# Meta-waveguide

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Subwavelength-structured waveguides

In [photonics](/source/Photonics), a **meta-waveguide** is a physical structures that guides [electromagnetic waves](/source/Electromagnetic_waves) with engineered functional [subwavelength](/source/Subwavelength) structures.[1] Meta-waveguides are the result of combining the fields of [metamaterials](/source/Metamaterial) and [metasurfaces](/source/Electromagnetic_metasurface) into [integrated optics](/source/Integrated_optics).[2][3] The design of the subwavelength architecture allows exotic waveguiding phenomena to be explored.[3][4]

Meta-waveguides can be classified by [waveguide](/source/Waveguide_(optics)) platforms or by design methods.[2] If classified by underlying waveguide platform, engineered subwavelength structures can be classified in combination with [dielectric waveguides](/source/Dielectric_waveguide), [optical fibers](/source/Optical_fiber), or [plasmonic waveguides](/source/Plasmonic_metamaterial). If classified by design methods, meta-waveguides can be classified as either using design primarily by physical intuition, or by computer algorithm based inverse design methods.[1][5]

Meta-waveguides can provide new degrees of design freedom to the available structural library for [optical waveguides](/source/Optical_waveguides) in integrated photonics.[1][3] Advantages can include enhancing the performance of conventional waveguide based integrated optical devices and creating novel device functionalities.[1][3] Applications of meta-waveguides include beam/polarization splitting,[3] integrated waveguide mode converters,[4] versatile waveguide couplers,[6] lab-on-fiber sensing,[7] nano-optic endoscope imaging,[8] on-chip wavefront shaping,[9] structured-light generations,[10] and [optical neural networks](/source/Optical_neural_network).[11][12] The meta-structures can also be further integrated with van der Waals materials to add more functionalities and reconfigurability.[13][14]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:0_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:0_1-3) Meng, Yuan; Chen, Yizhen; Lu, Longhui; Ding, Yimin; Cusano, Andrea; Fan, Jonathan A.; Hu, Qiaomu; Wang, Kaiyuan; Xie, Zhenwei; Liu, Zhoutian; Yang, Yuanmu (2021-11-22). ["Optical meta-waveguides for integrated photonics and beyond"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8608813). *Light: Science & Applications*. **10** (1): 235. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2021LSA....10..235M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021LSA....10..235M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41377-021-00655-x](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41377-021-00655-x). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2047-7538](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2047-7538). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [8608813](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8608813). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [34811345](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34811345).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_2-1) Sciences, Chinese Academy of. ["Allying meta-structures with diverse optical waveguides for integrated photonics and more"](https://phys.org/news/2021-12-allying-meta-structures-diverse-optical-waveguides.html). *phys.org*. Retrieved 2022-05-03.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:2_3-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:2_3-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:2_3-4) Cheben, Pavel; Halir, Robert; Schmid, Jens H.; Atwater, Harry A.; Smith, David R. (August 2018). ["Subwavelength integrated photonics"](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0421-7). *Nature*. **560** (7720): 565–572. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2018Natur.560..565C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.560..565C). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41586-018-0421-7](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0421-7). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1476-4687](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [30158604](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30158604). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [52117964](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52117964).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:3_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:3_4-1) Li, Zhaoyi; Kim, Myoung-Hwan; Wang, Cheng; Han, Zhaohong; Shrestha, Sajan; Overvig, Adam Christopher; Lu, Ming; Stein, Aaron; [Agarwal, Anuradha Murthy](/source/Anu_Agarwal); Lončar, Marko; Yu, Nanfang (July 2017). ["Controlling propagation and coupling of waveguide modes using phase-gradient metasurfaces"](https://www.nature.com/articles/nnano.2017.50). *Nature Nanotechnology*. **12** (7): 675–683. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2017NatNa..12..675L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatNa..12..675L). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/nnano.2017.50](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnnano.2017.50). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1748-3395](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1748-3395). [OSTI](/source/OSTI_(identifier)) [1412777](https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1412777). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [28416817](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28416817).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Molesky, Sean; Lin, Zin; Piggott, Alexander Y.; Jin, Weiliang; Vucković, Jelena; Rodriguez, Alejandro W. (November 2018). ["Inverse design in nanophotonics"](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-018-0246-9/). *Nature Photonics*. **12** (11): 659–670. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1801.06715](https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.06715). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2018NaPho..12..659M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NaPho..12..659M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41566-018-0246-9](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41566-018-0246-9). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1749-4893](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1749-4893). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [55105919](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55105919).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Meng, Yuan; Liu, Zhoutian; Xie, Zhenwei; Wang, Ride; Qi, Tiancheng; Hu, Futai; Kim, Hyunseok; Xiao, Qirong; Fu, Xing; Wu, Qiang; Bae, Sang-Hoon (2020-04-01). ["Versatile on-chip light coupling and (de)multiplexing from arbitrary polarizations to controlled waveguide modes using an integrated dielectric metasurface"](https://opg.optica.org/prj/abstract.cfm?uri=prj-8-4-564). *[Photonics Research](/source/Photonics_Research)*. **8** (4): 564–576. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1364/PRJ.384449](https://doi.org/10.1364%2FPRJ.384449). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2327-9125](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2327-9125). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [213576669](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213576669).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Wang, Zi; Li, Tiantian; Soman, Anishkumar; Mao, Dun; Kananen, Thomas; [Gu, Tingyi](/source/Tingyi_Gu) (2019-08-07). ["On-chip wavefront shaping with dielectric metasurface"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6686019). *Nature Communications*. **10** (1): 3547. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2019NatCo..10.3547W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatCo..10.3547W). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41467-019-11578-y](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-019-11578-y). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2041-1723](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [6686019](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6686019). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [31391468](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31391468).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** He, Tiantian (2021-11-22). ["Guided mode meta-optics: metasurface-dressed waveguides for arbitrary mode couplers and on-chip OAM emitters with a configurable topological charge"](https://opg.optica.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-29-24-39406). *Optics Express*. **29** (24): 39406–39418. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2021OExpr..2939406H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021OExpr..2939406H). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1364/OE.443186](https://doi.org/10.1364%2FOE.443186). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1094-4087](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1094-4087). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [34809306](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34809306). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [243813207](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243813207).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Khoram, Erfan; Chen, Ang; Liu, Dianjing; Ying, Lei; Wang, Qiqi; Yuan, Ming; Yu, Zongfu (2019-08-01). ["Nanophotonic media for artificial neural inference"](https://opg.optica.org/prj/abstract.cfm?uri=prj-7-8-823). *[Photonics Research](/source/Photonics_Research)*. **7** (8): 823–827. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[1810.07815](https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.07815). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1364/PRJ.7.000823](https://doi.org/10.1364%2FPRJ.7.000823). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2327-9125](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2327-9125). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [173991055](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:173991055).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Wu, Changming; Yu, Heshan; Lee, Seokhyeong; Peng, Ruoming; Takeuchi, Ichiro; Li, Mo (2021-01-04). ["Programmable phase-change metasurfaces on waveguides for multimode photonic convolutional neural network"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7782756). *Nature Communications*. **12** (1): 96. [arXiv](/source/ArXiv_(identifier)):[2004.10651](https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.10651). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2021NatCo..12...96W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatCo..12...96W). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41467-020-20365-z](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-20365-z). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2041-1723](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [7782756](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7782756). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [33398011](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33398011).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Liu, Yuan; Huang, Yu; Duan, Xiangfeng (March 2019). ["Van der Waals integration before and beyond two-dimensional materials"](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1013-x). *Nature*. **567** (7748): 323–333. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2019Natur.567..323L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Natur.567..323L). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41586-019-1013-x](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1013-x). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1476-4687](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [30894723](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30894723).

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Meta-waveguide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-waveguide) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-waveguide?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.