# Messina

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This article is about the city in Sicily, Italy. For other uses, see [Messina (disambiguation)](/source/Messina_(disambiguation)).

Comune in Sicily, Italy

Messina Missina (Sicilian) Μεσσήνη (Greek)[3] Comune Comune di Messina Skyline of Messina Messina Cathedral Madonna della Lettera Fontana del Nettuno Fontana di Orione Flag Coat of arms Position of the commune in the Metropolitan City Messina Location of Messina in Italy Show map of Italy Messina Messina (Sicily) Show map of Sicily Coordinates: 38°11′37″N 15°33′15″E / 38.19361°N 15.55417°E / 38.19361; 15.55417 Country Italy Region Sicily Metropolitan city Messina (ME) Frazioni Altolia, Bordonaro, Briga Superiore, Camaro, Castanea delle Furie, Cumia, Giampilieri Superiore, Molino, Rodia, Torre Faro Government • Mayor Federico Basile Area [1] • Total 213.75 km2 (82.53 sq mi) Elevation 3 m (9.8 ft) Population (2025)[2] • Total 217,033 • Density 1,015.4/km2 (2,629.8/sq mi) Demonym Messinese Time zone UTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST) UTC+2 (CEST) ISTAT code 083048 Patron saint Madonna of the Letter Saint day June 3 Website Official website

**Messina** ([/mɛˈsiːnə/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [*mess-EE-nə*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key), [US](/source/American_English) also [/mɪˈ-/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [*miss-*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key);[4][5][6] Italian: [\[mesˈsiːna\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:It-Messina.ogg))[a] is a harbour city and the [capital](/source/Capital_city) of the Italian [Metropolitan City of Messina](/source/Metropolitan_City_of_Messina). It is the third largest city on the island of [Sicily](/source/Sicily), and the 13th largest city in Italy, with a population of 217,033 inhabitants in the city proper and 595,948 in the metropolitan city as of 2025.[2] It is located near the northeast corner of Sicily, at the [Strait of Messina](/source/Strait_of_Messina) and it is an important access terminal to [Calabria](/source/Calabria) region, [Villa San Giovanni](/source/Villa_San_Giovanni), [Reggio Calabria](/source/Reggio_Calabria) on the mainland.

Founded by the [Sicels](/source/Sicels) with the name of *Zancle* in 757 BC, which in [their language](/source/Siculian) meant sickle, it was repopulated by [Greek colonists](/source/Greek_colonisation) of [Magna Graecia](/source/Magna_Graecia) and renamed *Messana*. The city was renamed *Messina* in the [Byzantine age](/source/Byzantine_Empire). It was an important [Roman](/source/Roman_Empire), and then [Greek-Byzantine](/source/Byzantine_Empire) city, but in 843 it was completely destroyed by the [Arabs](/source/Arabs). Almost abandoned during the Islamic period, it rose again in the [Norman](/source/Normans) era and reached the height of its grandeur between the late [Middle Ages](/source/Middle_Ages) and the mid-17th century, when it competed with [Palermo](/source/Palermo) for the role of capital of the [Kingdom of Sicily](/source/Kingdom_of_Sicily).

Put to fire and sword in 1678 after a [historic anti-Spanish revolt](/source/Messina_revolt) that led to the annihilation of its ruling class, it was seriously damaged by [an earthquake in 1783](/source/1783_Calabrian_earthquakes). In 1908, [another earthquake](/source/1908_Messina_earthquake) destroyed the city almost entirely, causing the death of about half the population. Rebuilding started in 1912,[7] largely in the [Liberty style](/source/Art_Nouveau), and an orderly and regular network of wide and straight streets in a north-south direction were built. Being a strategic target, the city of the strait was heavily bombed by the [Allies of World War II](/source/Allies_of_World_War_II) in 1943 during the [landing in Sicily](/source/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily), being hit by about 6,500 tons of explosives in about 2,800 air raids and four naval bombardments. This event earned the city the [Gold Medal of Military Valor](/source/Gold_Medal_of_Military_Valor). [Winston Churchill](/source/Winston_Churchill) visited Messina after the bombing. He came to the city in July 1943, during the time when the Allies were executing the invasion of Sicily.

Its port, for thousands of years has been one of the main commercial crossroads of the Mediterranean and only recently becoming a port of call for ferries to the continent, is the first[8] in Italy in terms of the number of passengers in transit.[9] According to [Eurostat](/source/Eurostat)[10] the [FUA](/source/Larger_urban_zone) of the metropolitan area of Messina has, in 2014, 277,584 inhabitants. The city has been a [Roman Catholic](/source/Catholic_Church) [Archdiocese and Archimandrite](/source/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Messina-Lipari-Santa_Lucia_del_Mela) seat since 1548 and is home to the [University of Messina](/source/University_of_Messina).[11][12]

## Names

- *Zancle*, which [Thucydides](/source/Thucydides) said was from a [Siculian](/source/Siculian) word meaning "[scythe](/source/Scythe)", because of the shape of the natural port, from the founding of the city by the [Sicels](/source/Sicels) in 757 BC up to the [Magna Graecia](/source/Magna_Graecia) age;[13]

- *Dankle* (Ζάγκλης), from the Greek ζάγκλον meaning "[scythe](/source/Scythe)" in the [Magna Graecia](/source/Magna_Graecia) age up to [Anaxilas of Rhegium](/source/Anaxilas_of_Rhegium);

- *Messene* (Μεσσήνη), a name that was given to the city in the Magna Graecia age by [Anaxilas of Rhegium](/source/Anaxilas_of_Rhegium), when he settled refugees from [Messenia](/source/Messenia) there at the beginning of the 5th century BC;

- *Messana*, in the [Roman age](/source/Ancient_Rome);

- *Messina*, from the [Byzantine age](/source/Byzantine_Empire) up to modern times.

## History

See also: [Timeline of Messina](/source/Timeline_of_Messina)

Ancient Roman bronze coin minted in Messina, 264 BC

 13th-century coins minted during the reign of [Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor](/source/Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor), in Messina.

Founded by [Greek](/source/Greece) colonists of [Magna Graecia](/source/Magna_Graecia) in the 8th century BC, Messina was originally called *Zancle* ([Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek_language): Ζάγκλη), from the Greek ζάγκλον meaning "[scythe](/source/Scythe)" because of the shape of its natural harbour (though a legend attributes the name to King [Zanclus](/source/Zanclus)). A *[comune](/source/Comune)* of its Metropolitan City, located at the southern entrance of the [Strait of Messina](/source/Strait_of_Messina), is to this day called 'Scaletta Zanclea'. [Solinus](/source/Gaius_Julius_Solinus) wrote that the city of [Metauros](/source/Metauros) was established by people from Zancle.[14]

In the early 5th century BC [Anaxilas of Rhegium](/source/Anaxilas_of_Rhegium) renamed it *Messene* (Μεσσήνη) in honour of the Greek city [Messene](/source/Messene) (See also [List of traditional Greek place names](/source/List_of_traditional_Greek_place_names)). Later, [Micythus](/source/Micythus) was the ruler of [Rhegium](/source/Rhegium) and Zancle, and he also founded the city of [Pyxus](/source/Pyxus).[15] The city was [sacked in 397 BC](/source/Battle_of_Messene) by the [Carthaginians](/source/Carthage) and then reconquered by [Dionysius I of Syracuse](/source/Dionysius_I_of_Syracuse).

17th century map of Messina

In 288 BC the [Mamertines](/source/Mamertines) seized the city by treachery, killing all the men and taking the women as their wives. The city became a base from which they ravaged the countryside, leading to a conflict with the expanding regional empire of [Syracuse](/source/Syracuse%2C_Sicily). [Hiero II](/source/Hiero_II), tyrant of Syracuse, defeated the Mamertines near [Mylae](/source/Mylae) on the [Longanus River](/source/Longanus_River) and besieged Messina. [Carthage](/source/Carthage) assisted the Mamertines because of a [long-standing conflict](/source/Sicilian_Wars) with Syracuse over dominance in Sicily. When Hiero attacked a second time in 264 BC, the Mamertines petitioned the [Roman Republic](/source/Roman_Republic) for an alliance, hoping for more reliable protection. Although initially reluctant to assist lest it encourage other mercenary groups to mutiny, Rome was unwilling to see Carthaginian power spread further over Sicily and encroach on Italy. Rome, therefore, entered into an alliance with the Mamertines. In 264 BC, Roman troops were deployed to Sicily, the first time a Roman army acted outside the [Italian Peninsula](/source/Italian_Peninsula). At the end of the [First Punic War](/source/First_Punic_War) it was a free city allied with Rome. In Roman times Messina, then known as *Messana*, had an important [pharos](/source/History_of_lighthouses) (lighthouse). Messana was the base of [Sextus Pompeius](/source/Sextus_Pompeius), during his war against [Octavian](/source/Caesar_Augustus).

[1783 Messina earthquake](/source/1783_Calabrian_earthquakes)

After the fall of the [Western Roman Empire](/source/Western_Roman_Empire) the city was successively ruled by [Goths](/source/Goths) from 476, then by the [Byzantine Empire](/source/Byzantine_Empire) in 535, by the [Arabs](/source/Arabs) in 842, and in 1061 by the [Norman](/source/Normans) brothers [Robert Guiscard](/source/Robert_Guiscard) and [Roger Guiscard](/source/Roger_I_of_Sicily) (later count Roger I of Sicily). In 1189 the English king [Richard I (*"The Lionheart"*)](/source/Richard_I_of_England) stopped at Messina en route to the [Holy Land](/source/Holy_Land) for the [Third Crusade](/source/Third_Crusade) and briefly occupied the city after a dispute over the dowry of his sister, who had been married to [William the Good, King of Sicily](/source/William_the_Good%2C_King_of_Sicily).

One of the major cities on Sicily, Messina was heavily involved in the rivalry between the Anjou dynasty in Naples and the Aragonese [House of Barcelona](/source/House_of_Barcelona). Initially a stronghold of Anjou support on Sicily, in 1282 the city joined the revolt of the [Sicilian Vespers](/source/Sicilian_Vespers), resulting in the city being [subjected to a major siege](/source/Siege_of_Messina_(1282)) by [Charles I of Anjou](/source/Charles_I_of_Anjou). Messina remained a major naval base for the remainder of the ensuing twenty-year [War of the Sicilian Vespers](/source/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers), and was [besieged a second time](/source/Siege_of_Messina_(1301)) in 1301.

In 1345 [Orlando d'Aragona](/source/Orlando_d'Aragona), the illegitimate son of [Frederick II of Sicily](/source/Frederick_III_of_Sicily) was the *[strategos](/source/Strategos)* of Messina.

[Giuseppe Garibaldi](/source/Giuseppe_Garibaldi)'s entry into Messina during the [Expedition of the Thousand](/source/Expedition_of_the_Thousand) in 1860, an event of the [unification of Italy](/source/Unification_of_Italy)

In 1347 Messina was one of the first points of entry for the [black death](/source/Black_death) into Western Europe. [Genoese](/source/Genoa) galleys travelling from the infected city of [Kaffa](/source/Feodosia) carried plague into the Messina ports. Kaffa had been infected via Asian trade routes and the [siege of Kaffa](/source/Siege_of_Kaffa) from infected [Mongol](/source/Mongol) armies led by [Janibeg](/source/Janibeg); it was a departure point for many Italian merchants who fled the city to Sicily. Contemporary accounts from Messina tell of the arrival of "Death Ships" from the East, which floated to shore with all the passengers on board already dead or dying of plague. Plague-infected rats probably also came aboard these ships. The black death ravaged Messina and rapidly spread northward into mainland Italy from Sicily in the following few months.

An image of the [1908 Messina earthquake](/source/1908_Messina_earthquake) aftermath. Ruins of the Duomo.

In 1548 [St. Ignatius](/source/Ignatius_of_Loyola) founded there the first [Jesuit](/source/Jesuit) college in the world, which later gave birth to the *Studium Generale* (the current [University of Messina](/source/University_of_Messina)).[16] The Christian ships that won the [Battle of Lepanto (1571)](/source/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)) left from Messina: the [Spanish](/source/Spain) author [Miguel de Cervantes](/source/Miguel_de_Cervantes), who took part in the battle, recovered for some time in the *Grand Hospital*. The city reached the peak of its splendour in the early 17th century, under Spanish domination: at the time it was one of the ten greatest cities in Europe.

Greek minority of Messina flag

In 1674 the city [rebelled against the foreign garrison](/source/Messina_revolt). It managed to remain independent for some time, thanks to the help of the French king [Louis XIV](/source/Louis_XIV), but in 1678, with the [Peace of Nijmegen](/source/Peace_of_Nijmegen), it was reconquered by the Spaniards and sacked: the university, the senate and all the privileges of autonomy it had enjoyed since the Roman times were abolished. A [massive fortress](/source/Real_Cittadella) was built by the occupants and Messina decayed steadily. In 1743, 48,000 died of a second wave of [plague](/source/Plague_(disease)) in the city.[17]

On 5 February 1783 an [earthquake](/source/1783_Calabrian_earthquakes) devastated much of the city, and it took decades to rebuild and rekindle the cultural life of Messina. In 1847 it was one of the first cities in Italy where [Risorgimento](/source/Risorgimento) riots broke out. In 1848 it rebelled openly against the reigning [Bourbons](/source/House_of_Bourbon), but was heavily suppressed again. Only in 1860, after the [Battle of Milazzo](/source/Battle_of_Milazzo_(1860)), the [Garibaldine](/source/Garibaldi) troops occupied the city. One of the main figures of the [unification of Italy](/source/Unification_of_Italy), [Giuseppe Mazzini](/source/Giuseppe_Mazzini), was elected [deputy](/source/Italian_Chamber_of_Deputies) at Messina in the general elections of 1866. Another earthquake of less intensity damaged the city on 16 November 1894. The city was almost entirely destroyed by [an earthquake](/source/1908_Messina_earthquake) and associated [tsunami](/source/Tsunami) on the morning of 28 December 1908, killing about 100,000 people and destroying most of the ancient architecture. The city was largely rebuilt in the following year. However, thousands of residents displaced by the earthquake lived in shanty towns outside the city until the late 1930s, when further reconstruction finally commenced.

It incurred further damage from the massive Allied air bombardments of 1943; before and during the [Allied invasion of Sicily](/source/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily). Messina, owing to its strategic importance as a transit point for Axis troops and supplies sent to Sicily from mainland Italy, was a prime target for the British and American air forces, which dropped some 6,500 tons of bombs in the span of a few months.[18] These raids destroyed one-third of the city, and caused 854 deaths among the population.[19] The city was awarded a [Gold Medal of Military Valor](/source/Gold_Medal_of_Military_Valor) and one for Civil Valor by the Italian government in memory of the event and the subsequent effort of reconstruction.[20]

In June 1955 Messina was the location of the [Messina Conference](/source/Messina_Conference) of [Western European](/source/Western_Europe) [foreign ministers](/source/Foreign_minister) which led to the creation of the [European Economic Community](/source/European_Economic_Community).[21] The conference was held mainly in Messina's [City Hall building](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Zanca&action=edit&redlink=1) ([it](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Zanca)), and partly in nearby [Taormina](/source/Taormina).

The city is home to a small [Greek-speaking](/source/Greek_language) minority, which arrived from the [Peloponnese](/source/Peloponnese) between 1533 and 1534 when fleeing the expansion of the [Ottoman Empire](/source/Ottoman_Empire). They were officially recognised in 2012.[3]

## Geography

### Territory

Natural Reserve Capo Peloro

[Lake Ganzirri](/source/Lake_Ganzirri)

A tract of around 30 km (19 mi) of [beaches](/source/Beaches) of Messina

Located in the north-eastern corner of Sicily, on the western shore of the [Strait of Messina](/source/Strait_of_Messina) ([Ionian Sea](/source/Ionian_Sea))— altitude 3 m (9.8 ft) above sea level[22]— it extends for 213.75 km2 (82.53 sq mi) of municipal surface. Its extension on the coast (56 km (35 mi) from the coast of Giampilieri to the south to that of Orto Liuzzo to the north), which makes it the "longest" and most maritime city in Italy.[23]

The municipality is located 96 km (60 mi) from [Catania](/source/Catania)[24] and 223 km (139 mi) from [Palermo](/source/Palermo),[25] squeezed between the Ionian and Tyrrhenian coasts and the [Peloritani](/source/Peloritani) mountains, it overlooks with its large natural, military and commercial port, closed by the sickle-shaped peninsula of San Raineri, in front of [Villa San Giovanni](/source/Villa_San_Giovanni) and a little further north than [Reggio Calabria](/source/Reggio_Calabria). Cape Peloro, in the northern part of the city, is instead opposite [Scylla](/source/Scylla). In these waters is located the myth of Scylla and [Charybdis](/source/Charybdis),[26] whose whirlpools are compared to the punishment of the souls of hell that go round and round and collide eternally ("*qui la gente riddi*" in [Sicilian](/source/Sicilian_language)).

As the wave over Charybdis, / that breaks with the one it bumps into, / so must people laugh here.

— (Dante Alighieri, Divine Comedy, Canto VII of the Inferno.

An era of the [Neogene](/source/Neogene), a fraction of the upper [Miocene](/source/Miocene), a period known as the one in which the Mediterranean increased its salinity following the closing of the [Strait of Gibraltar](/source/Strait_of_Gibraltar), takes the name of Messinian from the discovery in Messina of its characteristic rocks, the [evaporites](/source/Evaporites).[27]

From sea level, within the same municipality, it is possible to climb up to 1,127 m (3,698 ft) above sea level,[22] via the hills overlooking the city, to Mount Dinnammare, from the Latin "*bimaris*", two seas. From here the view extends over the two seas of the city, the Ionian, the Strait of Messina and the Tyrrhenian. To the east, the entire city of Messina can be seen, while across the sea Calabria from its southernmost point to [Capo Vaticano](/source/Capo_Vaticano), in the [province of Vibo Valentia](/source/Province_of_Vibo_Valentia). To the south, the imposing view of [Mount Etna](/source/Mount_Etna) is clearly visible. To the northwest, the [Aeolian Islands](/source/Aeolian_Islands) and the Tyrrhenian coast with [Capo Milazzo](/source/Capo_Milazzo), Capo Tindari and Capo Calavà in [Gioiosa Marea](/source/Gioiosa_Marea).[22]

The city develops mainly in a longitudinal direction along the coast of the strait without interruption from Giampilieri Marina to Capo Peloro for 32 km (20 mi)[28] in the Ionian strip. The Tyrrhenian strip, 24 km (15 mi) long,[28] extends from Capo Peloro to Ponte Gallo. The central urban area, which can be enclosed between the Annunziata and San Filippo streams, now covered by the road surface, is about 12 km (7.5 mi) long, with little inclination towards the west due to the hilly buttresses of the Peloritani, which prevent the development of a large geometric urban network in that direction. The extreme proximity of the mountains gives the western part of the city a certain slope, overcome with steps and crossed by the panoramic ring road located upstream. There are numerous "urban intrusions" towards the interior, corresponding to the short plains of the streams, which tend to incorporate as districts some of the oldest farmhouses in the city territory, the so-called "Villaggi", currently 48.[29]

### Climate

The [Strait of Messina](/source/Strait_of_Messina), seen from the northern area of the city

Messina has a [subtropical Mediterranean climate](/source/Mediterranean_climate#Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate) with long, hot summers with low [diurnal temperature variation](/source/Diurnal_temperature_variation) and consistently dry weather. In winter, Messina is rather wet and mild. Diurnals remain low and remain averaging above 10 °C (50 °F) lows even during winter. It is rather rainier than [Reggio Calabria](/source/Reggio_Calabria#Climate) on the other side of the [Messina Strait](/source/Messina_Strait), a remarkable climatic difference for such a small distance.

The winter, short, presents rare episodes of cold that in rare cases can also bring snow in the hinterland of the city. The last snowy episode occurred on 7 January 2017,[30] preceded by the event of 31 December 2014[31] and even before that by that of 30 January 1999.[32]

The summer, hot, but due to the sea breezes, is not particularly muggy. The average humidity value tends to be lower during the hottest hours of the day.[33] Furthermore, the presence of the sea tends to contain the maximum temperature values; only in the presence of southern winds (during the major heat waves) do reach 40 °C (104 °F), and in these cases the humidity levels are very high, reaching over 80%.

Precipitation is consistent as Messina is among the medium-large municipalities of the island, the rainiest coastal city in Sicily. An average annual rainfall of 846.9 mm (33.34 in)[33] places the city of the strait above the Italian average. Precipitation is concentrated mainly between autumn and winter but in the summer season there are some thunderstorms. The abundant rainfall in Messina derives from various factors and in particular from the relatively high reliefs close to the area on which the city stands, in Sicily the eastern Nebrodi and the Peloritani, in Calabria the Aspromonte, reliefs that cause frequent [orographic lift](/source/Orographic_lift) phenomena and the presence of two seas, the Ionian and the Tyrrhenian, which create frequent conditions favorable to precipitation.

Climate data for Messina, elevation: 59 m or 194 ft, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1909–present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 24.6 (76.3) 25.8 (78.4) 32.0 (89.6) 29.6 (85.3) 33.6 (92.5) 43.4 (110.1) 43.6 (110.5) 41.8 (107.2) 40.5 (104.9) 36.4 (97.5) 29.2 (84.6) 26.6 (79.9) 43.6 (110.5) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 14.8 (58.6) 15.0 (59.0) 16.9 (62.4) 19.4 (66.9) 23.4 (74.1) 27.8 (82.0) 30.9 (87.6) 31.4 (88.5) 27.8 (82.0) 24.0 (75.2) 19.8 (67.6) 16.2 (61.2) 22.3 (72.1) Daily mean °C (°F) 12.4 (54.3) 12.3 (54.1) 14.0 (57.2) 16.2 (61.2) 20.0 (68.0) 24.2 (75.6) 27.2 (81.0) 27.8 (82.0) 24.4 (75.9) 20.9 (69.6) 17.1 (62.8) 13.7 (56.7) 19.2 (66.6) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 10.1 (50.2) 9.7 (49.5) 11.3 (52.3) 13.3 (55.9) 16.9 (62.4) 21.1 (70.0) 24.0 (75.2) 24.7 (76.5) 21.4 (70.5) 18.3 (64.9) 14.6 (58.3) 11.4 (52.5) 16.4 (61.5) Record low °C (°F) 0.2 (32.4) −0.1 (31.8) −0.2 (31.6) 4.3 (39.7) 7.5 (45.5) 12.4 (54.3) 15.3 (59.5) 14.4 (57.9) 12.5 (54.5) 7.5 (45.5) 5.1 (41.2) 0.8 (33.4) −0.2 (31.6) Average precipitation mm (inches) 118.5 (4.67) 92.4 (3.64) 94.0 (3.70) 65.5 (2.58) 37.1 (1.46) 32.1 (1.26) 19.8 (0.78) 29.9 (1.18) 91.8 (3.61) 114.1 (4.49) 126.9 (5.00) 127.3 (5.01) 949.3 (37.37) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 10.9 9.9 8.9 6.9 4.3 2.8 2.0 2.3 7.4 7.9 10.7 11.7 85.8 Average relative humidity (%) 74.1 71.9 71.3 70.9 69.1 68.3 68.1 68.8 71.4 73.9 74.7 74.0 71.4 Average dew point °C (°F) 7.6 (45.7) 6.7 (44.1) 8.1 (46.6) 10.1 (50.2) 13.2 (55.8) 15.8 (60.4) 19.5 (67.1) 20.7 (69.3) 18.5 (65.3) 15.8 (60.4) 12.0 (53.6) 8.9 (48.0) 13.1 (55.5) Mean monthly sunshine hours 142.6 153.2 207.7 222.0 277.5 300.0 334.2 314.0 231.9 199.0 150.9 126.5 2,659.5 Source 1: NOAA,[34] (Dew point for 1981-2010)[35] Source 2: Temperature estreme in Toscana[36]

## Society

### Demographic evolution

Population of Messina from 1300 to 1861

‹ The [template](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Template) *[Historical populations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Historical_populations)* is being [considered for merging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2026_June_24#Template:Infobox_demographics). ›

Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1861 104,036 — 1871 112,512 +8.1% 1881 126,776 +12.7% 1901 147,589 +16.4% 1911 128,121 −13.2% 1921 177,196 +38.3% 1931 179,914 +1.5% 1936 191,966 +6.7% 1951 220,590 +14.9% 1961 254,538 +15.4% 1971 250,519 −1.6% 1981 260,118 +3.8% 1991 231,693 −10.9% 2001 252,026 +8.8% 2011 243,262 −3.5% 2021 221,246 −9.1% Source: ISTAT[37][38]

Messina has 216,918 residents as of 2025.[39] The city's population reached a peak of 260,118 inhabitants in 1981, after which it decreased at a rate of about 1,000 inhabitants per year. The first reason for this phenomenon is the chronic employment crisis, the second the transfer to neighbouring municipalities. The 1911 census recorded a drastic contraction due to the [1908 Messina earthquake](/source/1908_Messina_earthquake). The victims were actually much more numerous than would appear from a simple subtraction between the data of that census and the previous one, because the city, almost entirely depopulated, was repopulated by inhabitants from other areas of [Sicily](/source/Sicily) and [Calabria](/source/Calabria), attracted by the reconstruction and by the large gaps that opened up in public employment and trade. The families from Messina who had lived in the city since before 1908 are now very few.[40]

### Ethnic groups and foreign minorities

There were 11,986 foreigners residing in Messina as of January 1, 2025, representing 5.5% of the resident population. According to ISTAT statistics, as of January 1, 2025, the foreign population residing in Messina was 11,986, equal to 5.5% of the population.[41] The most represented nationalities were:[42]

- [Sri Lanka](/source/Sri_Lanka) 3,621

- [Philippines](/source/Philippines) 1,799

- [Romania](/source/Romania) 1,238

- [Morocco](/source/Morocco) 940

- [Iran](/source/Iran) 424

- [Bangladesh](/source/Bangladesh) 346

- [China](/source/China) 339

- [Tunisia](/source/Tunisia) 261

- [India](/source/India) 233

- [Poland](/source/Poland) 221

## Government

### Municipal administration

See also: [List of mayors of Messina](/source/List_of_mayors_of_Messina)

Palazzo Zanca, the town hall of Messina

Map of the municipal territory of Messina divided into its six districts

Since 1994 the mayor is elected directly by Messina's electorate.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Administrative subdivisions

The territory of the municipality of Messina is divided into six districts,[43] which are in turn divided into dozens of *[frazioni](/source/Frazioni)*.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Metropolitan area of Messina

The metropolitan area of Messina,[44] still unimplemented to date, was established in 1986 by the [Sicily](/source/Sicily) region and delimited by a decree of 1995. It would include 51 municipalities on a surface of 1,135 km2 (438 sq mi) and would be characterized by an uninterrupted ribbon-like coastal conurbation of 150 km (93 mi) between [Furnari](/source/Furnari) on the [Tyrrhenian Sea](/source/Tyrrhenian_Sea) and the [Alcantara River](/source/Alcantara_River) on the [Ionian Sea](/source/Ionian_Sea), passing through [Milazzo](/source/Milazzo), [Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto](/source/Barcellona_Pozzo_di_Gotto), [Lipari](/source/Lipari), [Taormina](/source/Taormina) and [Giardini Naxos](/source/Giardini_Naxos).

## Main sights

Panorama of the [Messina Strait](/source/Messina_Strait) seen from Messina towards the Italian mainland. [Reggio Calabria](/source/Reggio_Calabria) is visible on the right.

### Religious architecture

[Messina Cathedral](/source/Messina_Cathedral).

[Church of the Santissima Annunziata dei Catalani](/source/Church_of_the_Santissima_Annunziata_dei_Catalani).

- [Messina Cathedral](/source/Messina_Cathedral) (12th century)

- [Chiesa del Carmine](/source/Chiesa_del_Carmine_(Messina)).

- The [Church of the Santissima Annunziata dei Catalani](/source/Church_of_the_Santissima_Annunziata_dei_Catalani) (late 12th–13th century).

### Civil and military architecture

Fountain of Orion in Piazza Duomo

Porta Grazia

- The [Forte del Santissimo Salvatore](/source/Forte_del_Santissimo_Salvatore), a 16th-century fort in the [Port of Messina](/source/Port_of_Messina).

- The [Forte Gonzaga](/source/Forte_Gonzaga), a 16th-century fort overlooking Messina.

- The [Pylons of Messina](/source/Pylons_of_Messina), built in 1957 to carry a 220 kV [overhead power line](/source/Overhead_power_line).

- The [Palace of Culture](/source/Palace_of_Culture_(Messina)), built in 2009.

### Monuments

- The [monument to John of Austria](/source/John_of_Austria_(Messina)) (1572)

- [LaFenice](/source/LaFenice), a sculpture on Piazza della Memoria

### Museums

- [Museo Regionale di Messina](/source/Regional_Museum_of_Messina) (MuMe) hosting notable paintings by [Caravaggio](/source/Caravaggio), [Antonello da Messina](/source/Antonello_da_Messina), [Alonzo Rodriguez](/source/Alonzo_Rodriguez), [Mattia Preti](/source/Mattia_Preti)

## Culture

### Literature

Messina is the setting for two of [William Shakespeare](/source/William_Shakespeare)'s plays, *[Much Ado About Nothing](/source/Much_Ado_About_Nothing)* and *[The Winter's Tale](/source/The_Winter's_Tale)*. In August 2011, the city council of Messina voted to grant Shakespeare honorary citizenship.[45]

In the science fiction novel *The Condemned of Messina* by the American writer [Ben Bova](/source/Ben_Bova), the city of Messina is the seat of the world government.

### Cuisine

Pitoni, a common dish in Messina

The specialities of Messina's cuisine[46] are fish and seafood dishes: swordfish, stockfish, mussels, saury, neonata and tuna. Meat-based dishes include [braciole](/source/Braciole) (a unique cut different from the rest of Italy) and *falsomagro*. Typical Messina desserts include: pignolata glazeata, *bianco e nero*, ricotta, [cannoli](/source/Cannoli) with a chocolate variant, and [cassata siciliana](/source/Cassata_siciliana). Also typical are [focaccia](/source/Focaccia) messinese (curly escarole, desalted anchovies, black pepper and tuma cheese), *pane alla disgraziata*[47][48]

### Universities

[University of Messina](/source/University_of_Messina)

The [University of Messina](/source/University_of_Messina) ([Latin](/source/Latin): *Studiorum Universitas Messanae*), known colloquially as UniME, is a state university located in Messina. Founded in 1548 by [Pope Paul III](/source/Pope_Paul_III), it was the world's first [Jesuit](/source/Jesuit) college,[49] and today it is counted among the oldest universities in Italy. It is organized in 12 departments offering more than 80 Graduate and Undergraduate Degrees, over 20 Master's Degrees and 13 PhD Programmes. Among them, 7 are English-taught. The university counts more than 23.000 students distributed in the 4 campus facilities spread across the city.[50]

Over the centuries the University of Messina has been a centre of attraction for esteemed scholars and historical figures, such as [Giovanni Pascoli](/source/Giovanni_Pascoli), [Marcello Malpighi](/source/Marcello_Malpighi), [Gaetano Salvemini](/source/Gaetano_Salvemini) and [Vittorio Emanuele Orlando](/source/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando). The Central Administration Buildings and the Faculties of [Economics](/source/Economics), [Political Science](/source/Political_Science), [Law](/source/Law) and [Education](/source/Education) are located in the centre of Messina in the historical site of the university or *Polo Centrale*.

The Faculty of [Medicine](/source/Medicine) is held in the main hospital of the city, *Policlinico G. Martino*, situated in the southern area of Messina.[51] The Faculties of [Sciences](/source/Sciences) and [Engineering](/source/Engineering) are located inside *Polo Papardo*, overlooking the famous [Strait of Messina](/source/Strait_of_Messina). The Faculties of [Veterinary Medicine](/source/Veterinary_Medicine), [Pharmacy](/source/Pharmacy) and [Humanities](/source/Humanities) are established in the *Polo Annunziata* facility, which is also the Sport Centre of the university.

### Traditions and folklore

[Good Friday](/source/Good_Friday) celebrations in Messina

The [Ferragosto](/source/Ferragosto) procession in Messina

The giants Mata and Grifone of the [Ferragosto](/source/Ferragosto) procession in Messina

The [Good Friday](/source/Good_Friday) celebrations wind through the main streets of the city with the procession of the Barette (Varette), dating back to 1610.[52]

On the feast day of [Corpus Christi](/source/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi), a long procession begins from the Cathedral, preceded by hooded Catholic believers called "Babaluci" and by all the religious associations, congregations and archconfraternities of the city. Together with the monstrance with the Blessed Sacrament, carried under a rich silk canopy by the Archbishop, the "Vascelluzzo" (small vessel) is carried on the shoulders, a fercolo in chiseled silver adorned with small red drapes and ears of wheat. The work is an ex voto made by the people of Messina as a sign of thanks to the Madonna della Lettera who, according to legend, during various famines, brought several vessels loaded with wheat to the city's port. The Vascelluzzo is kept at the Church of the Sailors and is displayed behind safety glass in addition to two heavy iron grates overexposed. On the morning of Corpus Christi it is carried on the shoulders of 16 people, with a pace that makes it seem as if the Vascelluzzo is sailing on the sea, and enters the cathedral at the stroke of midday. Once it has arrived at the main altar, the relic of the Lock of Hair of the Madonna is placed in the centre of the Vascelluzzo. In the evening, after Holy Mass, the Vascelluzzo without the relic is brought back in procession to the Church of the Sailors where it is welcomed with the setting off of fireworks.[53]

In the days leading up to August 15, the streets of the city are filled with the festive procession of the two Giants and the Camel, along with numerous folk groups. In particular, the two colossal statues on horseback represent the legendary founders of the city, the Messina native Mata and the Moor Grifone (known as "*u giganti e a gigantissa*"). The statues derive from the processional giants of the ancient Catalan tradition, still present today in many areas of [Catalonia](/source/Catalonia) and used during various festivities, such as [Tarragona](/source/Tarragona) for the feast of Santa Tecla, or during the fiesta Mayor de Reus which takes place on the day of San Pietro Reus. Contact with the Catalan domination brought the tradition of processional giants which also spread to Sicily and today is linked to the cult of the [Virgin Mary](/source/Virgin_Mary), as in the case of the giants Mata and Grifone of the feast of the Assumption in Messina and the giants [Kronos](/source/Cronus) and Mytia of the feast of the Madonna della luce in Mistretta, while the Camel recalls the triumphal entry into Messina, at the beginning of the conquest of Sicily taken from the Arabs, of the Norman Count [Roger I of Hauteville](/source/Roger_I_of_Hauteville), which according to tradition took place on the back of a camel.[54][55]

## Economy

### Agriculture, fishing and livestock

A *[felucca](/source/Felucca)*, a boat used by fishermen of Messina to catch swordfish

Agricultural products include:

- Vines, from which red and white wines are produced, including the DOC Faro[56]

- Beer, where the Birra DOC 15 and the Birra dello Stretto have been produced since 2016 in a Messina brewery.[57]

Breeding animals for red meat, especially sheep whose meat is traditionally eaten in the city cooked in a wood oven, and cattle whose entrails are roasted on the grill and also sold on the street, a dish that in the Messina dialect is called: taiuni, virina and paddi i boi.[58]

### Crafts and industry

The secondary sector includes:

A Regional Industrial Zone (ZIR), in the southern part of the city, there were activities such as grain milling, production of food products, prefabricated buildings, furniture, etc.[59] The hub for the artisanal development of Larderia, also in the southern part of the city. Numerous medium-sized artisanal activities are based there, with high-quality production (companies in the food sector, furniture, prefabricated and building materials).[60]

### Tertiary

[Port of Messina](/source/Port_of_Messina)

The tertiary sector is, historically, the driving sector of the city's economy. This is partly due to the presence of the [Port of Messina](/source/Port_of_Messina), which in the past was an important export hub for local products (wine, silk, and above all, citrus products).[61]

### Tourism

Cruise ship in the Port of Messina.

The tourism sector has developed with the annual presence of cruise passengers in the city, reviving Messina from a serious crisis in the sector due to the proximity of the major attractions of Taormina and the [Aeolian Islands](/source/Aeolian_Islands) (which make the metropolitan city the second most visited in [Southern Italy](/source/Southern_Italy) after [Naples](/source/Naples) and the first in [Sicily](/source/Sicily)). In 2017, 367,269 cruise passengers disembarked at the city's port, in 2024 650,000.[9]

In 2025, Messina received the recognition of [Blue Flag beach](/source/Blue_Flag_beach), the international eco-label awarded by the [Foundation for Environmental Education](/source/Foundation_for_Environmental_Education) for the quality of beaches and coastal services, with over 11 km of its coastline included in the award.[62]

## Transport

### Roads

[Autostrada A18](/source/Autostrada_A18_(Italy)) Messina-Catania

The Messina motorway [ring road](/source/Ring_road) is part of the [Autostrada A20](/source/Autostrada_A20_(Italy)) Messina-Palermo.[63]

### Railways

[Messina Centrale railway station](/source/Messina_Centrale_railway_station)

The new Messina Centrale [station building](/source/Station_building) was projected following the [modern criteria](/source/Modern_architecture) of the [futurist](/source/Futurism) architect [Angiolo Mazzoni](/source/Angiolo_Mazzoni), and is extended through the stations square. It is at almost contiguous with [Messina Marittima station](/source/Messina_Marittima_railway_station), located by the [port](/source/Port_of_Messina) and constituting a Ferry transport in the Strait of Messina to [Villa San Giovanni station](/source/Villa_San_Giovanni_railway_station) across the [Strait of Messina](/source/Strait_of_Messina).[64] In 2021 the harbor of Messina was the busiest passenger port in Europe with over 8,232,000 passenger crossings in one year.[65]

The station is electrified and served by regional trains. For long-distance transport it counts some [InterCity](/source/InterCity) and [ICN](/source/InterCity#Italy) night trains to [Rome](/source/Rome), linking it also with [Milan](/source/Milan), [Turin](/source/Turin), [Venice](/source/Venice), [Genoa](/source/Genoa), [Bologna](/source/Bologna), [Florence](/source/Florence), and other cities. It is also part of the projected [Berlin–Palermo railway axis](/source/Berlin%E2%80%93Palermo_railway_axis).

Since 2010, a suburban train service has been carried out along the Messina-Catania-Syracuse railway with routes serving the stations of Fiumara Gazzi, Contesse, Tremestieri, Mili Marina, Galati, Ponte Santo Stefano, Ponte Schiavo, San Paolo and Giampilieri.[66]

### Bus and tram

Tram no T11 in Messina

Messina's public bus system is operated by ATM Messina:[67] starting from 8 October 2018, has reorganized the offer of public transport, introducing a bus line (line 1 - Shuttle 100) which with a frequency of approx. 15 minutes, it crosses 38 of the total 50 km of the coast of the City of Messina. Thus, a comb service is created, with interchange stops at which the buses to and from the villages terminate, and with the tram which reaches a frequency of about 20 minutes.[68] About 36 different routes reach every part of the city and also the modern [Messina tramway](/source/Trams_in_Messina)[69] (at "Repubblica" stop, on station's square), opened in 2003. This line is 7.7 km (4.8 mi) and links the city's central railway station with the city centre and harbour.

### Strait of Messina Bridge

Cross-sectional diagram of the [Strait of Messina Bridge](/source/Strait_of_Messina_Bridge)

The [Strait of Messina Bridge](/source/Strait_of_Messina_Bridge) is a proposed 3.6 km (2.2 mi) [suspension bridge](/source/Suspension_bridge) across the [Strait of Messina](/source/Strait_of_Messina), connecting [Torre Faro](/source/Torre_Faro) in Sicily with [Villa San Giovanni](/source/Villa_San_Giovanni) on the Italian peninsula.[70]

While a bridge across the Strait of Messina had been proposed since ancient times, the first detailed plan was made in the 1990s for a suspension bridge. The project was cancelled in 2006 under prime minister [Romano Prodi](/source/Romano_Prodi).[71] On 6 March 2009, as part of a massive new public works programme, prime minister [Silvio Berlusconi](/source/Silvio_Berlusconi)'s government announced that construction of the Messina Bridge would indeed go ahead, pledging €1.3 billion as a contribution to the total cost, estimated at €6.1 billion.[72] The project was cancelled again on 26 February 2013, by prime minister [Mario Monti](/source/Mario_Monti)'s government, due to budget constraints.[73] A decade later, the project was revived again with a decree by [Giorgia Meloni](/source/Giorgia_Meloni)'s government, on 16 March 2023,[74] which received presidential approval on 31 March 2023.[75][76]

If fully approved and built, it will be the [longest suspension bridge in the world](/source/List_of_largest_suspension_bridges). The bridge would be part of the [Berlin–Palermo railway axis](/source/Berlin%E2%80%93Palermo_railway_axis) (Line 1) of the [Trans-European Transport Networks](/source/Trans-European_Transport_Networks) (TEN-T). Construction is set to begin in April 2025, with completion expected in 2032.[77]

## Sport

[Stadio San Filippo](/source/Stadio_San_Filippo)

[Lancia Stratos](/source/Lancia_Stratos) won the 1st edition of [International Rally of Messina](/source/International_Rally_of_Messina) in 1979

[Associazioni Calcio Riunite Messina](/source/A.C.R._Messina) is a [football](/source/Association_football) club based in Messina, that competes in the [Serie C](/source/Serie_C), the third tier of the [Italian football league system](/source/Italian_football_league_system). The origins of the team go back to 1900, when Messina F.C. was founded in the city. The club has spent most of its existence in the lower [Italian football](/source/Italian_football) leagues. They last competed in [Serie B](/source/Serie_B) in 2007–08, which followed three consecutive seasons in [Serie A](/source/Serie_A). In July 2008, Messina were excluded from professional football due to financial issues, being later registered into amateur [Serie D](/source/Serie_D). The farthest Messina has reached in the [Coppa Italia](/source/Coppa_Italia) is the last 16. This was achieved in the 2000s decade. In the past, they have also reached the semi-finals in the [Coppa Italia Serie C](/source/Coppa_Italia_Serie_C).[78] Messina have appeared in the Italy's top league, Serie A, for a total of five seasons. The club's first spell in the league was in the 1960s; the second began in the 2000s decade. The highest ever position they have finished is 7th,[79] which happened during the [2004–05](/source/Serie_A_2004-05) season.

[Pallacanestro Messina](/source/Pallacanestro_Messina) was an Italian professional [basketball](/source/Basketball) team based in Messina. Established in 1976, the club was admitted to the first division [Serie A](/source/Lega_Basket_Serie_A) for the [2003-04 season](/source/2003%E2%80%9304_Lega_Basket_Serie_A) after [Virtus Bologna](/source/Virtus_Pallacanestro_Bologna) was excluded for financial irregularities.[80] Messina struggled on every front during that season, finishing dead last in the league whilst suffering from financial problems and a lack of interest from the public.[81] With debts too big to allow the club to even take part in other divisions and scaring off clubs that wanted to buy the side's sporting rights, Messina went bankrupt a few months after the season.[82]

[International Rally of Messina](/source/International_Rally_of_Messina) was a former [rally](/source/Rallying) competition that was held in Messina annually 1979 to 2004.

## Notable people

See also: [Category:People from Messina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Messina)

[Dicaearchus of Messana](/source/Dicaearchus)

[Antonello da Messina](/source/Antonello_da_Messina)

[Maria Grazia Cucinotta](/source/Maria_Grazia_Cucinotta)

[Vincenzo Nibali](/source/Vincenzo_Nibali)

List of notable people from Messina or connected to Messina, listed by career and then in alphabetical order by last name.

### Actors

- [Adolfo Celi](/source/Adolfo_Celi), actor (1922–1986)

- [Tano Cimarosa](/source/Tano_Cimarosa), actor (1922–2008)

- [Maria Grazia Cucinotta](/source/Maria_Grazia_Cucinotta), actress (born 1968)

- [Nino Frassica](/source/Nino_Frassica), actor (born 1950)

- [Massimo Mollica](/source/Massimo_Mollica), actor (1929–2013)

- [Adua Del Vesco](/source/Rosalinda_Cannav%C3%B2), actress (born 1992)

- [Ninni Bruschetta](/source/Ninni_Bruschetta), actor (born 1962)

- [Gino Buzzanca](/source/Gino_Buzzanca), actor (1912–1985)

### Artists and designers

- [Girolamo Alibrandi](/source/Girolamo_Alibrandi), painter (1470–1524)

- [Anna Maria Arduino](/source/Anna_Maria_Arduino) (1672 – 1700), 17th century painter, writer and socialite, served as the Princess of [Piombino](/source/Piombino), from Messina.[83]

- [Antonio Barbalonga](/source/Antonio_Barbalonga), painter (17th century)

- [Francesco Comande](/source/Francesco_Comande), painter (16th century)

- [Antonello da Messina](/source/Antonello_da_Messina), major painter of the Renaissance (1430–1479)

- [Giuseppe Migneco](/source/Giuseppe_Migneco), painter (1908–1997)

- [Giovanni Quagliata](/source/Giovanni_Quagliata), painter (1603–1673)

- [Filippo Juvarra](/source/Filippo_Juvarra), Baroque architect (1678–1736)

- [Mariano Riccio](/source/Mariano_Riccio), painter (1510–1593)

- [Alonzo Rodriguez](/source/Alonzo_Rodriguez), painter (1578–1648)

- [Valentina Romeo](/source/Valentina_Romeo) (born 1977), cartoonist, illustrator, billiards player

- [Giovanni Tuccari](/source/Giovanni_Tuccari), painter (1667–1743)

- [Pino da Messina](/source/Pino_da_Messina), painter (born 15th century)

### Politicians, civil service, military

- [Giuseppe La Farina](/source/Giuseppe_La_Farina), leader of the Italian [Risorgimento](/source/Italian_unification) (1815–1863)

- [Gaetano Martino](/source/Gaetano_Martino), politician, physician and professor. (1900–1967)

- [Giuseppe Natoli](/source/Giuseppe_Natoli), lawyer and politician (1815–1867)

- [Luigi Rizzo](/source/Luigi_Rizzo), naval officer and First World War hero (1887–1951)

### Musicians, composers

- [Mario Aspa](/source/Mario_Aspa), composer (1797–1868)

- [Filippo Bonaffino](/source/Filippo_Bonaffino) (fl. 1623), Italian madrigal composer

- [Alberto Urso](/source/Alberto_Urso), singer (born 1997)

- [Peppino D'Agostino](/source/Peppino_D'Agostino), guitarist (born 1956)

### Religion

- [Eustochia Smeralda Calafato](/source/Eustochia_Smeralda_Calafato), saint (1434–1485)

- [Annibale Maria Di Francia](/source/Hannibal_Mary_Di_Francia), saint (1851–1927)

- [Pope Leo II](/source/Pope_Leo_II), bishop of Rome (611–683)

### Sport

- [Tony Cairoli](/source/Tony_Cairoli), motocross world champion (born 1985)

- [Vincenzo Nibali](/source/Vincenzo_Nibali), [cyclist](/source/Road_bicycle_racing) (born 1984)

- [Antonio Stelitano](/source/Antonio_Stelitano), Italian footballer (born 1987)

- [Antonino Ragusa](/source/Antonino_Ragusa), Italian footballer (born 1990)

### Researchers, academics

- [Aristocles of Messene](/source/Aristocles_of_Messene), peripatetic philosopher (1st century AD)

- [Dicaearchus](/source/Dicaearchus), Greek philosopher and mathematician (350 BC—323 BC)

- [Caio Domenico Gallo](/source/Caio_Domenico_Gallo), historian (1697–1780)

- [Francesco Maurolico](/source/Francesco_Maurolico), astronomer, mathematician and humanist (1494–1575)

- [Agostino Scilla](/source/Agostino_Scilla), painter, paleontologist, geologist and pioneer in the study of fossils (1629–1700)

- [Giuseppe Seguenza](/source/Giuseppe_Seguenza), naturalist and geologist (1833–1889)

- [Giuseppe Sergi](/source/Giuseppe_Sergi), anthropologist and psychologist (1841–1936)

- [Michele Parrinello](/source/Michele_Parrinello), physicist (born 1945)

- [Gaetano Martino](/source/Gaetano_Martino), scientist (1900–1967)

- [Ettore Cordiano](/source/Ettore_Cordiano), Fiat engineering director (1923-1998)

### Others

- [Stefano D'Arrigo](/source/Stefano_D'Arrigo), writer (1919–1992)

- [Guido delle Colonne](/source/Guido_delle_Colonne), judge and writer (13th century)

- [Santi Visalli](/source/Santi_Visalli), American photographer and photojournalist (born 1932)

## Literary references

The statue of the personification of Messina

Numerous writers set their works in Messina, including:

- [Plutarch](/source/Plutarch) – *The Life of Pompey* (40 BC?)

- [Giovanni Boccaccio](/source/Giovanni_Boccaccio) – *Decameron* IV day V novel, *Lisabetta da Messina* – IV day IV Novel, *Gerbino ed Elissa* (1351)

- [Matteo Bandello](/source/Matteo_Bandello) – *Novelliere* First Part, novel XXII (1554)

- [William Shakespeare](/source/William_Shakespeare) – *[Much Ado about Nothing](/source/Much_Ado_about_Nothing)* (1598) and *[Antony and Cleopatra](/source/Antony_and_Cleopatra)* (1607)

- [Molière](/source/Moli%C3%A8re) – *L'Étourdi ou Les Contre-temps* (1654)

- [Friedrich Schiller](/source/Friedrich_Schiller) – *Die Braut von Messina* (*The Bride of Messina*, 1803)

- [Silvio Pellico](/source/Silvio_Pellico) – *Eufemio da Messina* (1818)

- [Friedrich Nietzsche](/source/Friedrich_Nietzsche) – *Idyllen aus Messina* (*Idylls from Messina*, 1882)

- [Giovanni Pascoli](/source/Giovanni_Pascoli) – poem *L'Aquilone* (1904)

- [Elio Vittorini](/source/Elio_Vittorini) – *Le donne di Messina* (*Women of Messina*, 1949) and *Conversazione in Sicilia* (*Conversations in Sicily*, 1941)

- [Stefano D'Arrigo](/source/Stefano_D'Arrigo) – *Horcynus Orca* (1975)

- [Julien Green](/source/Julien_Green) – *Demain n'existe pas* (1985)

- [Simonetta Agnello Hornby](/source/Simonetta_Agnello_Hornby#In_Italian) *La monaca* (2013)

## Twin Towns

- [Southampton](/source/Southampton), England, United Kingdom

- [Townsville](/source/Townsville), Australia

- [Nîmes](/source/N%C3%AEmes), France

- [Corfu](/source/Corfu), Greece

- [Kochi](/source/Kochi), India

## See also

- [Italy portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Italy)
- [European Union portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:European_Union)
- [Cities portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cities)

- [Messina Grand Prix](/source/Messina_Grand_Prix) held between 1959 and 1961

- [Zanclean](/source/Zanclean) Age of the [Pliocene](/source/Pliocene) Epoch in [geology](/source/Geology), named for Zancle, ancient Messina

- [Messinian](/source/Messinian) Age of the [Miocene](/source/Miocene) Epoch in geology, named for Messina

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** [Sicilian](/source/Sicilian_language): *Missina* [\[mɪsˈsiːna\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Sicilian); [Greek](/source/Greek_language): Μεσσήνη); [Latin](/source/Latin_language): *Messana*; [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek_language): Μεσσήνη, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek): *Messḗnē*.

## References

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Campione, Giuseppe (2003). [*La composizione visiva del luogo: appunti di geografia immediata*](https://books.google.com/books?id=95f_XdycyloC&dq=Collegio+Sant%27Ignazio+Messina&pg=PA127) (in Italian). Rubbettino Editore. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-88-498-0663-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-498-0663-2).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** [La Piazza Marittima di Messina (1939-1943)](http://www.societaitalianastoriamilitare.org/COLLANA%20SISM/2014%20DONATO%20La%20Piazza%20di%20Messina%201939-1943.pdf)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** [Proposta l’istituzione di una "giornata della memoria" degli 854 messinesi morti sotto i bombardamenti del ‘43](https://www.tempostretto.it/news/proposta-proposta-istituzione-giornata-memoria-854-messinesi-morti-sotto-bombardamenti-43.html)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** [Presidenza della Repubblica](https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/18388)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["*The Messina Declaration 1955* final document of *The Conference of Messina* 1 to 3 June 1955 – birth of the European Union"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070303023539/http://www.eu-history.leidenuniv.nl/index.php3?m=10&c=52). Eu-history.leidenuniv.nl. Archived from [the original](http://www.eu-history.leidenuniv.nl/index.php3?m=10&c=52) on 3 March 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2011.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Geografia_di_Messina_23-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Geografia_di_Messina_23-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Geografia_di_Messina_23-2) ["Geografia di Messina"](http://www.comuni-italiani.it/083/048/clima.html). 22 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ["Territorio di Messina"](http://srvwebced.comune.messina.it/territorio_popolazione/inizioterritorio.php). Retrieved 22 August 2017.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["Distanza Messina-Palermo"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170822182304/https://distanzechilometriche.net/percorso.php?da=Messina&a=Palermo+PA%2C+Italia&mezzo=auto). Archived from [the original](http://distanzechilometriche.net/percorso.php?da=Messina&a=Palermo+PA%2C+Italia&mezzo=auto) on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** ["Mito di Scilla e Cariddi"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170822215305/http://www.elicriso.it/it/mitologia_ambiente/scilla_cariddi/). Archived from [the original](http://www.elicriso.it/it/mitologia_ambiente/scilla_cariddi/) on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** ["Il periodo Messininano"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170824053337/http://www.messinaierieoggi.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2511&catid=54&Itemid=2521). Archived from [the original](http://www.messinaierieoggi.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2511&catid=54&Itemid=2521) on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Territorio_di_Messina_29-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Territorio_di_Messina_29-1) ["Territorio di Messina"](http://srvwebced.comune.messina.it/territorio_popolazione/inizioterritorio.php). *comune.messina.it*. 22 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** A. A. V. V. (3 March 2017). [*L'alluvione di Messina*](https://web.archive.org/web/20170822181528/https://books.google.it/books?id=NbZADgAAQBAJ&pg=PT95&lpg=PT95&dq=48+villaggi+messina&source=bl&ots=qRqsd0uA08&sig=1GLiiTu3fVwVXdpdzrqSlNkG57A&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOgsSX2-rVAhVEtRoKHRPRBDIQ6AEIWzAJ#v=onepage&q=48%20villaggi%20messina&f=false). FrancoAngeli. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-88-917-4973-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-917-4973-4). Archived from [the original](https://books.google.com/books?id=NbZADgAAQBAJ&dq=48+villaggi+messina&pg=PT95) on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** ["Messina e i colli ricoperti di neve"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170822215254/http://www.gazzettadelsud.it/gallery/messina/227351/messina-i-colli-ricoperti-di-neve-foto.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.gazzettadelsud.it/gallery/messina/227351/messina-i-colli-ricoperti-di-neve-foto.html) on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** ["31 December 2014: un anno fa la grande nevicata di Messina e Reggio Calabria \[FOTO\]"](https://www.strettoweb.com/2015/12/31-dicembre-2014-un-anno-fa-la-grande-nevicata-di-messina-e-reggio-calabria-foto/363082/). *StrettoWeb*. 31 December 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["Le foto della nevicata di Messina del 30 gennaio 1999"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170822175809/http://www.meteoweb.eu/2012/01/eccezionali-immagini-della-nevicata-del-30-gennaio-1999-a-messina-grazie-alle-foto-di-un-nostro-lettore/107378/). Archived from [the original](https://www.meteoweb.eu/2012/01/eccezionali-immagini-della-nevicata-del-30-gennaio-1999-a-messina-grazie-alle-foto-di-un-nostro-lettore/107378/) on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-clima.meteoam.it_34-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-clima.meteoam.it_34-1) ["420.xls"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110722042606/http://clima.meteoam.it/AtlanteClimatico/pdf/(420)Messina.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://clima.meteoam.it/AtlanteClimatico/pdf/(420)Messina.pdf) (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NOAA_35-0)** ["WMO Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Messina-16420"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230831043535/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/Messina_16420.csv). [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration](/source/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration). Archived from [the original](https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/Messina_16420.csv) on 31 August 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** ["WMO Climate Normals for 1981-2010: Messina(WMO number: 16420)"](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Italy/WMO_Normals_CliNo81-10.xls) (XLS). *ncei.noaa.gov* (Excel). [National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration](/source/NOAA). Retrieved 29 February 2024. Parameter code: 39 - Dew Point Temperature

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** ["Popolazione residente dei comuni. Censimenti dal 1861 al 1991"](https://ebiblio.istat.it/digibib/Censimenti%20popolazione/Censimentipopolazioneresidentedal1861/RML0050288Pop_res_cens_1861_1991.pdf) [Resident population of the municipalities. Censuses from 1861 to 1991] (PDF) (in Italian). [ISTAT](/source/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Italy)).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-timeseries_39-0)** ["Dashboard Permanent census of population and housing"](https://esploradati.censimentopopolazione.istat.it/databrowser/#/en/censtest/dashboards). [ISTAT](/source/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Italy)).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-60)** ["Zir, area degradata"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134348/http://messinaweb.tv/politica/capitalemessina-sulle-colline-non-si-deve-costruire-ma-senza-trasferire-volumi/). Archived from [the original](http://messinaweb.tv/politica/capitalemessina-sulle-colline-non-si-deve-costruire-ma-senza-trasferire-volumi/) on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-65)** [Stazione di Messina Marittima](https://www.fondazionefs.it/content/fondazionefs/it/focus-tematici/2021/3/1/stazione-di-messina-marittima-.html) Fondazione FS Italiane

1. **[^](#cite_ref-66)** [Top 50 Passenger Harbors in Europe](https://ferrygogo.com/top-50-passenger-harbors-in-europe/) Ferrygogo Research

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-71)** Sylvers, Eric (26 July 2023). ["Italy Says it Will Build the Longest Suspension Bridge in the World. Don't Hold Your Breath"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/italy-says-it-will-build-the-longest-suspension-bridge-in-the-world-dont-hold-your-breath-71b7cc86). *[The Wall Street Journal](/source/The_Wall_Street_Journal)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240110125656/https://www.wsj.com/articles/italy-says-it-will-build-the-longest-suspension-bridge-in-the-world-dont-hold-your-breath-71b7cc86) from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-plans-dropped-bbc_72-0)** ["Italy drops Sicily bridge plans"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6043626.stm). *[BBC News](/source/BBC_News)*. 12 October 2006. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170525184905/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6043626.stm) from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-73)** ["Italy revives Sicily bridge plan"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7928949.stm). *[BBC News](/source/BBC_News)*. 6 March 2009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170831145510/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7928949.stm) from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-sinks_74-0)** Masoni, Danilo (26 February 2013). ["Sicily bridge project sinks in Italy budget mire"](https://www.reuters.com/article/italy-bridge-idUSL6N0BQC1O20130226/). *[Reuters](/source/Reuters)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-approves_75-0)** ["Cabinet approves Messina Bridge decree – 'Historic day for Italy' says Infrastructure Minister Salvini"](https://www.ansa.it/english/news/2023/03/17/cabinet-approves-messina-bridge-decree_e1542990-326f-4848-8478-74c045ec86c1.html). *[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata](/source/Agenzia_Nazionale_Stampa_Associata)*. 17 March 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230320165041/https://www.ansa.it/english/news/2023/03/17/cabinet-approves-messina-bridge-decree_e1542990-326f-4848-8478-74c045ec86c1.html) from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Stretto_76-0)** ["Il Ponte sullo Stretto è legge: Mattarella firma, il decreto è in Gazzetta Ufficiale"](https://www.strettoweb.com/2023/03/ponte-stretto-mattarella-firma/1495283/). *strettoweb.com* (in Italian). 31 March 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-77)** ["Déjà Vu? Italy Plans to Build World's Longest Suspension Bridge to Sicily"](https://www.iflscience.com/deja-vu-italy-plans-to-build-worlds-longest-suspension-bridge-to-sicily-72993). *IFLScience*. 16 February 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ansa_78-0)** ["Messina Bridge construction to start end-April, end 2032"](https://www.ansa.it/english/news/business/2025/03/14/messina-bridge-construction-to-start-end-april-end-2032_454c743f-7a67-4431-b405-65979cdea565.html). *ansa.it*. 14 March 2025. Retrieved 12 April 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-79)** [Messina Story](http://web.tiscali.it/Messinastory/indicecoppa/tabelle/cop9899.htm)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-80)** [RSSSF.com](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/messina.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070612101657/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesm/messina.html) 12 June 2007 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-81)** ["Fuori la Virtus, ripescata Messina"](http://www.legabasket.it/news/19284/fuori_la_virtus__ripescata_messina) [Virtus is out, Messina retaken]. *[LegaBasket](/source/Lega_Basket_Serie_A).it* (in Italian). [Messaggero Veneto – Giornale del Friuli](/source/Messaggero_Veneto_%E2%80%93_Giornale_del_Friuli). 1 September 2003. Retrieved 23 August 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-82)** Tartamella, Fabio (7 May 2004). ["Il sogno della Sicilia Basket finisce tra debiti e sconfitte"](http://www.legabasket.it/news/30669/il_sogno_della_sicilia_basket_finisce_tra_debiti_e_sconfitte) [Sicilia Basket's dream finished in debts and defeats]. *[LegaBasket](/source/Lega_Basket_Serie_A).it* (in Italian). [la Repubblica](/source/La_Repubblica). Retrieved 23 August 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-83)** Tartamella, Fabio (19 June 2004). ["Per il Messina troppi debiti per sopravvivere"](http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2004/06/19/per-il-messina-troppi-debiti-per-sopravvivere.html) [For Messina, too many debts to survive]. *[LaRepubblica](/source/La_Repubblica).it*. Retrieved 23 August 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-84)** ["Donne in Arcadia (1690-1800)"](http://www.arcadia.uzh.ch/donnedetails.php?id=13). *www.arcadia.uzh.ch*. Retrieved 9 August 2020.

## Bibliography

### in English

- [William Smith](/source/William_Smith_(lexicographer)), ed. (1872) [1854]. ["Messana"](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.ah5cur?urlappend=%3Bseq=354). [*Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography*](/source/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Geography). London: John Murray. [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[2027/hvd.ah5cur](https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.ah5cur?urlappend=%3Bseq=354).

- [John Ramsay McCulloch](/source/John_Ramsay_McCulloch) (1877), ["Messina"](http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101079877088?urlappend=%3Bseq=989), *A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical, and Historical, of Commerce and Commercial Navigation*, Hugh G. Reid, ed., London: Longmans, Green, and Co., [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[2027/njp.32101079877088](https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnjp.32101079877088?urlappend=%3Bseq=989)

- ["Messina"](http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101065312926?urlappend=%3Bseq=172). [*Chambers's Encyclopaedia*](/source/Chambers's_Encyclopaedia). London. 1901. [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[2027/njp.32101065312926](https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnjp.32101065312926?urlappend=%3Bseq=172).{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

- [Ismar Elbogen](/source/Ismar_Elbogen) (1904), ["Messina"](http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.49015002282243?urlappend=%3Bseq=542), [*Jewish Encyclopedia*](/source/Jewish_Encyclopedia), vol. 8, New York, [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[2027/mdp.49015002282243](https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.49015002282243?urlappend=%3Bseq=542){{[citation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

- ["Messina"](https://archive.org/stream/southernitalysic00karl#page/n481/mode/2up), *Southern Italy and Sicily* (15th ed.), Leipzig: [Karl Baedeker](/source/List_of_Baedeker_Guides), 1908 + [1867 ed.](https://archive.org/stream/italyhandbookfo12firgoog#page/n339/mode/2up)

- [Ashby, Thomas](/source/Thomas_Ashby_(archaeologist)) (1910). ["Messina"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Messina). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition)*. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). pp. 194–195.

- Benjamin Vincent (1910), ["Messina"](http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t41r6xh8t?urlappend=%3Bseq=913), [*Haydn's Dictionary of Dates*](/source/Haydn's_Dictionary_of_Dates) (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co., [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t41r6xh8t](https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft41r6xh8t?urlappend=%3Bseq=913)

- Roy Domenico (2002). "Sicily: Messina". [*Regions of Italy: a Reference Guide to History and Culture*](https://books.google.com/books?id=wZ-PMNC5XOkC). Greenwood. pp. 287+. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0313307334](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313307334).

- Christopher Kleinhenz, ed. (2004). "Messina". [*Medieval Italy: an Encyclopedia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=E2CTAgAAQBAJ). Routledge. pp. 705+. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0415939291](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415939291).

### in Italian

- [Cajo Domenico Gallo](/source/Cajo_Domenico_Gallo) (1756). [*Annali della citta si Messina*](https://books.google.com/books?id=vl5TAAAAcAAJ) (in Italian). Francesco Gaipa.

- [*Guida per la cittá di Messina*](https://books.google.com/books?id=_DZLAAAAYAAJ) (in Italian) (2nd ed.). Giuseppe Fiumara. 1841.

- ["Messina"](http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2649811?urlappend=%3Bseq=1387). [*Nuova Enciclopedia Italiana*](/source/Nuova_Enciclopedia_Italiana) (in Italian). Vol. 13 (6th ed.). Torino: Unione Tipografico-Editrice Torinese. 1882. [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[2027/uc1.c2649811](https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.c2649811?urlappend=%3Bseq=1387).

- "Messina". [*Guida generale di Sicilia e Malta: storica, artistica, commerciale*](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100578766) (in Italian) (3rd ed.). Catania: [Niccolò Giannotta](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Giannotta&action=edit&redlink=1) [[it](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Giannotta)]. 1889.

- "Messina". *Sicilia*. Guida d'Italia (in Italian). Milan: [Touring Club Italiano](/source/Touring_Club_Italiano). 1919. p. 96+. [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[2027/uc1.$b535988](https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.%24b535988).

- Paolo Militello (2008). [*Ritratti di città in Sicilia e a Malta: XVI-XVII secolo*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XIhNQucVe0sC) (in Italian). Palermo: [Officina di Studi Medievali](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Officina_di_Studi_Medievali&action=edit&redlink=1) [[it](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officina_di_Studi_Medievali)]. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-88-88615-78-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-88615-78-3).

## External links

[Wikisource](/source/Wikisource) has the text of the 1879 *[American Cyclopædia](/source/American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia)* article  ***[Messina](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Messina)***.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Messina](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Messina).

- [Official website](https://www.comune.messina.it/) (in Italian)

- ["Messina"](https://www.britannica.com/place/Messina). [Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica).

- ["Messina"](https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/messina/) (in Italian). [Treccani](/source/Treccani).

**Messina** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects):

- [**Media**](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Messina) from Commons
- [**Quotations**](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Messina) from Wikiquote
- [**Travel guides**](https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Messina) from Wikivoyage

v t e Messina History of Messina Timeline 1908 Messina earthquake Battle of the Strait of Messina Fortifications of Messina Messina Conference Senate of Messina Mategriffon Real Cittadella Vara di Messina Siege of Messina (1848) Monuments and places Church of Catalani Chiesa del Carmine Forte del Santissimo Salvatore Forte Gonzaga Messina astronomical clock Duomo di Messina Monument to John of Austria Palace of Culture Palazzo del Monte di Pietà Palazzo Trabia Port of Messina Pylons of Messina Orto Botanico Strait of Messina LaFenice Personalities Actors Adolfo Celi Tano Cimarosa Maria Grazia Cucinotta Nino Frassica Massimo Mollica Artists and designers Girolamo Alibrandi Anna Maria Arduino Antonio Barbalonga Francesco Comande Antonello da Messina Giuseppe Migneco Giovanni Quagliata Filippo Juvarra Mariano Riccio Alonzo Rodriguez Giovanni Tuccari Politicians, civil service, military Giuseppe La Farina Gaetano Martino Giuseppe Natoli Luigi Rizzo Musicians, composers Lucia Aliberti Mario Aspa Filippo Bonaffino Gens Religion Eustochia Smeralda Calafato Annibale Maria Di Francia Sports Silvia Bosurgi Tony Cairoli Vincenzo Nibali Valerio Vermiglio Researchers, academics Aristocles of Messene Dicaearchus Caio Domenico Gallo Francesco Maurolico Agostino Scilla Giuseppe Seguenza Giuseppe Sergi Parks & nature reserves Argimusco Alcantara River Park Isola Bella nature reserve Laghetti di Marinello nature reserve Nebrodi Park Natural Reserve The Mountains of Ferns and Leeks Sport events 10 Hours of Messina Baseball World Cup 1998 Baseball World Cup 2009 EuroBasket Women 1968 International Rally of Messina International Tennis Tournament of Messina Messina Grand Prix Transportation & infrastructure Messina Centrale railway station Messina Marittima railway station Category Commons

v t e Sicily · Comuni of the Metropolitan City of Messina Acquedolci Alcara li Fusi Alì Alì Terme Antillo Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto Basicò Brolo Capizzi Capo d'Orlando Capri Leone Caronia Casalvecchio Siculo Castel di Lucio Castell'Umberto Castelmola Castroreale Cesarò Condrò Falcone Ficarra Fiumedinisi Floresta Fondachelli-Fantina Forza d'Agrò Francavilla di Sicilia Frazzanò Furci Siculo Furnari Gaggi Galati Mamertino Gallodoro Giardini Naxos Gioiosa Marea Graniti Gualtieri Sicaminò Itala Leni Letojanni Librizzi Limina Lipari Longi Malfa Malvagna Mandanici Mazzarrà Sant'Andrea Merì Messina Milazzo Militello Rosmarino Mirto Mistretta Mojo Alcantara Monforte San Giorgio Mongiuffi Melia Montagnareale Montalbano Elicona Motta Camastra Motta d'Affermo Naso Nizza di Sicilia Novara di Sicilia Oliveri Pace del Mela Pagliara Patti Pettineo Piraino Raccuja Reitano Roccafiorita Roccalumera Roccavaldina Roccella Valdemone Rodì Milici Rometta San Filippo del Mela San Fratello San Marco d'Alunzio San Pier Niceto San Piero Patti San Salvatore di Fitalia Santa Domenica Vittoria Sant'Agata di Militello Sant'Alessio Siculo Santa Lucia del Mela Santa Marina Salina Sant'Angelo di Brolo Santa Teresa di Riva San Teodoro Santo Stefano di Camastra Saponara Savoca Scaletta Zanclea Sinagra Spadafora Taormina Terme Vigliatore Torregrotta Torrenova Tortorici Tripi Tusa Ucria Valdina Venetico Villafranca Tirrena

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Messina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messina) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messina?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.