# Memantine

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Medication used to treat Alzheimer's disease

Pharmaceutical compound

Memantine Clinical data Trade names Axura, Ebixa, Namenda, others[1][2] Other names 1-Amino-3,5-dimethyladamantane; 3,5-Dimethyladamantan-1-amine; Dimethyladamantanamine; DMAA; D145; D-145 AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph MedlinePlus a604006 License data US DailyMed: Memantine Pregnancy category AU: B2 Routes of administration By mouth Drug class NMDA receptor antagonist ATC code N06DX01 (WHO) Legal status Legal status AU: S4 (Prescription only) BR: Class C1 (Other controlled substances)[3] UK: POM (Prescription only)[4] US: ℞-only[5][6] EU: Rx-only[7] Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability 100%[8][9] Protein binding 45%[8][9] Metabolism Minimal[9] Metabolites • Memantine glucuronide[8][9] • 6-Hydroxymemantine[8][9] • 1-Nitrosomemantine[8][9] Elimination half-life 60–80 hours[8][9] Excretion Urine (57–82% unchanged)[8][9] Identifiers IUPAC name 3,5-dimethyltricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decan-1-amine CAS Number 19982-08-2 Y as HCl: 41100-52-1 PubChem CID 4054 as HCl: 181458 IUPHAR/BPS 4253 DrugBank DB01043 Y as HCl: DBSALT000456 ChemSpider 3914 Y as HCl: 157849 UNII W8O17SJF3T as HCl: JY0WD0UA60 KEGG D08174 Y as HCl: D04905 ChEBI CHEBI:64312 as HCl: CHEBI:64323 ChEMBL ChEMBL807 Y as HCl: ChEMBL1699 PDB ligand 377 (PDBe, RCSB PDB) CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID5045174 ECHA InfoCard 100.217.937 Chemical and physical data Formula C12H21N Molar mass 179.307 g·mol−1 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image as HCl: Interactive image SMILES NC12CC3CC(C)(C1)CC(C)(C3)C2 as HCl: Cl.NC12CC3CC(C)(C1)CC(C)(C3)C2 InChI InChI=1S/C12H21N/c1-10-3-9-4-11(2,6-10)8-12(13,5-9)7-10/h9H,3-8,13H2,1-2H3 Y Key:BUGYDGFZZOZRHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y as HCl: InChI=1S/C12H21N.ClH/c1-10-3-9-4-11(2,6-10)8-12(13,5-9)7-10;/h9H,3-8,13H2,1-2H3;1H Key:LDDHMLJTFXJGPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N (verify)

**Memantine**, sold under the brand name **Namenda** among others, is a medication used to slow the progression of moderate-to-severe [Alzheimer's disease](/source/Alzheimer's_disease).[10][11][8] It is taken [by mouth](/source/By_mouth).[10][8]

Common [side effects](/source/Side_effect) include [headache](/source/Headache), [constipation](/source/Constipation), [sleepiness](/source/Sleepiness), and [dizziness](/source/Dizziness).[10][11] Severe side effects may include [blood clots](/source/Blood_clot), [psychosis](/source/Psychosis), and [heart failure](/source/Heart_failure).[11] It is believed to work by acting on [NMDA receptors](/source/NMDA_receptor), working as a [pore blocker](/source/Channel_blocker) of these [ion channels](/source/Ion_channel).[8][10]

Memantine was first discovered in 1963.[8][12][13] It was approved for medical use in [Germany](/source/Germany) in 1989, in the [European Union](/source/European_Union) in 2002, and in the [United States](/source/United_States) in 2003.[13][10][14] It is available as a [generic medication](/source/Generic_medication).[11] In 2023, it was the 145th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3 million prescriptions.[15][16]

## Medical uses

### Alzheimer's disease and dementia

Memantine is used to treat moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease, especially for people who are intolerant of or have a contraindication to [AChE (acetylcholinesterase)](/source/Acetylcholinesterase) [inhibitors](/source/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor).[17][18] One guideline recommends memantine or an AChE inhibitor be considered in people in the early-to-mid stage of dementia.[19]

Memantine has been associated with a modest improvement;[20] with small positive effects on [cognition](/source/Cognition), mood, behavior, and the ability to perform daily activities in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease.[21][22] There does not appear to be any benefit in mild disease.[23]

Memantine when added to [donepezil](/source/Donepezil) in those with moderate-to-severe dementia resulted in "limited improvements" in a 2017 review.[24] The UK [National Institute for Clinical Excellence](/source/National_Institute_for_Clinical_Excellence) (NICE) issued guidance in 2018 recommending consideration of the combination of memantine with donepezil in those with moderate-to-severe dementia.[25]

### Radiation therapy

Memantine has been recommended for use by professional organization consensus to prevent neurocognitive decline after [whole brain radiotherapy](/source/Whole_brain_radiotherapy).[26]

## Adverse effects

Memantine is, in general, well tolerated.[20] Common [adverse drug reactions](/source/Adverse_drug_reaction) (≥1% of people) include confusion, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, insomnia, agitation, and/or hallucinations. Less common adverse effects include [vomiting](/source/Vomiting), anxiety, [hypertonia](/source/Hypertonia), [cystitis](/source/Cystitis), and increased [libido](/source/Libido).[20][27]

Like many other [NMDA receptor antagonists](/source/NMDA_receptor_antagonist), memantine behaves as a [dissociative anesthetic](/source/Dissociative_anesthetic) at supratherapeutic doses.[28] Despite isolated reports, [recreational use](/source/Recreational_drug_use) of memantine is rare due to the drug's long duration and limited availability.[28] Additionally, memantine seems to lack effects such as [euphoria](/source/Euphoria) or [hallucinations](/source/Hallucination).[29]

Memantine appears to be generally well tolerated by children with [autism spectrum disorder](/source/Autism_spectrum_disorder).[30]

## Pharmacology

### Pharmacodynamics

Memantine is an uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, with an IC50 binding affinity of ~500-1,000 nM (0.5-1 μM),[31] but displays higher potency at extrasynaptic NMDA receptors (IC50 = ~22 nM),[31] suggesting preferential inhibition of pathological glutamatergic signaling.

Memantine also exhibits activity at several other receptors:

- [Dopamine](/source/Dopamine) [D2High receptor](/source/D2_receptor) agonist (IC50 affinity = ~137-917 nM);[32] increases dopaminergic activity in the prefrontal cortex and striatum.[33][34] Memantine may inhibit the release of prolactin through D2 agonism, based on studies from isolated anterior pituitary cells.[32]

- Alpha 7 [nicotinic acetylcholine receptor](/source/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor) antagonist (IC50 affinity = 340nM-5,000 nM or 0.34-5 μM).[35][36]

- [5-HT3 receptor](/source/5-HT3_receptor) receptor antagonist (IC50 affinity = ~1,000 nM).[37][32]

- Believed to block NMDA overactivation and restore cognitive dysfunction without significantly impairing normal synaptic transmission.

- No meaningful acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition.

#### Glutamatergic

A dysfunction of [glutamatergic](/source/Glutamatergic) [neurotransmission](/source/Neurotransmission), manifested as [neuronal](/source/Neuronal) [excitotoxicity](/source/Excitotoxicity), is hypothesized to be involved in the [etiology](/source/Etiology) of [Alzheimer's disease](/source/Alzheimer's_disease). Targeting the glutamatergic system, specifically [ionotropic glutamate](/source/Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor) [NMDA receptors](/source/NMDA_receptor), offers a novel approach to treatment in view of the limited efficacy of existing drugs targeting the [cholinergic](/source/Cholinergic) system.[38]

Memantine is a low-affinity voltage-dependent [uncompetitive](/source/Uncompetitive_inhibitor) [antagonist at glutamatergic NMDA receptors](/source/NMDA_receptor_antagonist)[39][40] with an IC50 binding affinity of ~500-1,000 nM (0.5-1 μM),[31] but displays higher potency at extrasynaptic NMDA receptors (~22 nM).[31]

Magnesium (Mg2+), the natural NMDA channel blocker, has an apparent dissociation constant (Ka/Ki) of roughly 2-3 mM (2,000,000-3,000,000 nM), making memantine ~1000x stronger at NMDA than Mg2+. By binding to the NMDA receptor with a higher affinity than [Mg2+](/source/Magnesium), memantine is able to inhibit the prolonged influx of [Ca2+](/source/Calcium) ions, particularly from extrasynaptic receptors, which forms the basis of neuronal [excitotoxicity](/source/Excitotoxicity). The low affinity, uncompetitive nature, and rapid off-rate kinetics of memantine at the level of the NMDA receptor channel, however, preserve the function of the receptor at synapses, as it can still be activated by physiological release of [glutamate](/source/Glutamate) following [depolarization](/source/Depolarization) of the [postsynaptic](/source/Postsynaptic) neuron.[41][42][43] The interaction of memantine with NMDA receptors plays a major role in the symptomatic improvement that the drug produces in Alzheimer's disease. However, there is no evidence yet that memantine's ability to protect against extrasynaptic NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity has a disease-modifying effect in Alzheimer's disease, although this has been suggested in animal models.[42]

#### Serotonergic

Memantine acts as a [non-competitive antagonist](/source/Non-competitive_antagonist) of the [serotonin](/source/Serotonin) [5-HT3 receptor](/source/5-HT3_receptor), with a [potency](/source/Potency_(pharmacology)) similar to that for the NMDA receptor.[37][44] Many 5-HT3 receptor antagonists function as [antiemetics](/source/Antiemetic), however the clinical significance of this [anti-serotonergic](/source/Serotonin_antagonist) activity of memantine in Alzheimer's disease is unknown.

#### Cholinergic

Memantine acts as a [non-competitive antagonist](/source/Non-competitive_antagonist) at the [α7 nicotinic acetycholine receptor](/source/Alpha-7_nicotinic_receptor)[36] (IC50 affinity = 340nM-5,000nM[45] or 0.34-5 μM). Several studies have observed that Memantine's antagonism at nAChRs is higher than both its affinity to NMDA and 5-HT3 receptors,[45][46] but this may be difficult to ascertain with accuracy due to rapid desensitization of nAChRs.

Antagonism of [α7 nAChRs](/source/Alpha-7_nicotinic_receptor) may contribute to the initial worsening of cognitive function during early Memantine treatment. [Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor](/source/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor), specifically [α7 nAChR](/source/Alpha-7_nicotinic_receptor), [upregulate](/source/Downregulation_and_upregulation) quickly in response to antagonism, which could explain the possible cognitive-enhancing effects of Memantine.[47][48][45] It has been shown that the number of [nicotinic receptors](/source/Nicotinic_receptor) in the brain are reduced in Alzheimer's disease, even in the absence of a general decrease in the number of neurons, and [nicotinic receptor](/source/Nicotinic_receptor) [agonists](/source/Agonists) are viewed as interesting targets for anti-Alzheimer drugs.[49]

#### Dopaminergic

Memantine has been shown to act as an agonist of [dopamine](/source/Dopamine) [D2High receptor](/source/D2_receptor) with equal or slightly higher affinity than to NMDA receptors[32] (D2 IC50 affinity = ~137-917 nM).[32] In another study, Memantine was shown to increase dopaminergic activity in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of mice.[50]

At least one study questions the relevance of Memantine's D2 receptor action, suggesting a low Ki value.[51]

#### Sigmaergic

Memantine acts as a weak [agonist](/source/Agonist) of the [sigma](/source/Sigma_receptor) [σ1 receptor](/source/Sigma-1_receptor) with low [affinity](/source/Affinity_(pharmacology)) (Ki = 2,600nM or 2.6 μM).[52] Due to this low affinity, therapeutic concentrations of memantine are most likely too low to have any sigmaergic effect as a typical therapeutic dose is 20 mg. The consequences of sigma activity would be unclear, as the role of sigma receptors in general is currently not very well understood. However, excessive doses of memantine taken for recreational purposes, which are many times greater than prescribed doses, may indeed activate this receptor.[53]

#### Other actions

Memantine does not appear to [inhibit](/source/Enzyme_inhibitor) or [induce](/source/Enzyme_inducer) several [cytochrome P450](/source/Cytochrome_P450) [enzymes](/source/Enzyme) including [CYP3A4](/source/CYP3A4)/[5](/source/CYP3A5), [CYP1A2](/source/CYP1A2), [CYP2D6](/source/CYP2D6), and [CYP2C9](/source/CYP2C9).[8] It also does not inhibit [CYP2A6](/source/CYP2A6) or [CYP2E1](/source/CYP2E1).[9] However, it might have a small effect on [CYP2B6](/source/CYP2B6).[8]

### Pharmacokinetics

#### Absorption

The [oral](/source/Oral_administration) [bioavailability](/source/Bioavailability) of memantine is 100%.[8][9] [Time to peak](/source/Tmax_(pharmacology)) levels of memantine are 3 to 7 hours.[8][9] [Food](/source/Food) has no influence on the rate of [absorption](/source/Absorption_(pharmacokinetics)).[8][9] Memantine exposure is linear over a dose range of 10 to 40 mg.[8] [Peak](/source/Cmax_(pharmacology)) levels after a single 20 mg dose were found to be 24 to 29 μg/L (0.13–0.16 μmol/L or μM).[8] [Steady-state levels](/source/Steady-state_levels) of memantine with 20 mg/day are in the range of 0.5 to 1.0 μM.[9]

#### Distribution

Memantine has a relatively high [volume of distribution](/source/Volume_of_distribution) (Vd) of 9 to 11 L/kg.[8][9] It easily crosses [biological membranes](/source/Biological_membrane), is widely [distributed](/source/Distribution_(pharmacology)) throughout the body, and crosses the [blood–brain barrier](/source/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier) into the [central nervous system](/source/Central_nervous_system).[9] The drug is [transported](/source/Membrane_transport) across the blood–brain barrier by the [organic cation transporter novel 1](/source/OCTN1) (OCTN1).[8] The [plasma protein binding](/source/Plasma_protein_binding) of memantine is 45% and is described as very low and not clinically significant.[8][9] Because of its low plasma protein binding, it is unlikely to interact with other highly protein-bound drugs such as [warfarin](/source/Warfarin) or [digoxin](/source/Digoxin).[9]

#### Metabolism

Memantine does not undergo extensive [metabolism](/source/Drug_metabolism).[9] It is negligibly [metabolized](/source/Drug_metabolism) by the [cytochrome P450](/source/Cytochrome_P450) [enzymes](/source/Enzyme).[8][9] As a result, it has a decreased potential for [drug interactions](/source/Drug_interaction).[9] [Metabolites](/source/Metabolite) of memantine include memantine glucuronide, 6-hydroxymemantine, and 1-nitrosomemantine, all of which show minimal activity as NMDA receptor antagonists.[8][9]

#### Elimination

Memantine is [eliminated](/source/Elimination_(pharmacology)) primarily in [urine](/source/Urine), with 57 to 82% [excreted](/source/Excretion) in urine unchanged.[8][9] Its [elimination half-life](/source/Elimination_half-life) is 60 to 80 hours.[8][9] The [renal](/source/Kidney) [clearance](/source/Clearance_(pharmacology)) of memantine is dependent on [urinary](/source/Urine) [pH](/source/PH).[8][9] More [alkaline](/source/Alkaline) urine slows the elimination of memantine, whereas more [acidic](/source/Acid) urine accelerates its elimination.[8][9]

## Chemistry

Memantine, also known as 3,5-dimethyl-1-aminoadamantane, is an [adamantane](/source/Adamantane) [derivative](/source/Chemical_derivative) and is closely [structurally related](/source/Structural_analog) to [amantadine](/source/Amantadine) (1-aminoadamantane) and other adamantane derivatives.[8][54][55][56]

The [synthesis](/source/Chemical_synthesis) of memantine has been described.[8]

## History

Main article: [Discovery and development of memantine and related compounds](/source/Discovery_and_development_of_memantine_and_related_compounds)

Memantine was first [synthesized](/source/Chemical_synthesis), [patented](/source/Patent), and described by [Eli Lilly and Company](/source/Eli_Lilly_and_Company) in 1963 as an [anti-diabetic agent](/source/Diabetes_medication), but it was ineffective at lowering [blood sugar](/source/Blood_sugar).[8][12][13][57][58] By 1972, it was discovered to have [central nervous system](/source/Central_nervous_system) (CNS) activity, and was developed by [Merz](/source/Merz_Pharma) for treatment of [neurological diseases](/source/Neurological_disease), such as [Parkinson's disease](/source/Parkinson's_disease).[8][12] Memantine was first studied in the treatment of [Alzheimer's disease](/source/Alzheimer's_disease) in 1986.[13][14] The drug was first marketed for dementia in 1989 in Germany under the name Axura.[8][14][12]

It was not discovered to act as an [NMDA receptor antagonist](/source/NMDA_receptor_antagonist) until 1989, after clinical trials had initiated.[8][12][59] Prior to this, it was theorized to directly and/or indirectly modulate the [dopaminergic](/source/Dopaminergic), [noradrenergic](/source/Noradrenergic), and [serotonergic](/source/Serotonergic_drug) systems.[12][60][61][62] However, these actions were later realized to occur at 100-fold higher concentrations than those achieved therapeutically and hence are unlikely to be involved in its effects.[12][60][62]

In the United States, some CNS activities were discovered at [Children's Hospital of Boston](/source/Children's_Hospital_of_Boston) in 1990, and Children's licensed patents covering uses of memantine outside the field of ophthalmology to [Neurobiological Technologies](/source/Neurobiological_Technologies) (NTI) in 1995.[63] In 1998, NTI amended its agreement with Children's to allow Merz to take over development.[64]

In 2000, Merz partnered with [Forest](/source/Forest_Laboratories) to develop the drug for Alzheimer's disease in the United States under the brand name Namenda.[8][14] In 2000, Merz partnered with Suntory for the Japanese market and with Lundbeck for other markets including Europe;[65] the drug was originally marketed by Lundbeck under the name Ebixa.[14] Memantine was approved in the [European Union](/source/European_Union) in 2002 and in the United States in 2003.[8][13]

Sales of the drug reached $1.8 billion for 2014.[8][66] The cost of Namenda was $269 to $489 a month in 2012.[67]

In February 2014, as the July 2015 patent expiration for memantine neared, [Actavis](/source/Actavis), which had acquired Forest, announced that it was launching an extended release (XR) form of memantine that could be taken once a day instead of twice a day as needed with the then-current "immediate release" (IR) version, and that it intended to stop selling the IR version in August 2014 and withdraw the marketing authorization. This is a tactic to thwart generic competition called [product hopping](/source/Product_hopping). However the supply of the XR version ran short, so Actavis extended the deadline until the fall. In September 2014 the attorney general of New York, [Eric Schneiderman](/source/Eric_Schneiderman), filed a lawsuit to compel Actavis to keep selling the IR version on the basis of [antitrust law](/source/United_States_antitrust_law).[68][69]

In December 2014, a judge granted New York State its request and issued an injunction, preventing Actavis from withdrawing the IR version until generic versions could launch. Actavis appealed and in May a panel of the [Second Circuit Court of Appeals](/source/Second_Circuit_Court_of_Appeals) upheld the injunction, and in June Actavis asked that its case be heard by the full Second Circuit panel.[70][71] In August 2015, Actavis' request was denied.[72]

## Society and culture

### Recreational use

[Recreational use](/source/Recreational_use) of memantine at supratherapeutic doses has been reported.[73] It is a weak [NMDA receptor antagonist](/source/NMDA_receptor_antagonist) and is reported to produce [dissociative](/source/Dissociative) and [phencyclidine](/source/Phencyclidine) (PCP)-like effects in animals and humans at sufficiently high doses.[73][74][75] Even therapeutic doses have been found to produce mild dissociative-like effects in clinical studies.[73] In any case, the very long [duration of action](/source/Duration_of_action) of memantine (>40 hours) has likely limited its [misuse potential](/source/Misuse_potential).[73] Recreational use of the related drug [amantadine](/source/Amantadine) has similarly been reported.[73]

A study examining self-reported use of memantine on the social network [Reddit](/source/Reddit) showed that the drug was used both recreationally and as a [nootropic](/source/Nootropic), but also that it was misused in various illnesses as [self-medication](/source/Self-medication) without strong scientific basis.[76]

### Brand names

As of August 2017, memantine is marketed under many brand names worldwide including Abixa, Adaxor, Admed, Akatinol, Alceba, Alios, Almenta, Alois, Alzant, Alzer, Alzia, Alzinex, Alzixa, Alzmenda, Alzmex, Axura, Biomentin, Carrier, Cogito, Cognomem, Conexine, Cordure, Dantex, Demantin, Demax, Dementa, Dementexa, Ebitex, Ebixa, Emantin, Emaxin, Esmirtal, Eutebrol, Evy, Ezemantis, Fentina, Korint, Lemix, Lindex, Lindex, Lucidex, Manotin, Mantine, Mantomed, Marbodin, Mardewel, Marixino, Maruxa, Maxiram, Melanda, Memabix, Memamed, Memando, Memantin, Memantina, Memantine, Mémantine, Memantinol, Memantyn, Memanvitae, Memanxa, Memanzaks, Memary, Memax, Memexa, Memigmin, Memikare, Memogen, Memolan, Memorel, Memorix, Memotec, Memox, Memxa, Mentikline, Mentium, Mentixa, Merandex, Merital, Mexia, Mimetix, Mirvedol, Modualz, Morysa, Namenda, Nemdatine, Nemdatine, Nemedan, Neumantine, Neuro-K, Neuroplus, Noojerone, Pertam, Polmatine, Prilben, Pronervon, Ravemantine, Talentum, Timantila, Tingreks, Tonibral, Tormoro, Valcoxia, Vilimen, Vivimex, Witgen, Xapimant, Ymana, Zalatine, Zemertinex, Zenmem, Zenmen, and Zimerz.[1]

It is marketed in some countries as a [combination drug](/source/Combination_drug) with [donepezil](/source/Donepezil) ([memantine/donepezil](/source/Memantine%2Fdonepezil)) under the brand names Namzaric, Neuroplus Dual, and Tonibral MD.[1]

## Research

### Psychiatric disorders

Memantine has been studied and used [off-label](/source/Off-label_use) in the treatment of a variety of [psychiatric disorders](/source/Psychiatric_disorder).[77] These include [depression](/source/Depression_(mood)), [bipolar disorder](/source/Bipolar_disorder), [schizophrenia](/source/Schizophrenia), [obsessive–compulsive disorder](/source/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder) (OCD), [substance misuse](/source/Substance_misuse), [pervasive developmental disorders](/source/Pervasive_developmental_disorder) (PDDs), and [binge eating disorder](/source/Binge_eating_disorder) (BED).[77] A 2008 [systematic review](/source/Systematic_review) concluded that although it was promising for such uses, memantine could not be recommended for such indications due to inadequate data.[77]

Memantine does not appear to be effective in the treatment of [unipolar major depression](/source/Major_depressive_disorder) or [bipolar depression](/source/Bipolar_depression) on the basis of [systematic reviews](/source/Systematic_review) and [meta-analyses](/source/Meta-analysis), including a 2021 [Cochrane review](/source/Cochrane_review).[78][79][80][81][82] However, a 2022 systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that memantine was significantly effective in the treatment of depressive symptoms in various psychiatric disorders, although with a very small [effect size](/source/Effect_size) ([Hedges' g](/source/Hedges'_g) = -0.17).[83]

There are likewise limited data to support memantine in the treatment of [schizophrenia](/source/Schizophrenia) based on systematic reviews and meta-analyses.[84][85] However, a 2019 systematic review and meta-analysis reported that memantine was effective in the treatment of the [negative](/source/Schizophrenia#Negative_symptoms) and [cognitive symptoms](/source/Schizophrenia#Cognitive_symptoms) of schizophrenia with medium to large effect sizes.[86]

### Parkinson's disease

Memantine has been studied in the treatment of [Parkinson's disease](/source/Parkinson's_disease) since the early 1970s.[13][12][87][88][89] Whereas the related drug [amantadine](/source/Amantadine) is approved for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and has been since the early 1970s,[55] memantine is not approved for the treatment of Parkinson's disease as of 2024.[90] However, it has been said that memantine, along with amantadine, has been widely used as an [antiparkinsonian agent](/source/Antiparkinsonian_agent) since at least 1994.[87]

Although amantadine and memantine have fairly similar [pharmacology](/source/Pharmacology), it has been said that memantine does not share the [antidyskinetic](/source/Dyskinesia) effects of amantadine.[91][92] However, findings are conflicting, and some data suggest that memantine may also have antidyskinetic effects.[93][94][95] Similarly to amantadine and [dopamine receptor agonists](/source/Dopamine_receptor_agonist), memantine reverses [haloperidol](/source/Haloperidol)-induced [catalepsy](/source/Catalepsy) and [monoamine depletion](/source/Monoamine_depleting_agent)-induced [sedation](/source/Sedation) in animals.[91][96] Memantine has been found to reduce [bradykinesia](/source/Bradykinesia) and [resting tremor](/source/Resting_tremor) in people with Parkinson's disease.[91][92] Memantine and amantadine are said to have moderate [anti-akinetic](/source/Akinesia) effects in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.[87][97] The doses of memantine used for Parkinson's disease are about 5- to 10-fold lower than those of amantadine, which has been attributed to greater [potency](/source/Potency_(pharmacology)) of memantine.[87]

As of 2022, a [phase 3](/source/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III) [clinical trial](/source/Clinical_trial) is studying the potential of memantine as [disease-modifying treatment](/source/Disease-modifying_treatment) for Parkinson's disease that might slow progression of the disease.[98][99][100] It is specifically theorized to act by inhibiting cell-to-cell transmission of [α-synuclein](/source/%CE%91-synuclein).[98][99]

Besides Parkinson's disease, memantine has been studied in the treatment of [Parkinson's disease dementia](/source/Parkinson's_disease_dementia) (PDD) and [dementia with Lewy bodies](/source/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies) (DLB).[101][102][103]

### Apathy

Apathy is a [disorder of diminished motivation](/source/Disorder_of_diminished_motivation) characterized by diminished interest and activity.[104][105] [Systematic reviews](/source/Systematic_review) and [meta-analyses](/source/Meta-analysis) published from 2016 to 2022 have found that memantine is not effective in the treatment of [apathy](/source/Apathy) in Alzheimer's disease and other [dementias](/source/Dementia).[106][107][108] However, another 2022 review reported that it was effective.[109]

### Long COVID

Memantine, along with [amantadine](/source/Amantadine), is being studied and used [off-label](/source/Off-label_use) in the treatment [long COVID](/source/Long_COVID).[110][111]

### Catatonia

Memantine, along with [amantadine](/source/Amantadine), has been reported to be effective in the treatment of [catatonia](/source/Catatonia) in [case reports](/source/Case_report) and [case series](/source/Case_series).[112][113][114]

### Autism spectrum disorder

There is no evidence that memantine improves symptoms of [autism spectrum disorder](/source/Autism_spectrum_disorder). A 2024 meta-analysis of NMDA antagonists (including memantine) found no benefit over placebo on core or associated symptoms and more adverse events,[115] while a 2022 review concluded the effect on core symptoms is uncertain.[116]

## References

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-NCT03858270_100-0)** Clinical trial number *[NCT03858270](https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03858270)* for "Inhibition of α-synuclein Cell-cell Transmission by NMDAR Blocker, Memantine" at [ClinicalTrials.gov](/source/ClinicalTrials.gov)

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-Andrade_2022_108-0)** Andrade C (February 2022). "Methylphenidate and Other Pharmacologic Treatments for Apathy in Alzheimer's Disease". *The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry*. **83** (1). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4088/JCP.22f14398](https://doi.org/10.4088%2FJCP.22f14398). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [35120284](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35120284).

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## Further reading

- Lipton SA (April 2005). "The molecular basis of memantine action in Alzheimer's disease and other neurologic disorders: low-affinity, uncompetitive antagonism". *Current Alzheimer Research*. **2** (2): 155–165. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2174/1567205053585846](https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1567205053585846). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [15974913](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15974913).

v t e Psychoanaleptics: Anti-dementia agents (ATC code N06D and others) AChE inhibitor medications Benzgalantamine Donepezil (+memantine) Galantamine Ipidacrine Rivastigmine Tacrine Other medications Aducanumab Bifemelane Donanemab Ginkgo folium Lecanemab Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine) Memantine (+donepezil) Nicergoline Experimental BACE inhibitors Lanabecestat Verubecestat

v t e Antiparkinson agents (N04) Dopaminergics DA precursors Levodopa# (+benserazide, +carbidopa, +carbidopa/entacapone) Foslevodopa (+foscarbodipa) Melevodopa (+carbidopa) DA receptor agonists Ergoline: Bromocriptine Cabergoline Dihydroergocryptine Lisuride Pergolide Non-ergoline: Apomorphine Piribedil Pramipexole Ropinirole Rotigotine Talipexole MAO-B inhibitors Rasagiline Safinamide Selegiline COMT inhibitors Entacapone Opicapone Tolcapone AAAD inhibitors Benserazide (+levodopa) Carbidopa# (+carbidopa, +melevodopa, +carbidopa/entacapone) Foscarbidopa (+foslevodopa) Anticholinergics Benzatropine Biperiden# Bornaprine Chlorphenoxamine Cycrimine Dexetimide Diphenhydramine Etanautine Etybenzatropine Mazaticol Metixene Orphenadrine Phenglutarimide Piroheptine Procyclidine Profenamine Tigloidine Trihexyphenidyl Tropatepine Others Adamantanes (e.g., amantadine, memantine, rimantadine) Adenosine receptor antagonists (e.g., caffeine, istradefylline) Budipine #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III

v t e Dissociatives Arylcyclo‐ hexylamines Ketamine-related: 2-Bromodeschloroketamine (2-BDCK; bromoketamine) 2-Fluorodeschloroketamine (2-FDCK) 2-FXPr 3-Fluorodeschloroketamine (3-FDCK) A-NK Arketamine ((R)-ketamine) Blixeprodil (GM-1020; (R)-4-FDCK) Deoxymethoxetamine (DMXE) Deschloroketamine (DXE, DCK) Ethketamine (N-ethylnorketamine, NENK) Esketamine ((S)-ketamine) Fluorexetamine (3-FXE) Hydroxetamine (HXE) Ketamine (K) Methoxetamine (MXE) Methoxmetamine (MXM, MXME) Methoxypropamine (MXPr) Methoxyketamine Methoxisopropamine (MXiPr) Norketamine (NK) SN-35210 TFMDCK Tiletamine Tilmetamine XW10508 PCP-related: 2-Oxo-PCE 3-Chloro-PCP 3-Fluoro-PCP 3-HO-PCP 3-Me-PCE 3-MeO-PCE 3-MeO-PCMo 3-MeO-PCP 3-Methyl-PCP 3-Methyl-PCPy 4-Keto-PCP 4-MeO-PCP BDPC Dieticyclidine (PCDE) Eticyclidine (PCE) MDPCP PCPEP PCPr Phencyclidine (PCP) Rolicyclidine (PCPy) TCTHP Tenocyclidine (TCP) Others: Gacyclidine Diarylethylamines Diphenidine (1,2-DEP, DPD) Ephenidine (NEDPA, EPE) Fluorolintane (2-FPPP) Methoxphenidine (MXP) NPDPA (isopropylphenidine, isophenidine) Remacemide Morphinans Dextrallorphan (DXA) Dextromethorphan (DXM) Dextrorphan (DXO) Racemethorphan (methorphan) Racemorphan (morphanol) Inhalants Aliphatic hydrocarbons Butane Gasoline Kerosene Propane Ethers Diethyl ether Enflurane Isoflurane Haloalkanes Chlorofluorocarbons Chloroform Nitrous oxide (N2O) Xenon (Xe) Others 2-MDP (U-23807A) 8A-PDHQ Adamantanes (e.g., amantadine, memantine) Alkyl nitrites/poppers (e.g., amyl nitrite) Aptiganel (Cerestat; CNS-1102) CNS-5161 Delucemine Dexoxadrol Dizocilpine (MK-801) Etoxadrol F-17475 Midafotel (CPPene) NEFA Neramexane PD-137889 Perzinfotel Selfotel (CGS-19755) See also: Hallucinogens Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators List of hallucinogens

Pharmacodynamics v t e Dopamine receptor modulators D1-like Agonists Benzazepines: 6-Br-APB Fenoldopam SKF-38,393 SKF-77,434 SKF-81,297 SKF-82,958 SKF-83,959 Trepipam Zelandopam Ergolines: Cabergoline CY-208,243 Dihydroergocryptine LEK-8829 Lisuride Pergolide Terguride Dihydrexidine derivatives: A-77636 A-86929 Adrogolide (ABT-431, DAS-431) Dihydrexidine Dinapsoline Dinoxyline Doxanthrine Phenethylamines: BCO-001 Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine) Dipropyldopamine (DPDA) Dopamine Dopexamine Etilevodopa Ibopamine L-DOPA (levodopa) Lu AE04621 Melevodopa L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine XP21279 Others: A-68930 Apomorphine Isocorypalmine Lu AF28996 Nuciferine PF-2334 PF-06412562 PF-6649751 PF 6669571 Propylnorapomorphine Rotigotine RU-29717 SKF-89,145 SKF-89,615 SKF-89,626 Stepholidine Tavapadon Tetrahydropalmatine PAMs Tetrahydroisoquinolines: DETQ DPTQ Glovadalen Mevidalen Others: ASP-4345 Antagonists Typical antipsychotics: Butaclamol Chlorpromazine Chlorprothixene Flupentixol (flupenthixol) (+melitracen) Fluphenazine Loxapine Perphenazine (+amitriptyline) Pifluthixol Thioridazine Thiothixene Trifluoperazine (+tranylcypromine) Zuclopenthixol Atypical antipsychotics: Asenapine Clorotepine Clotiapine Clozapine DHA-clozapine Fluperlapine Iloperidone Norclozapine Norquetiapine Olanzapine (+fluoxetine) Paliperidone Quetiapine Risperidone Tefludazine Ziprasidone Zotepine Others: A-69024 Berupipam Ecopipam EEDQ Lu AF35700 (d8-zicronapine) Metitepine (methiothepin) Odapipam Perlapine SCH-23390 SDZ-PSD-958 Zicronapine D2-like Agonists Adamantanes: Amantadine Memantine Rimantadine Aminotetralins: 5-OH-DPAT 7-OH-DPAT 8-OH-PBZI CHF-1024 Nolomirole Rotigotine UH-232 Ergolines: Bromocriptine Cabergoline Chanoclavine Dihydroergocryptine Disulergine Dosergoside Epicriptine Ergocornine Etisulergine Lergotrile Lisuride LSD Mesulergine Metergoline Pergolide Proterguride Terguride Dihydrexidine derivatives: 2-OH-NPA Ciladopa Dihydrexidine Dinoxyline N,N-Propyldihydrexidine Phenethylamines: Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine) Dipropyldopamine (DPDA) Dopamine Dopexamine Etilevodopa Ibopamine L-DOPA (levodopa) Lu AE04621 L-Phenylalanine RU-24213 L-Tyrosine Melevodopa XP21279 Atypical antipsychotics: Alentemol (U-66444B) Aripiprazole (+sertraline) Aripiprazole lauroxil Bifeprunox Brexpiprazole Brilaroxazine Cariprazine F-15063 Lumateperone Norclozapine Others: 3-PPP A-412997 ABT-670 ABT-724 Adrafinil Aplindore Apomorphine Arketamine Armodafinil Atherosperminine (atherospermine) BP-897 Captodiame CP-226,269 Debenzergoline Dizocilpine Esketamine Etrabamine Flibanserin 7-Hydroxyropinirole (SK&F-89124) Ketamine Lu AF28996 Matsupexole Modafinil Naxagolide OSU-6162 Pardoprunox PD-128,907 PD-168,077 PF-219,061 PF-592,379 Phencyclidine Piribedil Pramipexole Preclamol Propylnorapomorphine Pukateine Quinagolide Quinelorane Quinpirole RDS-127 Ro10-5824 Ropinirole Roxindole S32504 Salvinorin A SKF-39315 SKF-83,959 Sumanirole Talipexole Umespirone WAY-100,635 XC-130 Antagonists Typical antipsychotics: Acepromazine Acetophenazine Azaperone Benperidol Bromperidol Butaclamol Butaperazine Chloracizine Chlorproethazine Chlorpromazine Chlorprothixene Ciclindole Clopenthixol Clothixamide Clopimozide Droperidol Fluacizine Fluanisone Flucindole Fluotracen Flupentixol (flupenthixol) (+melitracen) Fluphenazine Fluprothixene Fluspirilene Haloperidol Homopipramol Lenperone Levomepromazine (methotrimeprazine) Levosulpiride Loxapine Mesoridazine Moperone Naranol Nemonapride Penfluridol Perathiepin Perazine Pericyazine (periciazine) Perphenazine (+amitriptyline) Piflutixol (pifluthixol) Pimozide Pipamperone Preclamol Prochlorperazine Promazine Prothipendyl Spiperone (spiroperidol) Sulforidazine Sulpiride Sultopride Teflutixol Thiopropazate Thioproperazine Thioridazine Thiothixene Timiperone Trifluoperazine (+tranylcypromine) Triflupromazine Trifluperidol Zetidoline Zuclopenthixol Atypical antipsychotics: Amisulpride Asenapine BL-1020 Blonanserin Carpipramine Cinuperone Clocapramine Clorotepine Clotiapine (clothiapine) Clozapine Cyamemazine DHA-clozapine Dixyrazine Elopiprazole Flumezapine Fluperlapine Gevotroline Iloperidone Lurasidone Mazapertine Melperone Molindone Mosapramine Ocaperidone Olanzapine (+fluoxetine) Paliperidone Perospirone Piperacetazine Pipotiazine Piquindone Quetiapine Remoxipride Risperidone Sertindole Tefludazine Tenilapine Tiospirone Veralipride Zicronapine Ziprasidone Zotepine Antiemetics/gastroprokinetics/sedatives: Aceprometazine AS-8112 Alimemazine Alizapride Benzquinamide Bromopride Clebopride Deudomperidone Domperidone Eticlopride Hydroxyzine Itopride Metoclopramide Metopimazine Promethazine Thiethylperazine Trazpiroben Trimethobenzamide Antidepressants: Amoxapine Nefazodone Opipramol Propiomazine Trimipramine Others: 3-PPP ABT-925 (A-437203; LU-201640) Alpiropride Azapride Bromerguride Bromocriptine Buspirone Carmoxirole Desmethoxyfallypride EEDQ F-15063 F-17464 Fallypride Fananserin Fenfluramine Iodobenzamide Isocorypalmine L-741,626 L-745,870 5-Hydroxyindoline Levofenfluramine LEK-8829 Metitepine (methiothepin) N-Methylspiperone Nafadotride Nuciferine Ordopidine PNU-99,194 Pridopidine Raclopride Sarizotan SB-277,011-A Seridopidine Sonepiprazole Spiroxatrine Stepholidine SV-293 Tetrahydropalmatine Tiapride UH-232 XC-130 Yohimbine See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Adrenergics Serotonergics Monoamine reuptake inhibitors Monoamine releasing agents Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins v t e Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators AMPARTooltip α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor Agonists: Main site agonists: 5-Fluorowillardiine Acromelic acid (acromelate) AMPA BOAA Domoic acid Glutamate Ibotenic acid Proline Quisqualic acid Willardiine; Positive allosteric modulators: Aniracetam Cyclothiazide CX-516 CX-546 CX-614 Farampator (CX-691, ORG-24448) CX-717 CX-1739 CX-1942 Diazoxide Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) IDRA-21 LY-392098 LY-395153 LY-404187 LY-451646 LY-503430 Mibampator (LY-451395) Nooglutyl ORG-26576 Oxiracetam PEPA Pesampator (BIIB-104, PF-04958242) Piracetam Pramiracetam S-18986 Tulrampator (S-47445, CX-1632) Antagonists: ACEA-1011 ATPO Becampanel Caroverine CNQX Dasolampanel DNQX Fanapanel (MPQX) GAMS Kaitocephalin Kynurenic acid Kynurenine Licostinel (ACEA-1021) NBQX PNQX Selurampanel Tezampanel Theanine Topiramate YM90K Zonampanel; Negative allosteric modulators: Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental) Cyclopropane Enflurane Ethanol (alcohol) Evans blue GYKI-52466 GYKI-53655 Halothane Irampanel Isoflurane Perampanel Pregnenolone sulfate RAP-219 Sevoflurane Talampanel; Unknown/unsorted antagonists: Minocycline KARTooltip Kainate receptor Agonists: Main site agonists: 5-Bromowillardiine 5-Iodowillardiine Acromelic acid (acromelate) AMPA ATPA Domoic acid Glutamate Ibotenic acid Kainic acid LY-339434 Proline Quisqualic acid SYM-2081; Positive allosteric modulators: Cyclothiazide Diazoxide Enflurane Halothane Isoflurane Antagonists: ACEA-1011 CNQX Dasolampanel DNQX GAMS Kaitocephalin Kynurenic acid Licostinel (ACEA-1021) LY-382884 NBQX NS102 Selurampanel Tezampanel Theanine Topiramate UBP-302; Negative allosteric modulators: Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental) Enflurane Ethanol (alcohol) Evans blue NS-3763 Pregnenolone sulfate NMDARTooltip N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor Agonists: Main site agonists: AMAA Aspartate Glutamate Homocysteic acid (L-HCA) Homoquinolinic acid Ibotenic acid NMDA Proline Quinolinic acid Tetrazolylglycine Theanine; Glycine site agonists: β-Fluoro-D-alanine ACBD ACC (ACPC) ACPD AK-51 Apimostinel (NRX-1074) B6B21 CCG D-Alanine D-Cycloserine D-Serine DHPG Dimethylglycine Glycine HA-966 L-687,414 L-Alanine L-Serine Milacemide Neboglamine (nebostinel) Rapastinel (GLYX-13) Sarcosine; Polyamine site agonists: Neomycin Spermidine Spermine; Other positive allosteric modulators: 24S-Hydroxycholesterol DHEATooltip Dehydroepiandrosterone (prasterone) DHEA sulfate (prasterone sulfate) Epipregnanolone sulfate Plazinemdor Pregnenolone sulfate SAGE-201 SAGE-301 SAGE-718 Antagonists: Competitive antagonists: AP5 (APV) AP7 CGP-37849 CGP-39551 CGP-39653 CGP-40116 CGS-19755 CPP Kaitocephalin LY-233053 LY-235959 LY-274614 MDL-100453 Midafotel (d-CPPene) NPC-12626 NPC-17742 PBPD PEAQX Perzinfotel PPDA SDZ-220581 Selfotel; Glycine site antagonists: 4-Cl-KYN (AV-101) 5,7-DCKA 7-CKA ACC ACEA-1011 ACEA-1328 Apimostinel (NRX-1074) AV-101 Carisoprodol CGP-39653 CNQX D-Cycloserine DNQX Felbamate Gavestinel GV-196771 Harkoseride Kynurenic acid Kynurenine L-689560 L-701324 Licostinel (ACEA-1021) LU-73068 MDL-105519 Meprobamate MRZ 2/576 PNQX Rapastinel (GLYX-13) ZD-9379; Polyamine site antagonists: Arcaine Co 101676 Diaminopropane Diethylenetriamine Huperzine A Putrescine; Uncompetitive pore blockers (mostly dizocilpine site): 2-MDP 3-HO-PCP 3-MeO-PCE 3-MeO-PCMo 3-MeO-PCP 4-MeO-PCP 8A-PDHQ 18-MC α-Endopsychosin Alaproclate Alazocine (SKF-10047) Amantadine Aptiganel Argiotoxin-636 Arketamine ARL-12495 ARL-15896-AR ARL-16247 Budipine CNS-5161 Coronaridine Delucemine (NPS-1506) Dexoxadrol Dextrallorphan Dextromethadone Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Dieticyclidine Diphenidine Dizocilpine Ephenidine Esketamine Etoxadrol Eticyclidine F-17475 Fluorolintane Gacyclidine Ibogaine Ibogamine Indantadol Ketamine Ketobemidone Lanicemine Levomethadone Levomethorphan Levomilnacipran Levorphanol Loperamide Memantine Methadone Methorphan Methoxetamine Methoxphenidine Milnacipran Morphanol NEFA Neramexane Nitromemantine Noribogaine Norketamine Orphenadrine PCPr PD-137889 Pethidine (meperidine) Phencyclamine Phencyclidine Propoxyphene Remacemide Rhynchophylline Rimantadine Rolicyclidine Sabeluzole Tabernanthine Tenocyclidine Tiletamine Tramadol; Ifenprodil (NR2B) site antagonists: Besonprodil Buphenine (nylidrin) CO-101244 (PD-174494) Eliprodil Haloperidol Isoxsuprine Radiprodil (RGH-896) Rislenemdaz (CERC-301, MK-0657) Ro 8-4304 Ro 25-6981 Safaprodil Traxoprodil (CP-101606); NR2A-selective antagonists: MPX-004 MPX-007 TCN-201 TCN-213; Cations: Hydrogen Magnesium Zinc; Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related: Benzene Butane Chloroform Cyclopropane Desflurane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethanol (alcohol) Halothane Hexanol Isoflurane Methoxyflurane Nitrous oxide Octanol Sevoflurane Toluene Trichloroethane Trichloroethanol Trichloroethylene Urethane Xenon Xylene; Unknown/unsorted antagonists: ARR-15896 BQ-869 Bumetanide Caroverine Conantokin D-αAA Dexanabinol Flufenamic acid Flupirtine FPL-12495 FR-115427 Furosemide Hodgkinsine Ipenoxazone (MLV-6976) MDL-27266 Metaphit Minocycline MPEP Niflumic acid Pentamidine Pentamidine isethionate Piretanide Psychotridine Transcrocetin (saffron) Unsorted: Allosteric modulators: AGN-241751 See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators v t e Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators nAChRsTooltip Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors Agonists (and PAMsTooltip positive allosteric modulators) 5-HIAA 6-Chloronicotine A-84,543 A-366,833 A-582,941 A-867,744 ABT-202 ABT-418 ABT-560 Acetylcholine Altinicline Anabasine Anatabine Anatoxin-a AR-R17779 Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate Butinoline Butyrylcholine Carbachol Choline Choline m-bromophenyl ether Cotinine Cytisine Decamethonium Desformylflustrabromine Dianicline Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Epibatidine Epiboxidine Ethanol (alcohol) Ethoxysebacylcholine EVP-4473 EVP-6124 Galantamine GTS-21 Ispronicline Ivermectin JNJ-39393406 Levamisole Lobeline MEM-63,908 (RG-3487) Morantel Nicotine (tobacco) NS-1738 PHA-543,613 PHA-709,829 PNU-120,596 PNU-282,987 Pozanicline Pyrantel Rivanicline RJR-2429 Sazetidine A SB-206553 Sebacylcholine SIB-1508Y SIB-1553A Sofinicline (ABT-894) SSR-180,711 Suberyldicholine Suxamethonium (succinylcholine) Suxethonium (succinyldicholine) TC-1698 TC-1734 TC-1827 TC-2216 TC-5214 TC-5619 TC-6683 Tebanicline Tribendimidine Tropisetron UB-165 Varenicline WAY-317,538 XY-4083 Antagonists (and NAMsTooltip negative allosteric modulators) 18-MAC 18-MC α-Neurotoxins (e.g., α-bungarotoxin, α-cobratoxin, α-conotoxin, many others) ABT-126 Alcuronium Allopregnanolone Amantadine Anatruxonium AQW051 Atracurium Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental) BNC-210 Bungarotoxins (e.g., α-bungarotoxin, κ-bungarotoxin) Bupropion BW284C51 BW-A444 Candocuronium iodide (chandonium iodide) Chlorisondamine Cisatracurium Coclaurine Coronaridine Curare Cyclopropane Dacuronium bromide Decamethonium Dehydronorketamine Desflurane Dextromethorphan Dextropropoxyphene Dextrorphan Diadonium DHβE Dihydrochandonium Dimethyltubocurarine (metocurine) Dioscorine Dipyrandium Dizocilpine (MK-801) Doxacurium Encenicline Enflurane Erythravine Esketamine Fazadinium Gallamine Gantacurium chloride Halothane Hexafluronium Hexamethonium (benzohexonium) Hydroxybupropion Hydroxynorketamine Ibogaine Isoflurane Ketamine Kynurenic acid Laudanosine Laudexium (laudolissin) Levacetylmethadol Levomethadone Malouetine ME-18-MC Mecamylamine Memantine Methadone Methorphan (racemethorphan) Methyllycaconitine Metocurine Mivacurium Morphanol (racemorphan) Neramexane Nitrous oxide Norketamine Pancuronium bromide Pempidine Pentamine Pentolinium Phencyclidine Pipecuronium bromide Progesterone Promegestone Radafaxine Rapacuronium bromide Reboxetine Rocuronium bromide Sevoflurane Stercuronium iodide Surugatoxin Thiocolchicoside Threohydrobupropion Toxiferine Tramadol Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate) Tropeinium Tubocurarine Vanoxerine Vecuronium bromide Xenon Precursors (and prodrugs) Acetyl-coA Adafenoxate Choline (lecithin) Citicoline Cyprodenate Dimethylethanolamine Glycerophosphocholine Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine) Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphorylcholine Pirisudanol See also Receptor/signaling modulators Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators v t e Serotonin receptor modulators 5-HT1 5-HT1A Agonists: 4-F-5-MeO-pyr-T 5-MeO-pip-T 5-MeO-pyr-T 8-OH-DPAT Adatanserin Amphetamine Antidepressants (e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione, vilazodone, vortioxetine) Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, lurasidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone) Azapirones (e.g., buspirone, eptapirone (F-11440), gepirone, perospirone, tandospirone) Bay R 1531 Befiradol (NLX-112; F-13640) BMY-14802 Cannabidiol Dimemebfe Dopamine Ebalzotan Eltoprazine Enciprazine Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) F-11461 F-12826 F-13714 F-14679 F-15063 F-15599 (NLX-101) F-17464 Flesinoxan Flibanserin Flumexadol GR-46611 Hypidone Lesopitron LY-293284 LY-301317 LY-315712 mCPP Naluzotan NBUMP NLX-204 NLX-266 Osemozotan (MKC-242) Oxaflozane Pardoprunox Piclozotan Rauwolscine Repinotan Roxindole RU-24969 S-14506 S-14671 S-15535 Sarizotan Serotonin (5-HT) SSR-181507 Sunepitron Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MT, bufotenin, DMT, indorenate, N-Me-5-HT, psilocin, psilocybin) TGBA01AD TMU4142 U-92016-A Urapidil Vilazodone Xaliproden Yohimbine Positive allosteric modulators: Oleamide Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., iloperidone, risperidone, sertindole) AV965 AZD-3676 Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, cyanopindolol, iodocyanopindolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, pindobind, pindolol, propranolol, tertatolol) BMY-7378 CSP-2503 Dotarizine Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) Flopropione Lecozotan LY-206130 LY-297996 ((–)-LY206130) LY-426965 Mefway Metitepine (methiothepin) MIN-117 (WF-516) MPPF NAN-190 Robalzotan S-15535 SB-272183 SB-649915 SDZ 216-525 Spiperone Spiramide Spiroxatrine UH-301 WAY-100135 WAY-100635 Xylamidine Unknown/unsorted: Acetryptine Carvedilol Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine)) 5-HT1B Agonists: Alniditan Anpirtoline AZ10419369 Benzofurans (e.g., 5-MAPB, 6-MAPB, BK-5-MAPB, BK-6-MAPB) Benzothiophenes (e.g., 5-MAPBT, 6-MAPBT, BK-5-MAPBT) CGS-12066 (CGS-12066A, CGS-12066B) CP-93129 CP-94253 CP-122288 CP-135807 Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) GR-46611 mCPP Methylenedioxyphenethylamines (e.g., MDMA, methylone) PGI-7043 PZKKN-94 RU-24969 Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, IS-159, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan) TFMPP Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, DMT) Vortioxetine Antagonists: AOP-208 (LB-208) AR-A000002 AZD-3676 Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, propranolol, tertatolol) Elzasonan Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) F-12682 F-14258 GR-127935 LY-393558 Metitepine (methiothepin) SB-216641 SB-224289 SB-236057 SB-272183 SB-616234 Trelanserin Yohimbine Negative allosteric modulators: 5-HT-moduline Miscellaneous: HG1 (5-HT-moduline antagonist) Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, ergometrine (ergonovine), lisuride) 5-HT1D Agonists: Alniditan CGS-12066 (CGS-12066A, CGS-12066B) CP-122288 CP-135807 CP-286601 Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LSD, methysergide) GR-46611 L-694247 L-772405 mCPP PNU-109291 PNU-142633 Serotonin (5-HT) TGBA01AD Triptans (e.g., almotriptan, avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, IS-159, naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-Et-DMT, 5-MT, 5-(nonyloxy)tryptamine, DMT) Antagonists: BRL-15572 Elzasonan Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) F-12682 F-14258 GR-127935 Ketanserin LY-310762 LY-367642 LY-393558 LY-456219 LY-456220 Metitepine (methiothepin) Mianserin Ritanserin SB-272183 Yohimbine Ziprasidone Negative allosteric modulators: 5-HT-moduline Unknown/unsorted: Acetryptine Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, lysergol, pergolide) 5-HT1E Agonists: BRL-54443 Ergolines (e.g., methysergide) Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., eletriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., tryptamine) Antagonists: Metitepine (methiothepin) Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine) 5-HT1F Agonists: BRL-54443 CP-122288 Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine) methysergide) Lasmiditan LY-334370 LY-344864 Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., eletriptan, naratriptan, sumatriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-MT) Antagonists: Metitepine (methiothepin) Mianserin Unknown/unsorted: LY-53857 LY-86057 5-HT2 5-HT2A Agonists: 25H/NB series (e.g., 25I-NBF, 25I-NBMD, 25I-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, 25TFM-NBOMe, 2CBCB-NBOMe, 25CN-NBOH, 2CBFly-NBOMe, BMB-202) 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21) 2C-B-FLY 2CB-Ind 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT) α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT) AL-34662 AL-37350A Aporphines and noraporphines (e.g., (S)-glaucine, 11-methoxyasimilobine, 2-hydroxy-11-(2-methylallyl)oxynoraporphine) BMB-201 Bromo-DragonFLY Dimemebfe DMBMPP DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Efavirenz Ergolines (e.g., 1P-LSD, ALD-52, bromocriptine, cabergoline, ergine (LSA), ergometrine (ergonovine), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), pergolide) Flumexadol IHCH-7113 Jimscaline Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) O-4310 Oxaflozane PHA-57378 PNU-22394 PNU-181731 RH-34 SCHEMBL5334361 Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline) Piperazines (e.g., BZP, quipazine, TFMPP, VCU-1012) Serotonin (5-HT) TCB-2 TFMFly Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Positive allosteric modulators: AB0124 CTW0404 CTW0419 JPC0323 (R)-Glaucine Oleamide Antagonists: 5-I-R91150 5-MeO-NBpBrT AC-90179 Adatanserin Altanserin Antihistamines (e.g., cyproheptadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, perlapine) AMDA Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amperozide, aripiprazole, asenapine, blonanserin, brexpiprazole, carpipramine, clocapramine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, gevotroline, iloperidone, lurasidone, melperone, mosapramine, ocaperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, zicronapine, ziprasidone, zotepine) Barettin Butanserin Chlorprothixene Cinanserin CSP-2503 Deramciclane DLX-2270 Dotarizine DSP-6745 Eplivanserin Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, LY-53857, LY-215840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) Fananserin FCE-24379 Flibanserin Glemanserin Irindalone KB-128 Ketanserin KML-010 Landipirdine LY03017 LY-393558 mCPP Medifoxamine Metitepine (methiothepin) Metrenperone MIN-117 (WF-516) MT-1207 Naftidrofuryl Nantenine Nelotanserin NH130 Opiranserin (VVZ-149) Pelanserin Phenoxybenzamine Pimavanserin Pirenperone Pizotifen Pruvanserin R-96544 R-102444 Rauwolscine Ritanserin Roluperidone S-14671 SpAMDA Sarpogrelate Seganserin Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, lubazodone, mepiprazole, nefazodone, triazoledione, trazodone) Temanogrel Teniloxazine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) TGBA01AD Trelanserin Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, loxapine, perphenazine, pimozide, pipamperone, prochlorperazine, setoperone, spiperone, spiramide, thioridazine, thiothixene, trifluoperazine) Volinanserin Xylamidine Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergotamine, nicergoline) 5-HT2B Agonists: 4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Amphetamines (e.g., chlorphentermine, cloforex, dexfenfluramine, fenfluramine, levofenfluramine, norfenfluramine) BW-723C86 DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) Piperazines (e.g., TFMPP) PNU-22394 Ro60-0175 Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, α-Me-5-HT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Antagonists: 1-Methylmedmain Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, N-desalkylquetiapine (norquetiapine), N-desmethylclozapine (norclozapine), olanzapine, pipamperone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone) Cyproheptadine EGIS-7625 Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, lisuride, LY-53857, LY-272015, mesulergine) KB-128 Ketanserin LY-393558 mCPP Medmain Metadoxine Metitepine (methiothepin) Minaprine MW073 Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol PRX-08066 Rauwolscine Ritanserin RS-127445 Sarpogrelate SB-200646 SB-204741 SB-206553 SB-215505 SB-221284 SB-228357 SDZ SER-082 Tegaserod Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine) Trazodone Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine) TIK-301 Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine)) 5-HT2C Agonists: 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21) 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT) α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT) A-372159 AL-38022A Alstonine Aporphines and noraporphines (e.g., MQ02-439, (S)-glaucine, nornuciferine, asimilobine, 11-chloroasimilobine, 11-methoxyasimilobine) ATHX-105 Bexicaserin BMB-101 BMB-105 BMB-201 Centhaquine CP-809101 Dimemebfe DLX-2270 DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Ergolines (e.g., ALD-52, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergine (LSA), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, pergolide) Flumexadol KB-128 Lorcaserin Lumocaserin LY03020 MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) MK-212 ORG-12962 ORG-37684 Oxaflozane PHA-57378 Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline) Piperazines (e.g., aripiprazole, BZP, mCPP, quipazine, TFMPP) PNU-22394 PNU-181731 PRX-00933 (BVT-933; GW-876167) Ro60-0175 Ro60-0213 Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine, CPI-CG-8) Vabicaserin VR-1065 WAY-629 WAY-161503 YM-348 Positive allosteric modulators: CTW0415 CYD-1-79 JPC0323 Oleamide PNU-69176E VA012 VA240 Antagonists: Adatanserin Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, melperone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone, zotepine) Captodiame CEPC Cinanserin Cyproheptadine Deramciclane Desmetramadol Dotarizine DSP-6745 Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, LY-53857, LY-215840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) Etoperidone Fluoxetine FR260010 Irindalone Ketanserin Ketotifen Latrepirdine (dimebolin) LY03017 Medifoxamine Metitepine (methiothepin) Nefazodone Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol Ritanserin RS-102221 S-14671 SB-200646 SB-206553 SB-221284 SB-228357 SB-242084 SB-243213 SB-247853 SDZ SER-082 Seganserin Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) TIK-301 Tramadol Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine, pimozide, pipamperone, thioridazine) Xylamidine Unknown/unsorted: Efavirenz Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), methylergometrine (methylergonovine)) 5-HT3–7 5-HT3 Agonists: Alcohols (e.g., butanol, ethanol (alcohol), trichloroethanol) m-CPBG Phenylbiguanide Piperazines (e.g., BZP, mCPP, quipazine) RS-56812 Serotonin (5-HT) SR-57227 SR-57227A Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-CT, bufotenidine (5-HTQ)) Volatiles/gases (e.g., halothane, isoflurane, toluene, trichloroethane) YM-31636 Positive allosteric modulators: 5-Aminoindole 5-Chloroindole 5-Hydroxyindole Catechol Chloroform meta-Chlorophenylbiguanide (mCPBG) Colchicine Ethanol (alcohol) Halothane Indole Isoflurane TMPPAA Antagonists: Alosetron Anpirtoline Arazasetron AS-8112 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine) Azasetron Batanopride Bemesetron (MDL-72222) Cilansetron CSP-2503 Dazopride Dolasetron Galanolactone Granisetron Itasetron Lerisetron Memantine Ondansetron Palonosetron Ramosetron Renzapride Ricasetron Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine) Thujone Tropanserin Tropisetron Typical antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine) Volatiles/gases (e.g., nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, xenon) Vortioxetine Zacopride Zatosetron Negative allosteric modulators: Bupropion Colchicine Hydroxybupropion Unknown/unsorted: Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT4 Agonists: 5-MT BIMU8 Capeserod Cinitapride Cisapride CJ-033466 Dazopride Metoclopramide Minesapride Mosapride Prucalopride PRX-03140 Renzapride RS-67333 RS-67506 Serotonin (5-HT) Tegaserod Usmarapride Velusetrag Zacopride Antagonists: GR-113808 GR-125487 L-Lysine Piboserod RS-39604 RS-67532 SB-203186 SB-204070 5-HT5A Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), ergotamine, LSD) Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT) UCSF648 Valerenic acid Antagonists: Asenapine Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Metitepine (methiothepin) Ritanserin SB-699551 Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., metergoline, methysergide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT6 Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide) Hypidone Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, Bufotenin, E-6801, E-6837, EMD-386088, EMDT, LY-586713, N-Me-5-HT, ST-1936, tryptamine) WAY-181187 WAY-208466 Antagonists: ABT-354 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, tiospirone) AVN-101 AVN-211 AVN-322 AVN-397 BGC20-760 BVT-5182 BVT-74316 Cerlapirdine EGIS-12233 GW-742457 Idalopirdine Ketanserin Landipirdine Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Masupirdine Metitepine (methiothepin) MS-245 PRX-07034 PZKKN-94 Ritanserin Ro 04-6790 Ro 63-0563 SB-258585 SB-271046 SB-357134 SB-399885 SB-742457 Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine) Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), bromocriptine, lergotrile, pergolide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT7 Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT AS-19 Bifeprunox E-55888 Ergolines (e.g., LSD) LP-12 LP-44 LP-211 RU-24969 Sarizotan Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., frovatriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MT, bufotenin, N-Me-5-HT) Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole, tiospirone, ziprasidone, zotepine) Butaclamol DR-4485 DSP-6745 EGIS-12233 Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), amesergide, bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LY-53857, LY-215840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) JNJ-18038683 Ketanserin LY-215840 Metitepine (methiothepin) Ritanserin SB-258719 SB-258741 SB-269970 SB-656104 SB-656104A SB-691673 SLV-313 SLV-314 Spiperone SSR-181507 Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., acetophenazine, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, fluphenazine, loxapine, pimozide) Vortioxetine Negative allosteric modulators: Oleamide Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, pergolide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Adrenergics Dopaminergics Melatonergics Monoamine reuptake inhibitors and releasing agents Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins v t e Sigma receptor modulators σ1 Agonists: 3-PPP 4-PPBP 5-MeO-DMT Alazocine (SKF-10047) Amantadine ANAVEX 1-41 ANAVEX 3-71 (AF710B) Arketamine BD-737 BD-1052 Blarcamesine (ANAVEX 2-73) Captodiame Citalopram CGRPTooltip Calcitonin gene-related peptide Cloperastine Cocaine Cutamesine (SA-4503) Cyclazocine Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (prasterone) Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) (prasterone sulfate) Dextrallorphan Dextromethorphan (DXM) Dextrorphan (DXO) Dimemorfan Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) Ditolylguanidine (DTG) Donepezil Eliprodil Escitalopram Fabomotizole (afobazole) Fluoxetine Fluvoxamine Ifenprodil Igmesine (JO-1784) IPAB Ketamine L-687384 MDMA (midomafetamine) Memantine Methamphetamine Methoxetamine Methylphenidate Nepinalone Neuropeptide Y Noscapine OPC-14523 Opipramol Pentazocine Pentoxyverine (carbetapentane) PRE-084 Pregnenolone Pregnenolone sulfate Pridopidine Racemethorphan (methorphan) Racemorphan (morphanol) UMB-23 UMB-82 Antagonists: 3-PPP AC-927 BD-1008 BD-1031 BD-1047 BD-1060 BD-1063 BD-1067 BMY-14802 (BMS-181100) CM-156 Dup-734 E-5842 E-52862 (S1RA) Haloperidol LR-132 LR-172 MS-377 NE-100 NPC-16377 Panamesine (EMD-57455) PD-144418 Pentazocine Progesterone Rimcazole (BW-234U) Sertraline SR-31742A Allosteric modulators: Phenytoin; Positive: Methylphenylpiracetam SOMCL-668 Unknown/unsorted: 3-Methoxydextrallorphan 3-MeO-PCP 4C-T-2 4-IBP 4-IPBS 4-MeO-PCP 5-MeO-DALT 5-MeO-DiPT Amitriptyline Azidopamil Chlorpromazine Clemastine Clomipramine Clorgiline D-Deprenyl DiPTTooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine DPTTooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine Ibogaine Imipramine KCR-12-83.1 Nemonapride Noribogaine RHL-033 RS-67,333 RTI-55 Saffron Safinamide Selegiline Spipethiane Trifluoperazine W-18 YKP10A σ2 Agonists: 3-PPP Arketamine BD-1047 BD1063 Ditolylguanidine (DTG) DKR-1005 DKR-1051 Haloperidol Ifenprodil Ketamine MDMA (midomafetamine) Methamphetamine OPC-14523 Opipramol PB-28 Phencyclidine Siramesine (Lu 28-179) UKH-1114 Antagonists: AC-927 BD-1008 BD-1067 CM-156 LR-172 MIN-101 Panamesine (EMD-57455) SAS-0132 Zervimesine (CT-1812) Unknown/unsorted: 3-Methoxydextrallorphan 3-MeO-PCE 4-MeO-PCP 5-MeO-DALT 5-MeO-DiPT Clemastine DiPTTooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine DPTTooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine Ibogaine Lu 29-252 Nemonapride Nepinalone Noribogaine Pentazocine RS-67,333 Safinamide TMATooltip 3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine UMB-23 UMB-82 W-18 Unsorted Agonists: Berberine Ethylketazocine Fourphit Metaphit Naluzotan Tapentadol Tenocyclidine Antagonists: AHD1 AZ66 Lamotrigine Naloxone SM-21 UMB-100 UMB-101 UMB-103 UMB-116 YZ-011 YZ-069 YZ-185 Allosteric modulators: SKF-83959 Unknown/unsorted: 18-Methoxycoronaridine BMY-13980 Butaclamol Caramiphen Carvotroline Chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine) Chlorpromazine Cinnarizine Cinuperone Clocapramine Dezocine EMD-59983 Hypericin (St. John's wort) Fluphenazine Gevotroline (WY-47384) Mepyramine (pyrilamine) Molindone Perphenazine Pimozide Proadifen Promethazine Propranolol Quinidine Remoxipride SL 82.0715 SR-31747A Tiospirone (BMY-13859) Venlafaxine See also: Receptor/signaling modulators

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Memantine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memantine) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memantine?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.