# Melaspilea

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{{Short description|Genus of lichen-forming fungi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=October 2025}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = 2014-09-13 Melaspilea ochrothalamia Nyl 455383.jpg
| image_caption = ''[Melaspilea ochrothalamia](/source/Melaspilea_ochrothalamia)'', found in [Sintra](/source/Sintra), Portugal
| taxon = Melaspilea
| authority = [Nyl.](/source/Nyl.) (1857)
| type_species = ''[Melaspilea arthonioides](/source/Melaspilea_arthonioides)''
| type_species_authority = ([A.Massal.](/source/A.Massal.)) Nyl. (1857)
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy"/><ref name="2024 Outline"/>
| synonyms = *''Celidium'' sect. ''Melaspileella'' {{au|[P.Karst.](/source/P.Karst.) (1885)}}
*''Hazslinszkya'' {{au|[Körb.](/source/K%C3%B6rb.) (1861)}}
*''Melanographa'' {{au|[Müll.Arg.](/source/M%C3%BCll.Arg.) (1882)}}
*''Melaspileomyces'' {{au|[Cif.](/source/Cif.) & [Tomas.](/source/Tomas.) (1953)}}
*''Stictographa'' {{au|[Mudd](/source/William_Mudd) (1861)}}
*''Eremithallus'' {{au|[Lücking](/source/Robert_L%C3%BCcking), [Lumbsch](/source/Helge_Thorsten_Lumbsch) & L.Umaña (2008)}}
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
}}

'''''Melaspilea''''' is a [genus](/source/genus) of [fungi](/source/fungi) in the family [Melaspileaceae](/source/Melaspileaceae).<ref name="2024 Outline"/> The genus includes both [lichen](/source/lichen)-forming species that grow on tree bark and [lichenicolous](/source/lichenicolous_fungus) species that [parasitise](/source/parasitism) other lichens. Originally, ''Melaspilea'' encompassed a broad and diverse group of species, but a 2015 [molecular](/source/molecular_phylogenetics) study narrowed its [circumscription](/source/circumscription_(taxonomy)), showing that many species historically placed in the genus actually belonged to unrelated [lineages](/source/lineage_(evolution)). In its current sense, ''Melaspilea'' belongs to the family Melaspileaceae and order [Eremithallales](/source/Eremithallales) within [Dothideomycetes](/source/Dothideomycetes) and is characterised by dark [fruiting bodies](/source/fruiting_bodies) with single-[septum](/source/septum) spores. The genus has a worldwide distribution but is particularly diverse in [tropical](/source/tropical) regions, with species primarily found growing on the bark of trees and woody plants.

==Taxonomy==

The genus was established by the Finnish lichenologist [William Nylander](/source/William_Nylander_(botanist)) in 1857. In his original description, Nylander characterized ''Melaspilea'' as having a thin or inconspicuous thallus and a black [apothecium](/source/apothecium) with a superficial or simple {{lichengloss|disc}} that is often convex. The genus was distinguished by its discrete [paraphyses](/source/paraphyses), ovoid to somewhat uncoloured single [septum](/source/septum) [spore](/source/spore)s measuring 8&nbsp;[micrometre](/source/micrometre)s, and lack of a [hymenial](/source/hymenium) gelatin. The [type species](/source/type_species), ''M.&nbsp;arthonioides'', was described from specimens collected on ash trees (''Fraxinus'') near [Philippeville](/source/Philippeville), Algeria. Nylander noted that while the species was rare in France, particularly on elm trees, it was not truly found there in a well-developed state. He also described a second species, ''M.&nbsp;deformis'', characterized by its reduced thallus, small or medium-sized rounded or deformed apothecium, and occurrence on oak, walnut, and ash trees in Switzerland.<ref name="Nylander 1857"/>

For much of its history, names placed in ''Melaspilea'' formed a heterogeneous assemblage with uncertain rank and placement; different authors treated parts of the group in [Arthoniomycetes](/source/Arthoniomycetes), [Graphidales](/source/Graphidales), [Patellariaceae](/source/Patellariaceae) and Buelliaceae, or as [lichenicolous](/source/lichenicolous_fungus) outliers, reflecting the lack of a stable circumscription.<ref name="Ertz & Diederich 2015"/>

A multi-[locus](/source/locus_(genetics)) phylogenetic study in 2015 dismantled the broad, traditional concept of the genus and family. It showed that ''Melaspilea'' (in the broad sense) is [polyphyletic](/source/polyphyletic): ''Melaspilea'' in the strict sense belongs in the order [Eremithallales](/source/Eremithallales) within [Dothideomycetes](/source/Dothideomycetes), together with the rock-dwelling genus ''[Encephalographa](/source/Encephalographa)''; [Eremithallaceae](/source/Eremithallaceae) is treated as a synonym of [Melaspileaceae](/source/Melaspileaceae). In the same work, the authors subsumed ''Eremithallus'' into ''Melaspilea'' and made the new combinations ''[Melaspilea costaricensis](/source/Melaspilea_costaricensis)'', ''[Melaspilea enteroleuca](/source/Melaspilea_enteroleuca)'' and ''[Melaspilea urceolata](/source/Melaspilea_urceolata)''. Many other species historically assigned to ''Melaspilea'' were shown to belong in [Asterinales](/source/Asterinales) and are best treated in segregate genera such as ''[Melaspileella](/source/Melaspileella)'', ''[Melaspileopsis](/source/Melaspileopsis)'' and ''[Stictographa](/source/Stictographa)''. The revised framework reflects that superficially similar dark, 1-septate ascomata have evolved repeatedly in unrelated lineages, and that lichenised and lichenicolous lifestyles are intermingled within Asterinales.<ref name="Ertz & Diederich 2015"/>

==Description==

''Melaspilea'' (in the strict sense) forms a thin, whitish, bark-inhabiting ([corticolous](/source/corticolous_lichen)) thallus with a {{lichengloss|trentepohlioid}} green-algal partner (''[Trentepohlia](/source/Trentepohlia_(alga))''). The ascomata are usually rounded to short-{{lichengloss|lirelliform}}, immersed at first, then {{lichengloss|erumpent}} and finally superficial, with a flat to slightly convex disc bordered by a low, sometimes lobulate margin. The {{lichengloss|exciple}} is dark reddish-brown and turns olive-brown with [potassium hydroxide](/source/potassium_hydroxide) solution (K+ olivaceous). The hymenium is non-[amyloid](/source/amyloid_(mycology)) (does not turn blue with iodine).<ref name="Ertz & Diederich 2015"/>

[Asci](/source/ascus) are elongate {{lichengloss|clavate}} to somewhat cylindrical with a thickened apex and a distinct {{lichengloss|ocular chamber}}, each typically containing eight 1-septate [ascospore](/source/ascospore)s. The spores are [ellipsoid](/source/ellipsoid), smooth, [hyaline](/source/hyaline) when young and brown at maturity, and commonly constricted at the septum. In some material a gelatinous sheath becomes blue after KOH pretreatment followed by iodine (K/I-positive), but the taxonomic weight of this sheath is uncertain. Filamentous [paraphyses](/source/paraphyses) are {{lichengloss|simple}} to branched and not markedly swollen at the tips. Reports of {{lichengloss|photobiont}} cell clusters within bark {{lichengloss|periderm}} cells connected to the apothecia by hyaline [hypha](/source/hypha)e pertain to Central American material formerly segregated as ''Eremithallus'' and are not considered diagnostic for the genus as currently circumscribed.<ref name="Ertz & Diederich 2015"/>

==Habitat, distribution, and ecology==

Species of ''Melaspilea'' are primarily [corticolous](/source/corticolous_lichen), meaning they grow on the bark of trees and woody plants. The genus has a worldwide distribution but appears more diverse in [tropical](/source/tropical) regions, though it is also well-represented in [temperate](/source/temperate) areas. For example, eleven species have been accepted in the lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland.<ref name="Ertz & Diederich 2015"/> ''M.&nbsp;enteroleuca'' is consistently corticolous on old trees and has records across much of Europe, with reports in North Africa and Asia; by contrast, ''M.&nbsp;urceolata'' is American. ''M.&nbsp;costaricensis'' (the former ''Eremithallus'') is confirmed from Costa Rica and [Saba](/source/Saba_(island)).<ref name="Ertz & Diederich 2015"/>

==Species==
thumb|right|''Melaspilea lentiginosa''
{{As of|2025|October}}, [Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum) (in the [Catalogue of Life](/source/Catalogue_of_Life)) accept 59 species of ''Melaspilea''.<ref name="CoL_5NMG"/> Many names historically placed in ''Melaspilea'' have been shown to belong in [Asterinales](/source/Asterinales) (e.g., ''[Melaspileella](/source/Melaspileella)'', ''[Melaspileopsis](/source/Melaspileopsis)'', ''[Stictographa](/source/Stictographa)'', ''[Karschia](/source/Karschia)'') rather than ''Melaspilea'' in the strict sense.<ref name="Ertz & Diederich 2015"/>
*''[Melaspilea amarkantakensis](/source/Melaspilea_amarkantakensis)'' {{au|S.Joseph & G.P.Sinha (2015)}}<ref name="Joseph & Sinha 2015"/>
*''[Melaspilea amota](/source/Melaspilea_amota)'' {{au|Nyl. (1867)}}<ref name="Nylander 1867"/>
*''[Melaspilea arthonioides](/source/Melaspilea_arthonioides)'' {{au|(A.Massal.) Nyl. (1857)}}
*''[Melaspilea atacamensis](/source/Melaspilea_atacamensis)'' {{au|C.W.Dodge (1967)}}<ref name="Dodge 1967"/>
*''[Melaspilea atroides](/source/Melaspilea_atroides)'' {{au|Coppins (1992)}}<ref name="Coppins et al. 1992"/> – Europe
*''[Melaspilea bagliettoana](/source/Melaspilea_bagliettoana)'' {{au|Zahlbr. (1904)}}<ref name="Zahlbruckner 1904"/>
*''[Melaspilea chilena](/source/Melaspilea_chilena)'' {{au|C.W.Dodge (1969)}}<ref name="Dodge 1968"/> – South America
*''[Melaspilea congregans](/source/Melaspilea_congregans)'' {{au|Müll.Arg. (1891)}}<ref name="Müller 1891"/>
*''[Melaspilea congregantula](/source/Melaspilea_congregantula)'' {{au|Müll.Arg. (1895)}}<ref name="Müller 1895"/>
*''[Melaspilea constrictella](/source/Melaspilea_constrictella)'' {{au|(Stirt.) A.L.Sm. (1911)}}
*''[Melaspilea coquimbensis](/source/Melaspilea_coquimbensis)'' {{au|C.W.Dodge (1967)}}<ref name="Dodge 1967"/>
*''[Melaspilea costaricensis](/source/Melaspilea_costaricensis)'' {{au|(Lücking, Lizano & Chaves)<ref name="Lücking et al. 2008"/> Ertz & Diederich (2015)}}
*''[Melaspilea diplasiospora](/source/Melaspilea_diplasiospora)'' {{au|(Nyl.) Müll.Arg. (1887)}}
*''[Melaspilea enteroleuca](/source/Melaspilea_enteroleuca)'' {{au|(Ach.) Ertz & Diederich (2015)}}
*''[Melaspilea galligena](/source/Melaspilea_galligena)'' {{au|Zhurb. & Zhdanov (2013)}}<ref name="Zhurbenko & Zhdanov 2013"/> – Russia
*''[Melaspilea gemella](/source/Melaspilea_gemella)'' {{au|(Eschw.) Nyl. (1867)}}
*''[Melaspilea granitophila](/source/Melaspilea_granitophila)'' {{au|(Th.Fr.) Coppins (1989)}}<ref name="Coppins 1989"/>
*''[Melaspilea hyparctica](/source/Melaspilea_hyparctica)'' {{au|K.Holm & L.Holm (1993)}}<ref name="Holm & Holm 1993"/>
*''[Melaspilea interjecta](/source/Melaspilea_interjecta)'' {{au|(Leight.) A.L.Sm. (1911)}}
*''[Melaspilea lecideopsoidea](/source/Melaspilea_lecideopsoidea)'' {{au|(Rehm) K.Holm & L.Holm (1986)}}<ref name="Holm & Holm 1986"/>
*''[Melaspilea leciographoides](/source/Melaspilea_leciographoides)'' {{au|Vouaux (1913)}}<ref name="Vouaux 1913"/>
*''[Melaspilea lekae](/source/Melaspilea_lekae)'' {{au|Brackel & Kalb (2012)}}<ref name="Kalb et al. 2012"/>
*''[Melaspilea lentiginosa](/source/Melaspilea_lentiginosa)'' {{au|(Lyell ex Leight.) Müll.Arg. (1887)}}
*''[Melaspilea lentiginosula](/source/Melaspilea_lentiginosula)'' {{au|(Nyl.) A.L.Sm. (1911)}}
*''[Melaspilea leucina](/source/Melaspilea_leucina)'' {{au|(Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. (1887)}}
*''[Melaspilea mangrovei](/source/Melaspilea_mangrovei)'' {{au|Vrijmoed, K.D.Hyde & E.B.G.Jones (1996)}}<ref name="Vrijmoed et al. 1996"/>
*''[Melaspilea microcarpa](/source/Melaspilea_microcarpa)'' {{au|(Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. (1887)}}
*''[Melaspilea ochrothalamia](/source/Melaspilea_ochrothalamia)'' {{au|Nyl. (1865)}}<ref name="Nylander 1865"/>
*''[Melaspilea opegraphoides](/source/Melaspilea_opegraphoides)'' {{au|Nyl. (1863)}}<ref name="Nylander 1863"/>
*''[Melaspilea santiagensis](/source/Melaspilea_santiagensis)'' {{au|C.W.Dodge (1969)}}<ref name="Dodge 1968"/> – South America
*''[Melaspilea saxicola](/source/Melaspilea_saxicola)'' {{au|C.W.Dodge (1969)}}<ref name="Dodge 1968"/> – South America
*''[Melaspilea stellaris](/source/Melaspilea_stellaris)'' {{au|Müll.Arg. (1895)}}<ref name="Müller 1895"/>
*''[Melaspilea sudzuhensis](/source/Melaspilea_sudzuhensis)'' {{au|Makar. (1976)}}
*''[Melaspilea tucumana](/source/Melaspilea_tucumana)'' {{au|Flakus, Etayo & Kukwa (2014)}}<ref name="Flakus et al. 2014"/> – Bolivia
*''[Melaspilea urceolata](/source/Melaspilea_urceolata)'' {{au|(Fr.) Ertz & Diederich (2015)}}
*''[Melaspilea zerovii](/source/Melaspilea_zerovii)'' {{au|Makar. & Knyazheva (1974)}}<ref name="Kopachevskaya et al. 1977"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name="CoL_5NMG">{{Catalogue of Life |id=5NMG |title=''Melaspilea'' |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="Coppins 1989">{{cite journal |last=Coppins |first=B.J. |year=1989 |title=Notes on the Arthoniaceae in the British Isles |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=195–216 |doi=10.1017/S0024282989000435 |bibcode=1989ThLic..21..195C }}</ref>

<ref name="Coppins et al. 1992">{{cite journal |last1=Coppins |first1=B.J. |last2=James |first2=P.W. |last3=Hawksworth |first3=D.L. |title=New species and combinations in the lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=24 |issue=4 |year=1992 |pages=351–369 |doi=10.1017/S0024282992000471 |bibcode=1992ThLic..24..351C }}</ref>

<ref name="Dodge 1967">{{cite journal |last=Dodge |first=C.W. |year=1967 |title=New lichens from Chile |journal=Nova Hedwigia |volume=12 |pages=307–352}}</ref>

<ref name="Dodge 1968">{{cite journal |last1=Dodge |first1=C.W. |year=1968 |title=New lichens from Chile – II |journal=Nova Hedwigia |volume=16 |pages=481–494}}</ref>

<ref name="Ertz & Diederich 2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Ertz |first1=Damien |last2=Diederich |first2=Paul |year=2015 |title=Dismantling Melaspileaceae: a first phylogenetic study of ''Buelliella'', ''Hemigrapha'', ''Karschia'', ''Labrocarpon'' and ''Melaspilea'' |journal=Fungal Diversity |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=141–164 |doi=10.1007/s13225-015-0321-1}}</ref>

<ref name="Flakus et al. 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Flakus |first1=Adam |last2=Etayo |first2=Javier |last3=Kukwa |first3=Martin |title=''Melaspilea tucumana'', a new gall-forming lichenicolous fungus from the tropical Andes in Bolivia |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=46 |issue=5 |year=2014 |doi=10.1017/S0024282914000188 |pages=657–662 |bibcode=2014ThLic..46..657F |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271272576}}</ref>

<ref name="Holm & Holm 1986">{{cite journal |last1=Holm |first1=K. |last2=Holm |first2=L. |year=1986 |title=Kleinpilze auf ''Dryas''-Stämmchen |trans-title=Microfungi on ''Dryas'' Stems |journal=Sydowia |volume=38 |pages=136–145 |language=de}}</ref>

<ref name="Holm & Holm 1993">{{cite journal |last1=Holm |first1=K. |last2=Holm |first2=L. |year=1993 |title=Dryadicolous Ascomycetes from Svalbard |journal=Bibliotheca Mycologica |volume=150 |pages=53–62}}</ref>

<ref name="Joseph & Sinha 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Joseph |first1=S. |last2=Sinha |first2=G.P. |year=2015 |title=The lichenicolous species of ''Melaspilea'' (Melaspileaceae) in India |journal=Taiwania |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=18–22 |doi=10.6165/tai.2015.60.18 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Kalb et al. 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Kalb |first1=K. |last2=Buaruang |first2=K. |last3=Mongkolsuk |first3=P. |last4=Boonpragob |first4=K. |year=2012 |title=New or otherwise interesting lichens. VI, including a lichenicolous fungus |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=35–47 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.42.1.5 |bibcode=2012Phytx..42...35K |url=http://publication.plazi.org/id/E5454611FF9BEA2C5E1EF757FF80FF83 }}</ref>

<ref name="Kopachevskaya et al. 1977">{{cite book |editor-last1=Kopachevskaya |editor-first=E.G. |editor-last2=Makarevicz |editor-first2=M.F. |editor-last3=Oxner |editor-first3=A.N. |year=1977 |title=Определитель лишайников СССР |trans-title=Handbook of the Lichens of the USSR |volume=4 |location=Leningrad |publisher=Nauka |page=228 |language=ru}}</ref>

<ref name="Lücking et al. 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Lücking |first1=Robert |last2=Lumbsch |first2=H. Thorsten |last3=Di Stéfano |first3=José F. |last4=Lizano |first4=Daniela |last5=Carranza |first5=Julieta |last6=Bernecker |first6=Andrea |last7=Chaves |first7=José Luis |last8=Umafia |first8=Loengrin |year=2008 |title=''Eremithallus costaricensis'' (Ascomycota: Lichinomycetes: Eremothallales), a new fungal lineage with a novel lichen symbiotic lifestyle discovered in an urban relict forest in Costa Rica |journal=Symbiosis |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=161–170 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287602956}}</ref>

<ref name="Müller 1891">{{cite journal |last=Müller |first=J. |year=1891 |title=Lichenes Brisbanenses a cl. F.M. Bailey, Government Botanist, prope Brisbane (Queensland) in Australia orientali lecti |trans-title=Lichens of Brisbane collected by F.M. Bailey, Government Botanist, near Brisbane (Queensland) in eastern Australia |journal=Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=385–404}}</ref>

<ref name="Müller 1895">{{cite journal |last=Müller |first=J. |year=1895 |title=Sertum Australiense s. species novae Australienses Thelotremearum, Graphidearum et Pyrenocarpearum |trans-title=The Australian Garland or New Australian Species of ''Thelotrema'', ''Graphidea'', and ''Pyrenocarpa'' |journal=Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier |volume=3 |pages=313–327 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33964173 |language=la}}</ref>

<ref name="Nylander 1857">{{cite journal |last=Nylander |first=W. |year=1857 |title=Prodromus lichenographiae Galliae et Algeriae |trans-title=Preliminary work on the lichens of France and Algeria |journal=Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=249–467 [416] |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3356096}}</ref>

<ref name="Nylander 1863">{{cite journal |last=Nylander |first=W. |year=1863 |title=Lichenographia Novogranatensis prodromus |trans-title=Preliminary work on the lichens of New Granada |journal=Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=415–504 |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13599160}}</ref>

<ref name="Nylander 1865">{{cite journal |last=Nylander |first=W. |year=1865 |title=Adhuc novitiae quaedam Lichenum Europae variarum tribuum |trans-title=Some further new additions to European lichens of various tribes |journal=Flora (Regensburg) |volume=48 |pages=353–358 |language=la}}</ref>

<ref name="Nylander 1867">{{cite journal |last=Nylander |first=W. |year=1867 |title=Addenda nova ad lichenographiam Europaeam. Cont. IV |trans-title=New additions to European lichenography. Continuation IV |journal=Flora (Regensburg) |volume=50 |pages=177–180 |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57566}}</ref>

<ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy">{{cite web |title=Synonymy: ''Melaspilea'' Nyl., Act. Soc. linn. Bordeaux 21(4): 416 (1857) [1856] |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=3094 |publisher=[Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum) |access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="Vouaux 1913">{{cite journal |last1=Vouaux |first1=L. |year=1913 |title=Synopsis des champignons parasites de lichens |trans-title=Synopsis of parasitic fungi on lichens |journal=Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France |volume=29 |pages=447–494 |language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Vrijmoed et al. 1996">{{cite journal |last1=Vrijmoed |first1=L.L.P. |last2=Hyde |first2=K.D. |last3=Jones |first3=E.B.G. |year=1996 |title=''Melaspilea mangrovei'' sp. nov., from Australian and Hong Kong mangroves |journal=Mycological Research |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=291–294 |doi=10.1016/S0953-7562(96)80156-0}}</ref>

<ref name="Zahlbruckner 1904">{{cite journal |last=Zahlbruckner |first=A. |year=1904 |title=Schedae ad "Kryptogamas exsiccatas" editae a Museo Palatino Vindobonensi. Centuria X–XI |journal=Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien |volume=19 |pages=379–427 |language=de}}</ref>

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}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q10580981}}

Category:Dothideomycetes
Category:Dothideomycetes genera
Category:Lichen genera
Category:Lichenicolous fungi
Category:Taxa described in 1857
Category:Taxa named by William Nylander (botanist)

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Melaspilea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaspilea) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaspilea?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.