# Meteosat

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Series of european weather satellites

Meteosat First Generation satellite

The **Meteosat** series of [satellites](/source/Satellite) are [geostationary](/source/Geostationary) [meteorological satellites](/source/Meteorological_satellite) operated by [EUMETSAT](/source/EUMETSAT) under the Meteosat Transition Programme (MTP) and the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) program.

The MTP program was established to ensure the operational continuity between the end of the successful Meteosat Operational Programme in 1995 and Meteosat Second Generation (MSG), which came into operation at the start of 2004 using improved satellites. The MSG program will provide service until the MTG (Meteosat Third Generation) program takes over.

## First Generation

Satellites in the first generation Meteosat series[1] Satellite Launch date Launch Vehicle Launch site Mission end Meteosat-1 23 November 1977 Delta 2914 Cape Canaveral, LC-17A Imager failed in November 1979; data collection ended in 1984 Meteosat-2 10 June 1981 Ariane 1 Kourou, ELA-1 Moved to graveyard orbit in December 1991[2] Meteosat-3 (Meteosat-P2) 15 June 1988 Ariane-44LP H10 Kourou, ELA-2 Retired in 1995 Meteosat-4 (MOP-1) 19 April 1989 Ariane-44LP H10 Kourou, ELA-2 Deactivated in November 1996. Meteosat-5 (MOP-2) 02 March 1991 Ariane-44LP H10 Kourou, ELA-2 Decommissioned and placed into graveyard orbit in February 2007 Meteosat-6 (MOP-3) 20 November 1993 Ariane-44LP H10 Kourou, ELA-2 Continued data transmission service until late 2010 or in early 2011 Meteosat-7 (MTP/MOP-3) 03 September 1997 Ariane-44LP H10-3 Kourou, ELA-2 Placed into graveyard orbit in April 2017[3]

The first generation of Meteosat satellites, Meteosat-1 to Meteosat-7, provided continuous and reliable meteorological observations from space to a large user community. All Meteosat satellites from Meteosat-1 to Meteosat-7 have now been retired.

When operational, the Meteosat First Generation provided images every half-hour in three spectral channels (Visible, Infrared) and [Water Vapour](/source/Water_vapor), via the [Meteosat Visible and Infrared Imager](/source/Meteosat_Visible_and_Infrared_Imager) (MVIRI) [instrument](/source/Measuring_instrument). Until 1 February 2017, Meteosat-7 provided the primary imagery coverage over the Indian Ocean and provided a service relaying data from [Argos](/source/Argos_(satellite_system)) Data Collection Platforms (DCP), such as buoys, in support of the Tsunami Warning System for the Indian Ocean. A range of processed meteorological products were also produced.[4] The last disseminated Meteosat-7 image was on 31 March 2017. Moving Meteosat-7 to its ultimate resting place in a graveyard orbit commenced on 3 April 2017 and the spacecraft final command sent on 11 April 2017.

The satellites were manufactured by a consortium COSMOS, with [Aérospatiale](/source/A%C3%A9rospatiale) in its [Cannes Mandelieu Space Centre](/source/Cannes_Mandelieu_Space_Centre), as Prime, and included [Matra](/source/Matra), [MBB](/source/Messerschmitt-B%C3%B6lkow-Blohm), [Selenia Spazio](/source/Alenia_Aeronautica), [Marconi Company](/source/Marconi_Company). They are 2.1 metres in diameter and 3.195 metres long. Its initial mass in orbit is 282 kg, and in orbit, the satellite spins at 100 [rpm](/source/Revolutions_per_minute) around its main axis.[5]

## Second Generation ("MSG")

Meteosat Second Generation

The MSG control centre in Darmstadt

Meteosat Second Generation was designed in response to user requirements to serve the needs of [nowcasting](/source/Nowcasting_(meteorology)) applications and [numerical weather prediction](/source/Numerical_weather_prediction). In addition, the [GERB](/source/Geostationary_Earth_Radiation_Budget) instrument provides important data for climate monitoring and research. The MSG satellites are 3.2 m in diameter and 2.4 m high and spin anti-clockwise at 100 rpm[6] at an altitude of 36,000 km.[7]

The contract for the second generation was awarded to [Aérospatiale](/source/A%C3%A9rospatiale) in its [Cannes Mandelieu Space Centre](/source/Cannes_Mandelieu_Space_Centre) (now [Thales Alenia Space](/source/Thales_Alenia_Space)), with main subcontractors as [Matra](/source/Matra), [Messerschmitt](/source/Messerschmitt), [Alenia](/source/Alenia_Spazio).

The satellites are spin-stabilised like the previous generation, but with many design improvements. The more frequent and comprehensive data collected by MSG also aids the weather forecaster in the swift recognition and prediction of dangerous weather phenomena such as thunderstorms, fog, and explosive development of small, but intense, depressions, which can lead to devastating wind storms.

On 29 January 2004 the first Meteosat Second Generation satellite MSG-1, renamed to [Meteosat-8](/source/Meteosat_8) once operational, commenced routine operations. In addition to the main [optical payload](/source/Electronic_imager) SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager), Meteosat-8 also carries the secondary payload GERB (Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget) instrument. The launch of MSG-2 (renamed to Meteosat-9) took place on 21 December 2005. The launch of MSG-3 (renamed to Meteosat-10) took place on 5 July 2012.

Meteosat-8 is stationed over the Indian Ocean, arriving at 41.5°E on 21 September 2016 and it took over as prime Indian Ocean Data Coverage (IODC) spacecraft on 1 February 2017 (replacing Meteosat-7). Meteosat-8 was retired from operational service on 1 July 2022 and finally decommissioned on 13 October 2022 after twenty years in orbit. The spacecraft was disposed of in compliance with ISO-24113 guidelines (although not designed with this in mind) having been raised 740km above the geostationary ring and spun down to 20rpm. The propulsion system was then passivated and the satellite deactivated.

Meteosat-9 is also stationed over the Indian Ocean, arriving at 45.5°E on 20 April 2022 and it took over as prime IODC spacecraft on 1 June 2022 (replacing Meteosat-8).

Meteosat-10 and -11 are located over Africa with various differences in operational configuration. Since 20 March 2018, Meteosat-10 provides an operational European 'rapid scan' mode service (the MSG RSS service first commenced in May 2008), with images of Europe every 5 minutes. Since 20 February 2018, Meteosat-11 provides the main full Earth imagery service over Europe and Africa (with images every 15-minutes).[8]

MSG-4 was successfully launched into space on 15 July 2015 at 18:42 local time on top an [Ariane 5](/source/Ariane_5) Rocket from the [Guiana Space Centre](/source/Guiana_Space_Centre) in Kourou, French Guiana. Like MSG-1, MSG-2 and MSG-3, MSG-4 was launched by [Arianespace](/source/Arianespace). The MSG-4 commissioning was successfully completed in December 2015 at which time the spacecraft was placed into in-orbit storage as planned, and renamed to Meteosat-11.

Satellites in the second generation Meteosat series[9] Satellite Launch date Launch Vehicle Launch site Mission end Meteosat-8 (MSG-1) 2002-08-28 22:45 UTC Ariane 5G Kourou, ELA-3 Retired 1 July 2022 Meteosat-9 (MSG-2) 2005-12-22 22:33 UTC Ariane 5GS Kourou, ELA-3 Availability lifetime is until 2025 Meteosat-10 (MSG-3) 2012-07-05 21:36 UTC Ariane 5ECA Kourou, ELA-3 Availability lifetime is until 2030 Meteosat-11 (MSG-4) 2015-07-15 21:05 UTC Ariane 5ECA Kourou, ELA-3 Availability lifetime is until 2033

### Secondary Payloads

Meteosat-8, -9, -10, and -11 each carry a GERB Instrument, DCP capable service equipment and a Search and Rescue signal Processor (SARP) that is capable of detecting 406 MHz [distress signals](/source/Distress_signals) from [emergency position-indicating radiobeacon stations](/source/Emergency_position-indicating_radiobeacon_station).[10] For SARP, see more under [Cospas-Sarsat](/source/Cospas-Sarsat).

## Third Generation ("MTG")

Artist's rendering of Meteosat Third Generation

Model of MTG-S

Considering the long development cycle for a new observational space system, [EUMETSAT](/source/EUMETSAT) has been working on the definition and the planning for a Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) system since the year 2000. MTG components providing continuity of MSG services need to be available before the end of the nominal lifetime of MSG. MTG preparatory activities started end of 2000 in cooperation with the European Space Agency (ESA), following the decision of the EUMETSAT Council to proceed with a Post-MSG User Consultation Process. The process is aimed at capturing the foreseeable needs of users of EUMETSAT's satellite data in the 2015-2025 timeframe.[11]

On 19 March 2010, ESA chose [Thales Alenia Space](/source/Thales_Alenia_Space) for a final negotiation leading to a contract to be signed during June.[12] On 22 June 2010, EUMETSAT confirmed the choice of Thales Alenia Space.[13] On 24 February 2012, the development contract between [ESA](/source/European_Space_Agency) and [Thales Alenia Space](/source/Thales_Alenia_Space) was signed by Mr. Liebig and Mr. Seznec. Thales Alenia Space leads the industrial consortium that is now building the MTG family. Along with being the prime contractor, Thales Alenia Space is responsible for the MTG-I imaging satellite, including the primary payload, the Flexible Combined Imager. Bremen-based [OHB](/source/OHB-System) is responsible for the MTG-S satellites and provision of the common satellite platforms, supported by [Astrium GmbH](/source/EADS_Astrium) as the [System Architect](/source/Systems_architect).

### MTG satellites

A total of 6 satellites are being developed under the MTG contract. Four MTG-I imaging satellites, as well as two MTG-S [sounder](/source/Atmospheric_sounding) satellites. The launch of the first MTG satellite, Meteosat-12 (MTG-I1), occurred on 13 December 2022, at 20:30 UTC[14][15] and the satellite has been operational since December 2024.[16] This was followed by the first MTG-S ([MTG-S1/Sentinel-4A](/source/MTG-S1%2FSentinel-4A) with the first [Sentinel-4](/source/Sentinel-4) instrument aboard) launching on 1 July 2025 at 21:04 UTC.[17] The next MTG-I is expected to launch in 2026.[18] The following three satellites will be launched around 10 years later to replace the first set, which have a nominal life of 8.5 years and sufficient fuel for more than 10.7 years.[17]

Satellites in the third generation Meteosat series[19] Satellite COSPAR ID Launch date Launch Vehicle Launch site Mission end MTG-I1 (Meteosat-12) 2022-170C 2022-12-13 20:30 UTC Ariane 5 ECA Kourou, ELA-3 TBD MTG-S1/Sentinel-4A (Meteosat-13) 2025-143A 2025-07-01 21:04 UTC Falcon 9 Block 5 Kennedy, LC-39A TBD MTG-I2 (Meteosat-14) Planned for 2026 Ariane 62[18] Kourou, ELA-4 TBD Meteosat-15 (MTG-I3) Planned for 2032 Ariane 64 Kourou, ELA-4 TBD Meteosat-16 (MTG-S2/Sentinel-4B) Planned for 2035 Ariane 62 Kourou, ELA-4 TBD Meteosat-17 (MTG-I4) Planned for 2036 Ariane 64 Kourou, ELA-4 TBD

## References

- [EUMETSAT](http://www.eumetsat.int/)

- ["Perfect day for weather satellite"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4548562.stm). *BBC News*. December 21, 2005. Retrieved February 6, 2006.

- Krige, John. "Crossing the Interface from R&D to Operational Use: The Case of the European Meteorological Satellite," Technology and Culture, Volume 41, Number 1, January 2000, pp. 27–50.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Meteosat First Generation - eoPortal Directory - Satellite Missions"](https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/m/meteosat-first-generation).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Meteosat"](https://sci.esa.int/documents/34439/36575/1567254065476-br200-part3.pdf) (PDF). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210703112403/https://sci.esa.int/documents/34439/36575/1567254065476-br200-part3.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-03. Retrieved 2021-07-03.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["The final journey of Meteosat-7 — EUMETSAT"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170613032625/http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/News/DAT_3430008.html). Archived from [the original](https://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/News/DAT_3430008.html) on 2017-06-13. Retrieved 2019-04-02.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Indian Ocean Data Coverage service"](https://web.archive.org/web/20171201131417/https://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Data/MeteosatServices/IndianOceanDataCoverage/index.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Data/MeteosatServices/IndianOceanDataCoverage/index.html) on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2018-11-29.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["Meteosat First Generation Design"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160318212900/http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/CurrentSatellites/Meteosat/MeteosatDesign/index.html#mfg). Archived from [the original](http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/CurrentSatellites/Meteosat/MeteosatDesign/index.html#mfg) on 2016-03-18. Retrieved 2016-03-18.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [Meteosat Second Generation Design](http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/CurrentSatellite/Meteosat/MeteosatDesign/index.html)[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["EUMETSAT Satellite Orbits"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160309225349/http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/LaunchesandOrbits/SatelliteOrbits/index.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/LaunchesandOrbits/SatelliteOrbits/index.html) on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2016-03-18.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["Meteosat series"](https://www.eumetsat.int/our-satellites/meteosat-series). EUMETSAT. 15 April 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Meteosat- EUMETSAT"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131017152856/http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/CurrentSatellites/Meteosat/index.html). Archived from [the original](https://www.eumetsat.int/meteosat-third-generation) on 2013-10-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["Current Space Segment Status and SAR Payloads"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121130174455/http://www.cospas-sarsat.org/en/operatons/space-segment-status/sar-payloads). Archived from [the original](http://www.cospas-sarsat.org/en/operatons/space-segment-status/sar-payloads) on 2012-11-30. Retrieved 2012-12-03.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Meteosat Third Generation"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160322075220/http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/FutureSatellites/MeteosatThirdGeneration/index.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/FutureSatellites/MeteosatThirdGeneration/index.html) on 2016-03-22. Retrieved 2016-03-18.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ESA and Thales Alenia Space enter negotiations for MTG, ESA Press release, March 19, 2010, [online www.esa.int](http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMXKUCKP6G_index_0.html)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["EUMETSAT 70th council puts MTG on tracks"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160326093535/http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/News/DAT_2044868.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/News/DAT_2044868.html) on 2016-03-26. Retrieved 2016-03-18.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ariane-20221125_14-0)** [Arianespace](/source/Arianespace) [@Arianespace] (25 November 2022). ["\[5/5\] 🗓️ The new targeted launch date for #VV22 now is December 20; 🗓️ The new targeted launch date for #VA259 –initially scheduled for December 14- now is December 13"](https://twitter.com/Arianespace/status/1596096579718770689) ([Tweet](/source/Tweet_(social_media))) – via [Twitter](/source/Twitter).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Ariane-5-Missionen"](https://www.dlr.de/rd/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-4926/8178_read-5116/) [Ariane-5 Missions]. *[DLR](/source/German_Aerospace_Center)* (in German). Retrieved 20 October 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["Europe's most advanced weather satellite is now fully operational"](https://www.eumetsat.int/europes-most-advanced-weather-satellite-now-fully-operational). *EUMETSAT*. 4 December 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2025.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_17-1) ["EUMETSAT, ESA launches combo MTG-S1, Sentinel-4 satellite on SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from NASA's Kennedy Space Center – Spaceflight Now"](https://spaceflightnow.com/2025/07/01/live-coverage-eumetsat-esa-to-launch-combo-mtg-s1-sentinel-4-satellite-on-spacex-falcon-9-rocket-from-nasas-kennedy-space-center/). Retrieved 2025-07-02.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_18-1) ["Meteosat Third Generation Imager 2 to be launched by Arianespace on Ariane 62 rocket | EUMETSAT"](http://www.eumetsat.int/meteosat-third-generation-imager-2-be-launched-arianespace-ariane-62-rocket). *www.eumetsat.int*. 2025-09-03. Retrieved 2025-09-04.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) - EUMETSAT"](https://www.eumetsat.int/meteosat-third-generation). 22 May 2020.

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [EUMETSAT](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/EUMETSAT).

- [Meteosat Series of Satellites](https://www.eumetsat.int/our-satellites/meteosat-series)

- [WMO OSCAR | Space Agency: EUMETSAT](https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/spaceagencies/view/18)

- [EUMETSAT Image Gallery](https://eumetview.eumetsat.int/static-images/latestImages.html) (latest images)

- [Compare Meteosat images with other meteorological satellites](http://en.allmetsat.com/)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Meteosat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteosat) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteosat?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.