# Memories of Underdevelopment > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Memories_of_Underdevelopment > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Memories_of_Underdevelopment.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memories_of_Underdevelopment > Source revision: 1343633570 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Infobox film | name = Memories of Underdevelopment | image = Memorias del Subdesarrollo Poster.jpg | director = [Tomás Gutiérrez Alea](/source/Tom%C3%A1s_Guti%C3%A9rrez_Alea) | producer = Miguel Mendoza | writer = [Edmundo Desnoes](/source/Edmundo_Desnoes)
[Tomás Gutiérrez Alea](/source/Tom%C3%A1s_Guti%C3%A9rrez_Alea) | based_on = {{Based on|''Inconsolable Memories''
1965 novel|[Edmundo Desnoes](/source/Edmundo_Desnoes)}} | starring = [Sergio Corrieri](/source/Sergio_Corrieri)
[Daisy Granados](/source/Daisy_Granados) | music = [Leo Brouwer](/source/Leo_Brouwer) | cinematography = Ramón F. Suárez | editing = Nelson Rodríguez | distributor = [ICAIC](/source/Instituto_Cubano_del_Arte_e_Industria_Cinematogr%C3%A1ficos) | released = {{film date|1968|8|19|df=yes}} | runtime = 97 minutes | country = [Cuba](/source/Cuba) | language = Spanish }} '''''Memories of Underdevelopment''''' ({{langx|es|Memorias del Subdesarrollo}}) is a 1968 Cuban [drama film](/source/Drama_(film_and_television)) directed and co-written by [Tomás Gutiérrez Alea](/source/Tom%C3%A1s_Guti%C3%A9rrez_Alea). The story is based on a novel by [Edmundo Desnoes](/source/Edmundo_Desnoes) entitled ''Inconsolable Memories'' (''Memorias del Subdesarrollo'').{{cite journal | last1=Kernan | first1=Margot | title=Cuban Cinema: Tomas Guiterrez Alea | journal=Film Quarterly | date=1975 | volume=29 | issue=2 | pages=45–52 | doi=10.2307/1211748 | jstor=1211748 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1211748 }} It was Gutiérrez Alea's fifth film, and probably his most famous worldwide. The film gathered several awards at international film festivals. It was elected the 144th best film of all time in the [Sight & Sound](/source/Sight_%26_Sound) 2012 poll. It was ranked by the ''[New York Times](/source/New_York_Times)'' as one of the 10 best films of 1968.Cinéaste, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Summer 1977), pp. 16-21, 58{{cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6b03bb00|title=MEMORIAS DEL SUBDESARROLLO|website=BFI|access-date=2019-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605033410/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6b03bb00|archive-date=2019-06-05|url-status=dead}} ==Plot== {{Expand section|date=November 2025}} Sergio, a wealthy aspiring writer-turned-furniture-salesman, decides to stay in Cuba after the Revolution when his wife, with whom he has a falling out, flees to Miami with his parents. {{Cite web |last=KWadsworth |date=2023-09-28 |title=Memories of Underdevelopment (1968) |url=https://moviecrashcourse.com/2023/09/28/memories-of-underdevelopment-1968/ |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=The Movie Crash Course |language=en}} Sergio looks back over the changes in Cuba, from the [Cuban Revolution](/source/Cuban_Revolution) to the [missile crisis](/source/Cuban_Missile_Crisis), the effect of living in what he calls an [underdeveloped](/source/underdevelopment) country, and his relations with his girlfriends Elena and Hanna. ''Memories of Underdevelopment'' is a complex character study of alienation during the turmoil of social changes. The film is told in a highly subjective point of view through a fragmented narrative that resembles the way memories function. Throughout the film, Sergio narrates the action, and at times is used as a tool to present bits of political information about the climate in Cuba at the time. In several instances, real-life documentary footage of protests and political events is incorporated into the film and played over Sergio's narration to expose the audience to the reality of the Revolution. The timeframe of the film is somewhat ambiguous, but it appears to take place over a few months. ==Cast== * [Sergio Corrieri](/source/Sergio_Corrieri) as Sergio Carmona Mendoyo, a bourgeois intellectual * [Daisy Granados](/source/Daisy_Granados) as Elena, a teenaged girl fond of [bolero](/source/bolero)s * [Eslinda Núñez](/source/Eslinda_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez) as Noemi * Omar Valdés as Pablo * René de la Cruz as Elena's brother * [Yolanda Farr](/source/%3Aes%3AYolanda_Farr) as Laura * Ofelia González as Hanna * [Edmundo Desnoes](/source/Edmundo_Desnoes) as himself / panelist * [René Depestre](/source/Ren%C3%A9_Depestre) as himself / panelist * [Gianni Toti](/source/Gianni_Toti) as himself / panelist * [David Viñas](/source/David_Vi%C3%B1as) as himself / panelist * [Jack Gelber](/source/Jack_Gelber) as himself ==Production details== [[File:Casa di Ernest Hemingway a Cuba 08.jpg|thumb|Sergio visits [Finca Vigía](/source/Finca_Vig%C3%ADa), the Cuban home of [Ernest Hemingway](/source/Ernest_Hemingway). While he reflects on Hemingway's attitude to Cuba, Elena is bored by "dead animals and books".]] [[File:Edificio Focsa-La Habana-Cuba.jpg|thumb|The apartment where Sergio lived was filmed in a thirty-fourth floor penthouse of the [FOCSA Building](/source/FOCSA_Building)]] Before the film's release, both the director, Tomás Gutiérrez Alea, and the main actor, Sergio Corrieri, were concerned that the film wouldn't be successful.Cineaste 35.2 (Spring 2010): 18-25 The film was largely inexpensive to produce, as it was made without many technological or economic resources, and as a result Gutiérrez Alea feared that his vision wouldn’t translate to the screen. Another concern of Gutiérrez Alea's was that Corrieri would seem too young for his part. At the time of shooting in 1968 Corrieri was 28, yet the character was intended to be 38. Gutiérrez Alea and Corrieri worked together to capture the "different rhythm" that Corrieri needed to take on to play the part of someone 10 years his senior in a number of ways, including by dyeing Corrieri's hair grey. Hanna, Sergio's long-lost love in the film, was intended to be a much larger character, but the actress that ended up being cast was not a professional, so the character's role was reduced. Because of the political turmoil between the US and Cuba at the time, the US government denied Gutiérrez Alea a visitor's visa in 1970 when he attempted to enter the US to receive several awards he had won for ''Memories of Underdevelopment'', using the [Trading with the Enemy Act](/source/Trading_with_the_Enemy_Act) as justification.{{Cite news |last=Binder |first=David |date=1974-01-17 |title=U.S. Refuses Visa To Cuban Director To Get Film Award |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/17/archives/us-refuses-visa-to-cuban-director-to-get-film-award.html |access-date=2025-11-09 |work=The New York Times |language=en}} Sergio's apartment in the film was a penthouse in the [FOCSA Building](/source/FOCSA_Building).{{Cite thesis |last=Rodriguez-Falcon |first=Olga |title=Urban Utopias in Havana's Representations. An Interdisciplinary Analysis |date=April 2008 |degree=PhD |publisher=Schools of Arts, Middlesex University |url=https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/10787/1/568411_.pdf |page=301 |chapter=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022424/https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/10787/1/568411_.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2018}} ==Adaptation from novel to film== The film adaptation has generally been regarded as an improvement on the novel. In an interview in 1999, Sergio Corrieri was quoted stating, “I think that ''Memories'' is one of the few cases in which the film is better than the novel, because usually the opposite is the case. Almost always the cinematic version of a novel comes up short, but here the film transcended the novel.” Cinéaste, Vol. 25, No. 1 (1999), pp. 20-23 Gutiérrez Alea explains in an interview with ''[Cineaste](/source/Cineaste_(magazine))'' in 1977 that at a certain point the novel “was to be betrayed, negated and transformed into something else” for it to be successful as a film. Gutiérrez Alea also comments that the author, Desnoes, was fully conscious of the fact that his book would be changed as it was made into a movie, and therefore he was able to keep a positive attitude. Desnoes ended up attending shooting sessions and making valuable suggestions. Desnoes commented that the film achieved a level of artistic success that the novel missed because Gutiérrez Alea “objectivized a world that was shapeless… and still abstract in the book” by adding “social density.” Desnoes appears himself as a panelist in a round table. The film was poorly received by some critics because Sergio was an unconventional protagonist. The author of the novel, Edmundo Desnoes, writes of Sergio in Cine Cubano, “that is the tragedy of Sergio. His irony, his intelligence, is a defense mechanism which prevents him from being involved in the reality.”Film Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 2 (Winter, 1975-1976), pp. 45-52 ==Reception== Widely acclaimed as one of the best films of its nation and of its era in terms of bringing together art and politics, and described by John King as 'the most interesting exploration of the problem in any cultural medium'.{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=David |date=2009 |title=Tomás Gutiérrez Alea and the Art of Revolutionary Cinema |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27734207 |journal=Bulletin of Latin American Research |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=512–526 |doi=10.1111/j.1470-9856.2009.00313.x |jstor=27734207 |issn=0261-3050|url-access=subscription }} Because many Cubans already had a revolutionary mentality by the time the film was released, it was regarded more as a representation of an outdated stream of thought. ''Memories of Underdevelopment'' was popular in the United States. Many American critics were "suitably impressed by the film as a stylistic tour de force as well as a subtle and complex portrait of an uncommitted intellectual from a bourgeois background swept up in a vortex of revolutionary change and the threat of nuclear extinction at the time of the [Cuban Missile Crisis](/source/Cuban_Missile_Crisis)."Cinéaste 8.1 (Jan 1, 1977) In an interview with ''[Cineaste Magazine](/source/Cineaste_Magazine)'' in 1977, Gutiérrez Alea is quoted saying that "''Memories'' was in general much better understood and evaluated in the US because people perceived the attempt to criticize the bourgeois mentality." {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|96|7.8|25|ref=yes|access-date={{RT data|access date}}}} The film was selected for screening as part of the Cannes Classics section at the [2016 Cannes Film Festival](/source/2016_Cannes_Film_Festival).{{cite web |date=20 April 2016 |title=Cannes Classics 2016 |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/press/press-releases/cannes-classics-2016/ |accessdate=21 April 2016 |work=Cannes Film Festival}} ==See also== {{Portal bar|Cuba}} *[Cinema of Cuba](/source/Cinema_of_Cuba) ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * {{IMDb title|0063291}} * {{tcmdb title|id=491517}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes|memories-of-underdevelopment-1968}} * [https://www.theguardian.com/film/2000/feb/10/artsfeatures Derek Malcolm of the Guardian places "Memorias del Subdesarrollo" at number 54 in his 100 greatest movies] * [https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/5883-memories-of-underdevelopment-imaging-history ''Memories of Underdevelopment: Imaging History''] an essay by [Joshua Jelly-Schapiro](/source/Joshua_Jelly-Schapiro) at the [Criterion Collection](/source/Criterion_Collection) {{Tomás Gutiérrez Alea}} Category:Cuban drama films Category:Existentialist films Category:1968 Spanish-language films Category:Films about the Cuban Missile Crisis Category:Films about the Cuban Revolution Category:Films based on Cuban novels Category:Films directed by Tomás Gutiérrez Alea Category:Films scored by Leo Brouwer Category:Films set in Cuba --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Memories of Underdevelopment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memories_of_Underdevelopment) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memories_of_Underdevelopment?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.