# Merle Hoffman

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American journalist and activist

Merle Hoffman Hoffman, photo by Joan Roth. Born (1946-03-06) March 6, 1946 (age 80) Known for Publishing On the Issues magazine

**Merle Hoffman** (born March 6, 1946) is an American journalist and activist.

Shortly after [New York State](/source/New_York_State) legalized [abortion](/source/Abortion) in 1970, three years before the [Supreme Court's](/source/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States) *[Roe v. Wade](/source/Roe_v._Wade)* decision legalized abortion nationally, Hoffman helped establish[1] one of the country's first ambulatory abortion centers, Flushing Women's Medical Center in 1971. It was the forerunner of Choices Women's Medical Center[2] which Hoffman founded and serves as president and CEO. Choices is a full-service healthcare provider, offering gynecological services, pre-natal care, family care, transgender health care, [telemedicine](/source/Telemedicine), mental health and other services.

Hoffman co-founded the [National Abortion Federation](/source/National_Abortion_Federation) in 1976,[3] the first professional organization of abortion providers in the U.S., and was its first president. She also founded the New York Pro-Choice Coalition in 1985. Hoffman is the publisher of [*On the Issues* magazine](/source/On_the_Issues_(magazine)),[4] which began as a print publication in 1983 and then became an online publication in 2008. She was awarded the Front Page Award for Political Commentary in 2010 from the [Newswoman's Club of New York](/source/Newswomen's_Club_of_New_York).[5]

## Early life

Hoffman was born in [Philadelphia](/source/Philadelphia) and raised in [New York City](/source/New_York_City) in a [Jewish](/source/Jewish) family.[6] Initially intent on becoming a concert pianist, she attended the [High School of Music and Art](/source/High_School_of_Music_And_Art) in New York City and graduated from [Chatham Square Music School](/source/Chatham_Square_Music_School). After living and studying music in Paris, Hoffman returned to the United States and graduated from [Queens College](/source/Queens_College), [Phi Beta Kappa](/source/Phi_Beta_Kappa) and [magna cum laude](/source/Magna_cum_laude) in 1972. She attended the Social Psychology Doctoral Program at the [City University of New York Graduate Center](/source/City_University_of_New_York_Graduate_Center) from 1972 to 1975.[7]

## Early influences

In her 2012 memoir, *Intimate Wars: The Life and Times of the Woman Who Brought Abortion from the Back Alley to the Boardroom*,[8] Hoffman recounts how she was exposed to feminist activism at [Queens College](/source/Queens_College) in the late '60s and early '70s. She attended a reading by the writer [Anaïs Nin](/source/Ana%C3%AFs_Nin) and later a lecture by [Florynce Kennedy](/source/Florynce_Kennedy), "who spoke about lesbianism and abortion, giving the class one of her famous lines: 'If men could get pregnant, abortion would be a sacrament.'" In her memoir, Hoffman recalls that her first exposure to abortion had been when she was about ten: "I overheard my parents' discussion of a Philadelphia physician whose patient had died while he was performing an illegal procedure. To cover for himself, he cut her up in pieces and put her remains down the drain."[9]

## Career

### Healthcare "firsts" and innovations

Hoffman co-founded and helped run Flushing Women's Medical Center (forerunner of Choices Women's Medical Center) in the borough of Queens in NYC in the spring of 1971, two years before Roe v. Wade legalized abortion nationwide. Hoffman considered many standard medical practices of the day sexist, invasive, and paternalistic. In response, she developed many of the patient-centered tenets and practices that have since become standards of female and feminist healthcare and implemented them at Flushing Women's.[10] Hoffman's theory of "Patient Power"[11] led to such now-standard practices as having another staff member in the room with the doctor and patient at all times and developing the concept of informed consent; having other women counselors rather than doctors provide emotional support and answer patients' questions during abortions; and using patients' abortion-based clinic visits as an opportunity to provide sexual health education as well as counseling on birth control options. Hoffman was also among the first to urge women to question their doctor about everything from their training and background to the reason for prescribing certain medications. Her work was noted by Francis X. Clines in The New York Times as "making women feel powerful."[12]

In November, 1974, Hoffman was the initiator and moderator for New York City's first Women's Health Forum,[13] with speakers including [Barbara Ehrenreich](/source/Barbara_Ehrenreich) and Congresswoman [Bella Abzug](/source/Bella_Abzug). In 1975, Hoffman helped develop and introduce a program to diagnosis women with breast cancer in an outpatient center. The program, known as STOP (Second Treatment Option Program), was pathbreaking; prior to its inception women were not consulted as to their diagnosis or treatment options. Previously, doctors had simply removed the breast of any woman whose biopsy came back positive while she was still anesthetized and before she had the opportunity to learn about her options or make decisions.[14]

When Hoffman learned about the lack of birth control options available to women in Russia,[15] she organized and led a trip of physicians and counselors from Choices on a well-publicized educational exchange there.[16] In 1974 she began working with Russian hospitals and doctors to develop CHOICES East, the first feminist outpatient medical center in Russia,[17] and organized Russian feminists to deliver an open letter to [Boris Yeltsin](/source/Boris_Yeltsin) on the state of women's health care.[18][19]

### Writing, publishing and media

In 1982, Hoffman produced, directed, and wrote the documentary film *Abortion: A Different Light*,[20] and in 1986 she produced and hosted the first feminist TV show, *MH: On the Issues*, a syndicated 30-minute cable TV show. Her first guest was then-Congresswoman Bella Abzug. Others included [Betty Friedan](/source/Betty_Friedan) and [Phyllis Chesler](/source/Phyllis_Chesler). A documentary film, *25 Years of Choices: Feminism from the Ground Up* (1986), was produced to honor her and her work.[21]

Hoffman's writing has appeared in numerous publications and journals including the *[American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology](/source/American_Journal_of_Obstetrics_and_Gynecology)*[22] and the *Journal of the [American Medical Women's Association](/source/American_Medical_Women's_Association)*.[23] Hoffman also published two studies with [Adelphi University](/source/Adelphi_University) in the 80s that documented how poverty leads many women to choose abortions and showed that nearly half the women seeking abortion at CHOICES would pursue one illegally if *Roe v. Wade* were repealed.[24] The study, "Abortionomics: When Choice is a Necessity – The Impact of Recession on Abortion," was updated in 2011, and the results were presented at the [National Press Club](/source/National_Press_Club_(United_States)) in Washington, D.C., on January 19, 2012.[25]

Hoffman began a newsletter for Choices in 1982 which developed into *[On the Issues](/source/On_the_Issues_(magazine)): The Progressive Women's Quarterly*, an acclaimed national magazine with an international following, featuring interviews by Hoffman with notable activists and thinkers, including [Andrea Dworkin](/source/Andrea_Dworkin), Congressman [John Lewis](/source/John_Lewis), [Kate Millett](/source/Kate_Millett), and [Elie Wiesel](/source/Elie_Wiesel). In 2008, On the Issues became an online magazine, extending its reach even further. For both print and online editions, Hoffman wrote editorials on subjects ranging from her visit to [San Francisco General Hospital's AIDS Unit](/source/San_Francisco_General_Hospital_Medical_Center) in 1985[26] to a visit to a Rape Crisis Center in South Africa,[27] and what is feels like to be an abortion provider in a time of attacks on clinics and murders of doctors.[28]

In 1990, she published an editorial in the *[Amsterdam News](/source/Amsterdam_News)* in response to the [Central Park jogger rape case](/source/Central_Park_jogger_case).[29]

Hoffman's memoir, *Intimate Wars: The Life and Times of the Woman Who Brought Abortion from the Back Alley to the Boardroom*, was published in 2012 by [Feminist Press](/source/Feminist_Press). *[Publishers Weekly](/source/Publishers_Weekly)* opined that "she eloquently chronicles more than three decades of struggles to keep abortion legal. Readers will learn much about her drive to recast 'reproductive freedom as a positive moral value.'" [Kirkus Reviews](/source/Kirkus_Reviews) called it "An inspiring story of a woman who participated in 'one of the greatest revolutions in history'—and is still at the forefront of the struggle."[30]

### Political activism

Hoffman was one of the first activists to criticize [Operation Rescue](/source/Operation_Save_America), an organization dedicated to ending access to abortion by blockading clinics. When Operation Rescue announced it would shut down abortion services in New York City for a week in the spring of 1988, the New York Pro-Choice Coalition, founded by Hoffman, responded by rebranding those days "Reproductive Freedom Week," organizing a counter protest that drew 1,300 activists and supporters,[31] and dispatching supporters to ensure that every clinic or doctor's offices Operation Rescue targeted remained open.[32][33][34]

During the 1989 New York City Mayoral Race, shortly after the [U.S. Supreme Court](/source/U.S._Supreme_Court) ruled in Webster that states could limit abortion access, Hoffman and the New York Pro-Choice Coalition held a press conference to rate the candidates on this question.[35]

In 1989 Hoffman also publicly challenged New York City's [Cardinal John O'Connor](/source/Cardinal_John_O'Connor)'s support of Operation Rescue, which she deemed "violent to women" by organizing the first pro-choice civil disobedience action outside [St. Patrick's Cathedral](/source/St._Patrick's_Cathedral_(Manhattan)) in New York City. Several hundred participated, and nine pro-choice protestors were arrested.[36]

In January 2022 she helped to found [Rise Up 4 Abortion Rights](/source/Rise_Up_4_Abortion_Rights), a reproductive rights coalition based in New York City.[37][38]

### Recognition and awards

Hoffman received the "Bella" Award from the [Bella Abzug](/source/Bella_Abzug) Leadership Institute, founded by Liz Abzug, daughter of the late Congresswoman, Bella Abzug, in 2015.[39]

The Newswomen's Club of New York awarded Hoffman the Front Page Award for her article "Selecting the Same Sex," published in On The Issues.[40] The essay about the complex issues of [sex selection](/source/Sex_selection) and [abortion](/source/Abortion) appeared in the Summer 2009 edition. Hoffman's essay did "a brilliant job with a controversial subject," said syndicated columnist [Lenore Skenazy](/source/Lenore_Skenazy), who presented the Opinion Writing Award to her at a dinner and ceremony in New York on Nov. 4, 2010.

The 1995 Media Award from Community Action NW was given to On the Issues for "Exceptional Merit" for the article, "Let's Get Tough on Rape," A Discussion with Prosecutors Liz Holtzman and Alice Vachss by Hoffman.[41]

Hoffman was honored for her work by New York City Mayor [Ed Koch](/source/Ed_Koch) and the Mayor's Volunteer Action Center in appreciation of "dedicated volunteer service" and the Department of Corrections of New York City (July 10, 1984); Friends of Animals/Eco-Visions Conference (1994).[42]

### Archives and legacy

Hoffman's Archive Collection, which features the *On the Issues* back catalog, CHOICES documents, and thousands of pages on the Reproductive Rights movement is in the Merle Hoffman Papers Collection, 1994 to 2001, at Duke University.[43]

In 2011, Hoffman endowed a director's position for sustained leadership of the [Duke University](/source/Duke_University) Sallie Bingham Center for Women's History and Culture.[44]

### Personal life

In 2005, Hoffman adopted a three-year-old girl from Siberia whom she named Sasha.[45]

Hoffman is Jewish.[46]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** [The Feministing Five: Merle Hoffman](http://feministing.com/2012/03/17/the-feministing-five-merle-hoffman/), 2012

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** "[Choices Women's Medical Center](http://www.choicesmedical.com/blog/#Founder)", Founder and History of Choices

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** "National Abortion Group Organized", Chicago Sun Times, Nov 13, 1976.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** "[On The Issues Magazine](http://www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/about-on-the-issues-magazine)", Online publication

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** [Front Page Awards](http://www.newswomensclubnewyork.com/front-page-awards), Newswomen's Club of New York City

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [Feminism Is As Feminism Does](https://www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/2011winter/2011_winter_Hoffman.php), On The Issues Magazine

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Intimate Wars: The Life and Times of the Woman Who Brought Abortion from the Back Alley to the Boardroom, pp. 17–35.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Intimate Wars: The Life and Times of the Woman Who Brought Abortion from the Back Alley to the Boardroom, published by the Feminist Press in 2012, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-55861-751-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55861-751-3)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Intimate Wars: The Life and Times of the Woman Who Brought Abortion from the Back Alley to the Boardroom, p. 44.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** "Saving women's lives: a conversation with abortion rights activist Merle Hoffman", Women's Review of Books, March 20, 2004.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** "Women Must Exercise their 'Patient Power'", San Bernardino Sun, Feb 5, 1980

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** "Love in a Very Small Place, Making Women Feel Powerful", The New York Times, Dec. 19, 1978

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** "First Women's Health Forum", International Journal of Health Services, 1975

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Intimate Wars: The Life and Times of the Woman Who Brought Abortion from the Back Alley to the Boardroom, pp. 101–102.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** "Russian Roulette, The Women's Version", Delaware Medical Journal, Vol. 54, #10

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** [A Danger to Women](http://www.merlehoffman.com/choices-east-history/theeconomist_oct24_1992/), The Economist, Oct 24, 1992

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** "[Plans for Western Abortion Clinic Raises New Questions](http://www.merlehoffman.com/choices-east-history/moscowguardian_1992/)", Moscow Guardian, Mintzer, Laurie Sue, October 31, 1992.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** [Russian Choices](http://www.merlehoffman.com/choices-east-history/nynewsday_march11_1994/), New York Newsday, March 11, 1994

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** [Open Letter to Boris Yeltsin](http://www.merlehoffman.com/open-letter-to-boris-yeltsin/), 1992

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** [Abortion: A Different Light](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfYAlizf1Z4%5D), Documentary Film, 1982

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** [25 Years of Choices: Feminism from the Ground Up](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUug-Qk1N8U), Documentary Film, 1986

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** "Russian Roulette, The Woman's Version", American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, October 15, 1982

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** "Feminism, power, politics, abortion", Journal of the American Medical Women's Association, November–December 1985

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** [Abortionomics: When Choice is a Necessity – The Impact of Recession on Abortion](http://www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/pdfs/AbortionomicsFINALReport.pdf), On The Issues Magazine, December 2011

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** [Women choose abortions for economic reasons, clinic director says](http://www.press.org/news-multimedia/news/women-choose-abortions-economic-reasons-clinic-%20director-says), The National Press Club, January 19, 2012

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** [LOVE AND DEATH ON 86](http://www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/1985vol5/love_vol5_1985.php), On The Issues, Volume 5, 1985

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** [Warrior Healers of South Africa](http://www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/1997summer/su97hoffman.php), On The Issues, Summer 1997

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** "[Heroism: Theory and Practice](http://www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/1995winter/win95_1.php)", On The Issues, Winter 1995

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** "A Question of Honor?", Amsterdam News, August 25, 1990

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** "[KIRKUS REVIEW](https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/merle-hoffman/intimate-wars/), posted Sept. 21st, 2011

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** "Dubious Rescue, Anti Choice Militants Strike NY", Village Voice, NYC, May 3, 1988

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** "Taking A Stand on Abortion", NY Daily News. April 30, 1988.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** "Observations in the Wake of "Operation Rescue," The Stakes at the Clinic Door", Revolutionary Worker, May 23, 1988.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** "The Battle to Defend Abortion Clinics: Organizing Against Operation Rescue", New York Pro Choice Coalition, May 1988.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** "Guiliani Changes His Stance to Accept Right to Abortion", *The New York Times*, Aug. 4, 1989

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** "[Reference/Times Topics/Subjects/A/Abortion&scp=1&sq=protest %22st. patrick%27s cathedral%22 %22merle hoffman%22&st=cse 400 Protest an Anti-Abortion Group](https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/03/nyregion/400-protest-an-anti-abortion-group.html?n=Top/)", The New York Times, April 3, 1989

1. **[^](#cite_ref-independentuk_37-0)** Woodward, Alex (June 24, 2022). ["'It's a war': The woman who helped open one of the first abortion clinics in America on the fight to protect women's rights"](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/merle-hoffman-abortion-roe-v-wade-b2108820.html). The Independent. Retrieved July 31, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Merlan_38-0)** Merlan, Ann (August 4, 2022). ["The Abortion Rights Group Other Activists Want Nothing to Do With"](https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-abortion-rights-group-other-activists-want-nothing-to-do-with/). VICE. Retrieved August 4, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** "[hershenson-a-merle-hoffman-receive-bali-award-at-nyc-gala&catid=112&Itemid=792&lang=en CUNY’s Jay Hershenson & Merle Hoffman Receive BALI Award at NYC Gala](http://www.jewishvoiceny.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11047:cunys-jay-), The Jewish Voice, May 20, 2015

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** "[Selecting The Same Sex](http://www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/2009summer/2009summer_Hoffman.php)", On The Issues, Summer 2009

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** "[Let’s Get Tough on Rape](http://www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/1994summer/mh_summer1994.php), On The Issues, Summer 1994

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** ["Choices Breaks Down Walls"](https://www.choicesmedical.com/october-2017-choices-in-the-news/). Choices Women’s Medical Center. October 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** "[Merle Hoffman Papers](http://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/findingaids/hoffmanmerle/)". Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, [Duke University](/source/Duke_University).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** "[Envisioning the Future of the Sallie Bingham Center](https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/bingham/events/envisioning-the-future/deborah-jakubs), Duke University, March 27, 2014

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** [Why Some Start Families Late](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/06/your-money/single-54-and-a-new-dad-why-some-start-families-%20late.html?_r=2), New York Times, Aug. 5, 2016

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** [Feminism Is As Feminism Does](https://www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/2011winter/2011_winter_Hoffman.php), On The Issues Magazine

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Merle Hoffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Hoffman) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Hoffman?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.