, in a bottom-up fashion, or center-out. The potential for clutter or overwhelmingly large amounts of information on a single schematic is also considered as either condition makes reading and understanding the schematic extremely difficult.<ref name="RJM95"/>

=== Method testing ===
Each candidate design is then tested by developing a wide range of examples to explore the utility of the designs relative to the purpose for each schematic. Initial attempts at method development, and the development of supporting language structures in particular, are usually complicated. With successive iterations on the design, unnecessary and complex language structures are eliminated.<ref name="RJM95"/>

As the graphical language design approaches a level of maturity, attention turns to the textual language. The purposes served by textual languages range from providing a mechanism for expressing information that has explicitly been left out of the graphical language to providing a mechanism for standard data exchange and automated model interpretation. Thus, the textual language supporting the method may be simple and unstructured (in terms of computer interpretability), or it may emerge as a highly structured, and complex language. The purpose of the method largely determines what level of structure will be required of the textual language.<ref name="RJM95"/>

=== Formalization and application techniques ===
As the method language begins to approach maturity, mathematical formalization techniques are employed so the emerging language has clear syntax and semantics. The method formalization process often helps uncover ambiguities, identify awkward language structures, and streamline the language.<ref name="RJM95"/>

These general activities culminate in a language that helps focus user attention on the information that needs to be discovered, analyzed, transformed, or communicated in the course of accomplishing the task for which the method was designed. Both the procedure and language components of the method also help users develop the necessary skills and attunements required to achieve consistently high quality results for the targeted task.<ref name="RJM95"/>

Once the method has been developed, application techniques will be designed to successfully apply the method in stand-alone mode as well as together with other methods. Application techniques constitute the "use" component of the method which continues to evolve and grow throughout the life of the method. The method procedure, language constructs, and application techniques are reviewed and tested to iteratively refine the method.<ref name="RJM95"/>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [Computer-aided software engineering](/source/Computer-aided_software_engineering)
* [Configuration management](/source/Configuration_management)
* [Design pattern](/source/Design_pattern)
* [Design rationale](/source/Design_rationale)
* [ISO/IEC 24744](/source/ISO%2FIEC_24744)
* [Metadata modeling](/source/Metadata_modeling)
* [Pattern language](/source/Pattern_language)
* [Technical documentation](/source/Technical_documentation)
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

;Attribution
This article incorporates text from [US Air Force](/source/US_Air_Force), ''[http://www.idef.com/pdf/compendium.pdf Information Integration for Concurrent Engineering (IICE) Compendium of methods report]'' by [Richard J. Mayer](/source/Richard_J._Mayer) et al., 1995, a publication now in the public domain.

== Further reading ==
* [Sjaak Brinkkemper](/source/Sjaak_Brinkkemper), Kalle Lyytinen, Richard J. Welke (1996). ''Method engineering: principles of method construction and tool support: proceedings of the IFIP TC8, WG8.1/8.2 Working Conference on Method Engineering 26–28 August 1996, Atlanta, USA''. Springer. {{ISBN|041279750X}} {{doi|10.1007/978-0-387-35080-6}}
* [Sjaak Brinkkemper](/source/Sjaak_Brinkkemper), Saeki and Harmsen (1998). Assembly techniques for method engineering. ''Advanced Information Systems Engineering, Proceedings of CaiSE'98''. New York: Springer. {{doi|10.1007/BFb0054236}}
* Ajantha Dahanayake (2001). ''Computer-aided method engineering: designing CASE repositories for the 21st century''. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Inc (IGI), 2001. {{ISBN|1878289942}}
* [Brian Henderson-Sellers](/source/Brian_Henderson-Sellers), Jolita Ralyté, Pär J. Ågerfalk and Matti Rossi (2014). ''Situational method engineering''. Berlin: Springer. {{ISBN|9783642414664}} {{doi|10.1007/978-3-642-41467-1}}
* [Brian Henderson-Sellers](/source/Brian_Henderson-Sellers), Jolita Ralyté and [Sjaak Brinkkemper](/source/Sjaak_Brinkkemper), eds. (2008). ''Situational method engineering: fundamentals and experiences: proceedings of the IFIP WG 8.1 Working Conference, 12–14 September 2007, Geneva, Switzerland''. New York: Springer. {{ISBN|0387739467}} {{doi|10.1007/978-0-387-73947-2}}
* [Brian Henderson-Sellers](/source/Brian_Henderson-Sellers), C. Gonzalez-Perez and [Donald Firesmith](/source/Donald_Firesmith) (2004) [http://www.sei.cmu.edu/library/abstracts/whitepapers/methodengmay2005.cfm Method engineering and COTS evaluation] in: ''ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes archive''. Vol 30, Issue 4 (July 2005).
* Manfred A. Jeusfeld, [Matthias Jarke](/source/Matthias_Jarke) and [John Mylopoulos](/source/John_Mylopoulos), eds. (2009). [https://conceptbase.sourceforge.net/2021_Metamodeling_for_Method_Engineering.pdf ''Metamodeling for method engineering'']. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. {{ISBN|0262101084}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Method engineering}}
* [http://users.jyu.fi/~jpt/ME2000/index.html Metamodeling and method engineering] presentation by Minna Koskinen, 2000.

Category:Method engineering

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Method engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_engineering) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_engineering?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.