# Memnonia quadrangle > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Memnonia_quadrangle > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Memnonia_quadrangle.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memnonia_quadrangle > Source revision: 1339462214 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Map of Mars Memnonia quadrangle Elevation map of Memnonia quadrangle from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data. Coordinates 15°00′S 157°30′W / 15°S 157.5°W / -15; -157.5 Image of the Memnonia Quadrangle (MC-16). The south includes heavily cratered highlands intersected, in the northeastern part, by [Mangala Vallis](/source/Mangala_Vallis). The north contains undulating wind-eroded deposits and the east contains lava flows from the [Tharsis region](/source/Tharsis). The **Memnonia quadrangle** is one of a series of [30 quadrangle maps of Mars](/source/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mars) used by the [United States Geological Survey](/source/United_States_Geological_Survey) (USGS) [Astrogeology Research Program](/source/Astrogeology_Research_Program). The Memnonia quadrangle is also referred to as MC-16 (Mars Chart-16).[1] The [quadrangle](/source/Quadrangle_(geography)) is a region of [Mars](/source/Mars) that covers latitude -30° to 0° and longitude 135° to 180°.[2] The western part of Memnonia is a highly cratered highland region that exhibits a large range of crater degradation. Memnonia includes the [Arcadia Planitia](/source/Arcadia_Planitia), [Amazonis Planitia](/source/Amazonis_Planitia), [Lucus Planum](/source/Lucus_Planum), [Terra Sirenum](/source/Terra_Sirenum), [Daedalia Planum](/source/Daedalia_Planum), and [Terra Cimmeria](/source/Terra_Cimmeria) regions. Many ancient river [valleys](/source/Vallis_(planetary_geology)) including [Mangala Vallis](/source/Mangala_Vallis), have been found in the Memnonia quadrangle. Mangala appears to have begun with the formation of a [graben](/source/Graben), a set of [faults](/source/Fault_(geology)) that may have exposed an [aquifer](/source/Aquifer).[3] ## Layers [Columbus Crater](/source/Columbus_Crater) contains layers, also called strata. Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Sometimes the layers are of different colors. Light-toned rocks on Mars have been associated with hydrated minerals like [sulfates](/source/Sulfates). The [Mars rover](/source/Mars_rover) *[Opportunity](/source/Opportunity_(rover))* examined such layers close-up with several instruments. Some layers are probably made up of fine particles because they seem to break up into fine dust. Other layers break up into large boulders so they are probably much harder. [Basalt](/source/Basalt), a volcanic rock, is thought to in the layers that form boulders. Basalt has been identified on Mars in many places. Instruments on orbiting spacecraft have detected [clay](/source/Clay) (also called [phyllosilicate](/source/Phyllosilicate)) in some layers. Recent research with an orbiting near-infrared [spectrometer](/source/Spectrometer), which reveals the types of minerals present based on the wavelengths of light they absorb, found evidence of layers of both clay and sulfates in Columbus crater.[4] This is exactly what would appear if a large lake had slowly evaporated.[5] Moreover, because some layers contained [gypsum](/source/Gypsum), a sulfate which forms in relatively fresh water, life could have formed in the crater.[6] Scientists are excited about finding hydrated minerals such as [sulfates](/source/Sulfates) and clays on Mars because they are usually formed in the presence of water.[7] Places that contain clays and/or other hydrated minerals would be good places to look for evidence of life.[8] Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers.[9] ## Mangala Vallis Mangala Vallis is a major channel system that contains several basins which filled, then the overflow went through a series of spillways.[10][11] One source of waters for the system was Memonia Fossae, but water also probably came from a large basin centered at 40**°** S.[12][13] ## See also - [Climate of Mars](/source/Climate_of_Mars) - [Dark slope streaks](/source/Dark_slope_streaks) - [Fossa (geology)](/source/Fossa_(geology)) - [Geology of Mars](/source/Geology_of_Mars) - [Groundwater on Mars](/source/Groundwater_on_Mars) - [HiRISE](/source/HiRISE) - [High Resolution Stereo Camera](/source/High_Resolution_Stereo_Camera) - HRSC - [HiWish program](/source/HiWish_program) - [Impact crater](/source/Impact_crater) - [Lakes on Mars](/source/Lakes_on_Mars) - [List of quadrangles on Mars](/source/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mars) - [Linear ridge networks](/source/Linear_ridge_networks) - [Lucus Planum](/source/Lucus_Planum) - [Mariner 4](/source/Mariner_4) - [Mars Express](/source/Mars_Express) - [Mars Global Surveyor](/source/Mars_Global_Surveyor) - [Mars Orbiter Camera](/source/Mars_Orbiter_Camera) - [Mars Orbiter Mission](/source/Mars_Orbiter_Mission) - [2001 Mars Odyssey](/source/2001_Mars_Odyssey) - [MAVEN](/source/MAVEN) - [Thermal Emission Imaging System](/source/Thermal_Emission_Imaging_System)- THEMIS - [Viking program](/source/Viking_program) - [Vallis](/source/Vallis_(planetary_geology)) - [Valley networks (Mars)](/source/Valley_networks_(Mars)) - [Water on Mars](/source/Water_on_Mars) - [Yardang](/source/Yardang) - [Yardangs on Mars](/source/Yardangs_on_Mars) ## References 1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Davies, M.E.; Batson, R.M.; Wu, S.S.C. "Geodesy and Cartography" in Kieffer, H.H.; Jakosky, B.M.; Snyder, C.W.; Matthews, M.S., Eds. *Mars.* University of Arizona Press: Tucson, 1992. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [USGS Astrogeology: Planetary Map Listing](https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/MapBook/fulllisting.jsp?mapNumber=633) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-0)** ["Mars Channels and Valleys"](http://www.msss.com/http/ps/channels/channels.html). Msss.com. Retrieved 2012-08-04. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Cabrol, N. and E. Grin (eds.). 2010. Lakes on Mars. Elsevier.NY. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Wray, J. et al. 2009. Columbus Crater and other possible plaelakes in Terra Sirenum, Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 40: 1896. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Martian "Lake Michigan" Filled Crater, Minerals Hint"](https://web.archive.org/web/20091205065541/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/11/091125-mars-crater-lake-michigan-water_2.html). News.nationalgeographic.com. 2010-10-28. Archived from [the original](http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/11/091125-mars-crater-lake-michigan-water_2.html) on December 5, 2009. Retrieved 2012-08-04. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Target Zone: Nilosyrtis? | Mars Odyssey Mission THEMIS"](http://themis.asu.edu/features/nilosyrtis). Themis.asu.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-04. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["HiRISE | Craters and Valleys in the Elysium Fossae (PSP_004046_2080)"](http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/PSP_004046_2080). Hirise.lpl.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-04. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["HiRISE | High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment"](http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu?PSP_008437_1750). Hirise.lpl.arizona.edu?psp_008437_1750. Retrieved 2012-08-04. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Cabrol, N. and E. Grin (eds.). 2010. Lakes on Mars. Elsevier. NY. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Emrick, C. and R. De Hon. 1999. Flood discharge through Labou Vallis, Mars. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. XXX: Abstract #1893. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Zimbelman, J. et al. 1992. Volatile history of Mangala Valles, Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 97: 18309-18317 1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** De Hon, R. 1994. Lacustrine sedimentation in lower Mangals Valles. Mars Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. XXVII: 295-296 ## External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Memnonia quadrangle](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Memnonia_quadrangle). - [Lpi.usra.edu](https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2004/pdf/1439.pdf) - [Ralphaeschliman.com](https://web.archive.org/web/20060509203046/http://ralphaeschliman.com/atlasofmars/13axsm.pdf) - [Uapress.arizona.edu](https://web.archive.org/web/20141004105217/http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/onlinebks/MARS/CHAP12.HTM) v t e Quadrangles on Mars MC-01 Mare Boreum (features) MC-02 Diacria (features) MC-03 Arcadia (features) MC-04 Acidalium (features) MC-05 Ismenius Lacus (features) MC-06 Casius (features) MC-07 Cebrenia (features) MC-08 Amazonis (features) MC-09 Tharsis (features) MC-10 Lunae Palus (features) MC-11 Oxia Palus (features) MC-12 Arabia (features) MC-13 Syrtis Major (features) MC-14 Amenthes (features) MC-15 Elysium (features) MC-16 Memnonia (features) MC-17 Phoenicis Lacus (features) MC-18 Coprates (features) MC-19 Margaritifer Sinus (features) MC-20 Sinus Sabaeus (features) MC-21 Iapygia (features) MC-22 Mare Tyrrhenum (features) MC-23 Aeolis (features) MC-24 Phaethontis (features) MC-25 Thaumasia (features) MC-26 Argyre (features) MC-27 Noachis (features) MC-28 Hellas (features) MC-29 Eridania (features) MC-30 Mare Australe (features) v t e Mars Outline of Mars Geography Atmosphere Circulation Climate Dust devil tracks Methane Regions Arabia Terra Cerberus (Mars) Cydonia Eridania Lake Iani Chaos Olympia Undae Planum Australe Planum Boreum Quadrangles Sinus Meridiani Tempe Terra Terra Cimmeria Terra Sabaea Tharsis Undae Ultimi Scopuli Vastitas Borealis Physical features "Canals" (list) Canyons Catenae Chaos terrain Craters Fossae Gullies Mensae Labyrinthi Mountains by height Observed rocks Outflow channels Plains Valley network Valleys Gravity Geology Brain terrain Carbonates Chaos terrain Color Composition Concentric crater fill Dark slope streak Dichotomy Fretted terrain Geysers Glaciers Groundwater Gullies Lakes Lava tubes Lobate debris apron Marsquake Meteorites on Earth on Mars Mud cracks North Polar Basin Ocean hypothesis Ore resources Polar caps polar wander Recurring slope lineae (RSL) Ring mold craters Rootless cones Seasonal flows Soil Spherules Surface "Swiss cheese" feature Terrain softening Tharsis bulge Volcanism Water Yardangs History Pre-Noachian Noachian Hesperian Amazonian Observation history Classical albedo features Astronomy Moons Phobos Stickney crater Limtoc crater Monolith Deimos Swift crater Voltaire crater Transits Solar eclipses on Mars Satellite transits Phobos Deimos Planetary transits Earth Mercury Asteroids Impacts Mars-crossers 2007 WD5 Trojans 5261 Eureka 1998 VF31 1999 UJ7 2007 NS2 Comets C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) General Orbit Exploration Concepts Flyby Orbiter Landing Rover Sample return Human mission Permanent settlement Colonization Terraforming Missions List of missions to Mars Advocacy The Mars Project The Case for Mars Inspiration Mars Foundation Mars Institute Mars Society Mars race Related Artificial objects on Mars Memorials on Mars Fiction List of films set on Mars Martian scientist Mythology Flag of Mars Life on Mars Sub-Earth Timekeeping on Mars Sol (day on Mars) Darian calendar Category Solar System portal [Portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals): - [Solar System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Solar_System) --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Memnonia quadrangle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memnonia_quadrangle) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memnonia_quadrangle?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.