# Mercury probe

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Not to be confused with [Exploration of Mercury](/source/Exploration_of_Mercury).

The **mercury probe** is an electrical probing device to make rapid, non-destructive contact to a sample for electrical characterization. Its primary application is [semiconductor](/source/Semiconductor) measurements where otherwise time-consuming metallizations or [photolithographic](/source/Photolithographic) processing are required to make contact to a sample. These processing steps usually take hours and have to be avoided where possible to reduce device processing times.

The mercury probe applies mercury contacts of well-defined areas to a flat sample. The nature of the mercury-sample contacts and the instrumentation connected to the mercury probe define the application. If the mercury-sample contact is ohmic (non-rectifying) then current-voltage instrumentation can be used to measure [resistance](/source/Electrical_resistance), leakage currents, or current-voltage characteristics. Resistance can be measured on bulk samples or on thin films. The thin films can be composed of any material that does not react with mercury. Metals, semiconductors, oxides, and chemical coatings have all been measured successfully. [1]

## Applications

The mercury probe is a versatile tool for investigation of parameters of conducting, insulating and semiconductor materials.

One of the first successful mercury probe applications was the characterization of [epitaxial](/source/Epitaxial) layers grown on [silicon](/source/Silicon). [2] It is critical to device performance to monitor the [doping](/source/Doping_(semiconductor)) level and thickness of an epitaxial layer. Prior to the mercury probe, a sample had to undergo a metallization process, which could take hours. A mercury probe connected to capacitance-voltage doping profile instrumentation could measure an epitaxial layer as soon as it came out of the epitaxial reactor. The mercury probe formed a [Schottky barrier](/source/Schottky_barrier) of well-defined area that could be measured as easily as a conventional metallized contact.

Another mercury probe application popular for it speed is oxide characterization. [3] The mercury probe forms a [gate](/source/Gate) contact and enables measurement of the capacitance-voltage or current-voltage parameters of the mercury-oxide-semiconductor structure. Using this device, material parameters such as [permittivity](/source/Permittivity), doping, oxide charge, and dielectric strength may be evaluated. The contact area of a mercury droplet resting on a semiconductor can be modified by [electrowetting](/source/Electrowetting),[4] meaning that accurate parameter extraction may need to take this effect into account.

A mercury probe with concentric dot and ring contacts as well as a back contact extends mercury probe applications to [silicon on insulator](/source/Silicon_on_insulator) (SOI) structures, where a pseudo-MOSFET device is formed. [5] This Hg-FET can be used to study mobility, interface trap density, and [transconductance](/source/Transconductance).

The same mercury-sample structures can be measured with capacitance-voltage instrumentation to monitor permittivity and thickness of dielectric materials. These measurements are a convenient gauge for development of novel dielectrics of both low-k and high-k types.

If the mercury-sample contact is rectifying then a diode has formed and offers other measurement possibilities. Current-voltage measurements of the diode can reveal properties of the semiconductor such as breakdown voltage and lifetime. Capacitance-voltage measurements allow computation of the semiconductor doping level and uniformity. These measurements are successfully made on many materials including [SiC](/source/SiC), [GaAs](/source/GaAs), [GaN](/source/GaN), [InP](/source/InP), [CdS](/source/Cadmium_sulfide), and [InSb](/source/InSb).

## References

1. J. Moore, I. Lorkovic, and B. Gordon, “Rapid Methods of Characterizing Triazole Inhibitors for Copper and Cobalt Processes,” CMP Users Group Presentation, AVS Society, October 2005.

1. D.K. Donald, "Experiments on Mercury-Silicon Schottky Barriers," JAP, 34, 1758 (1963)

1. G. Abowitz and E. Arnold, "Simple Mercury Drop Electrode for MOS Measurements," Rev. Sci. Instrum., 38, 564 (1967)

1. S. Arscott, “Electrowetting and semiconductors”, RSC Adv. 4, 29223-29238 (2014).”

1. H.J. Hovel, "Si film electrical characterization in SOI substrates by the HgFET technique," Solid State Electronics, 47, 1311 (2003)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Mercury probe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_probe) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_probe?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.