# Meena

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Ethnic group in western India

This article is about the Meena tribe of India. For other uses, see [Meena (disambiguation)](/source/Meena_(disambiguation)).

Ethnic group

Meena 1888 picture of Meenas Total population 5 million[1] (2011 Census) Regions with significant populations India Languages Hindi, Mewari, Marwari, Dhundari, Harauti, Mewati, Wagdi, Malvi, Bhili etc.[2][3] Religion Hinduism Islam and Others Related ethnic groups • Bhil • Parihar • Meo

**Meena** (pronounced [\[miːɳa\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu)) is a tribe from northern and western [India](/source/India) which is sometimes considered a sub-group of the [Bhil](/source/Bhil) community.[4][5] They received the status of [Scheduled Tribe](/source/Scheduled_Tribe) by the [Government of India](/source/Government_of_India) in 1954.[6]

## Ethnography

Mina caste man in 1898

The Meenas were originally a [nomadic tribe](/source/Nomadic_tribe).[7][8] They were described as a semi-wild and [hill tribe](/source/Hill_tribe) similar to the [Bhils](/source/Bhils).[9] During the [British Raj](/source/British_Raj) in India, the British Government classified them as a "criminal tribe" under the [Criminal Tribes Act](/source/Criminal_Tribes_Act).[10] Presently they are described as a [Scheduled Tribe](/source/Scheduled_Tribe) by the [Indian Government](/source/Indian_Government).[11]

## Geography

Currently, they are present in the states of [Rajasthan](/source/Rajasthan), [Madhya Pradesh](/source/Madhya_Pradesh), [Maharashtra](/source/Maharashtra), [Uttar Pradesh](/source/Uttar_Pradesh), [Punjab](/source/Punjab) and [Haryana](/source/Haryana) and the [Union Territory of Delhi](/source/Union_Territory_of_Delhi) in [India](/source/India).[11]

## History

### Origin

Minas

The Meenas claim a mythological descent from the [Matsya](/source/Matsya) avatar, or fish incarnation, of [Vishnu](/source/Vishnu).[12] They also claim to be descendants of the people of the Matsya Kingdom, which flourished in the 6th century B.C.[13] The historian Pramod Kumar notes that it is likely that the tribes living in the ancient Matsya kingdom were called Meena but it cannot be said with certainty that there is anything common between them and the modern Meenas. They are considered to be [adivasi](/source/Adivasi) (aboriginal people).[14]

Nandini Sinha Kapur, a historian who has studied early India, notes that the oral traditions of the Meenas were developed from the early 19th century AD in an attempt to reconstruct their identity. She says of this process, which continued throughout the 20th century, that "The Minas try to furnish themselves a respectable present by giving themselves a *glorious past*". In common with the people of countries such as [Finland](/source/Finland) and [Scotland](/source/Scotland), the Meenas found it necessary to invent tradition through oral accounts, one of the primary uses of which is recognised by both historians and sociologists as being "social protest against injustices, exploitation and oppression, a *raison d'être* that helps to retrieve the image of a community." Kapur notes that the Meenas not merely lack a recorded history of their own but also have been depicted in a negative manner both by medieval [Persian](/source/Persian_Empire) accounts and records of the colonial period. From medieval times through to the [British Raj](/source/British_Raj), references to the Meenas describe them as violent, plundering criminals and an anti-social ethnic [tribal](/source/Tribal) group.[15]

According to Kapur, the Meenas also attempt [Rajputization](/source/Rajputization) of themselves.[16][17]

### Rajput period

The Meenas ruled at certain places in Rajasthan until they were overpowered by the invading [Rajputs](/source/Rajput). After the end of their rule, the Meenas made forests and hills their sanctuary and started fighting to reclaim their kingdom. One such example was the [Kingdom of Amber](/source/Kingdom_of_Amber), Who had to face many wars to stop their struggle and later established peace by making treaty with conditionals.[18][19] From Meenas the [Bundi](/source/Bundi) was captured by Rao Dewa (A.D. 1342), [Dhundhar](/source/Dhundhar) by [Kachhwaha](/source/Kachhwaha) Rajputs and Chopoli by the [Muslim](/source/Muslim) rulers. [Kota](/source/Kota%2C_Rajasthan), [Jhalawar](/source/Jhalawar), [Karauli](/source/Karauli) and [Jalore](/source/Jalore) were the other areas of earlier Meena influence where they were forced to surrender ultimately.[20]

### British colonial period

A Meena of Jajurh

The Raj colonial administration came into existence in 1858, following the [Indian Rebellion of 1857](/source/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857) which caused the government of Britain to decide that leaving colonial administration in the hands of the [East India Company](/source/East_India_Company) was a recipe for further discontent. In an attempt to create an orderly administration through a better understanding of the populace, the Raj authorities instituted various measures of classifying the people of India.[21] One such measure was the [Criminal Tribes Act](/source/Criminal_Tribes_Act) of 1871, under the provisions of which Meenas were placed in the first list of the Act in 1872 in [Patiala and East Punjab States Union](/source/Patiala_and_East_Punjab_States_Union), [Rajasthan](/source/Rajasthan) and [Punjab](/source/Punjab).[22] Another such measure was the [Habitual Criminals Act](/source/Habitual_Criminals_Act) of 1930, under whose provisions the Meenas were placed.[23] The community remained stigmatised for many years, notably by influential officials of the Raj such as [Herbert Hope Risley](/source/Herbert_Hope_Risley) and [Denzil Ibbetson](/source/Denzil_Ibbetson), and were sometimes categorised as [animists](/source/Animist) and as a [hill tribe](/source/Hill_tribe) similar to the [Bhils](/source/Bhil).[9] The Meenas remained an officially designated [criminal tribe](/source/Denotified_tribes_of_India) until 1952, three years after the Act had been repealed. Mark Brown has examined the impact and issues of the Meena community during British rule and the change in their status from being a higher social group to a criminal tribe.[24]

### Rebellion

In the 1840s, Meenas organized a huge movement in Jaipur under the leadership of Lakshminarayan Jharwal against the British rule, which was a Meena rebellion against the British government.[25]

### Recent history

Meena

[Kumar Suresh Singh](/source/Kumar_Suresh_Singh) notes that the Meenas have not abandoned their [customary laws](/source/Customary_law)[26] Meenas have better rights for women in many respects compared to many other Hindu castes.[27]

### Caste reservation

Meenas, Hindoos of low caste

The Meena fall into the [Scheduled Tribe](/source/Scheduled_Tribe) category in the state of [Rajasthan](/source/Rajasthan) and the majority of them are classified as being Hindu,[28] but in [Madhya Pradesh](/source/Madhya_Pradesh) Meena are recognised as a Scheduled Tribe only in Sironj Tehsil, [Vidisha](/source/Vidisha), while in the other 44 districts of the state they are categorised as [Other Backward Classes](/source/Other_Backward_Classes).[29]

In Rajasthan, the Meena caste members oppose the entry of [Gurjars](/source/Gurjar) into Scheduled Tribe fold, fearing that their own share of Scheduled Tribe reservation benefits will be eroded.[30]

It is believed by media that the well-off Meena community enjoy a major share of ST reservation at the cost of other tribals.[31][32]

## Subdivisions

The Meenas themselves are also a sub-group of Bhils.[33]

The Meena tribe is divided into several clans and sub-clans (*adakh*s), which are named after their ancestors. Some of the *adakh*s include Ariat, Ahari, Katara, Kalsua, Kharadi, Damore, Ghoghra, Dali, Doma, Nanama, Dadore, Manaut, Charpota, Mahinda, Rana, Damia, Dadia, Parmar, Phargi, Bamna, Khat, Hurat, Hela, Bhagora, and Wagat.[14]

[Bhil Meena](/source/Bhil_Meena) is another sub-division among the Meenas. As part of a [sanskritisation](/source/Sanskritisation) process, some Bhils present themselves as Meenas, who hold a higher socio-economic status compared to the Bhil tribal people.[34]

A sub-group known as "Ujwal Meena" (also "Ujala Meena" or "[Parihar](/source/Parihar_(clan)) Meena") seek higher status, and claim to be Rajputs, thus distinguishing themselves from the Bhil Meenas. They follow vegetarianism, unlike other Meenas whom they designated as "Mailay Meena".[35]

Other prevalent social groupings are Zamindar Meena and the Chaukidar Meena. The Zamindar Meena, comparatively well-off, are those who surrendered to powerful Rajput invaders and settled on the lands believe to be granted by the Rajputs. Those who did not surrender to Rajput rule and kept on waging guerrilla warfare are called the Chaukidar Meena.[36]

## Culture

Mina

There is a custom in the Meenas to perform *Pitra Tarpan* after taking a collective bath on the day of [Diwali](/source/Diwali).[37] They adopt the culture of worshiping trees and plants in marriages, festivals and other ceremonies as per the *Dharadi* tradition.[38] They worship different family deities according to the gotra.[39] They celebrate [Meenesh Jayanti](/source/Meenesh_Jayanti) on the third day of the [Chaitra](/source/Chaitra) month's [Shukla paksha](/source/Shukla_paksha).[12]

### Art

[Mandana Paintings](/source/Mandana_Paintings) are widely practiced by the women of the Meena tribe.[40]

## Demographics

Main article: [List of Scheduled Tribes in Rajasthan](/source/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_Rajasthan)

According to the [2011 Census of India](/source/2011_Census_of_India), the Meenas have a total population of 5 million.[41] According to a report by [Hindustan Times](/source/Hindustan_Times), the population of Meenas in [Rajasthan](/source/Rajasthan) is 7% of the state's population.[42] And according to the report of a [German](/source/Germany) news television [Deutsche Welle](/source/Deutsche_Welle), the Meenas constitute 10% of the population of the state of Rajasthan.[6] Whereas according to a report by [BBC Hindi](/source/BBC_Hindi), the population of Meenas is 14% of the state's population.[43]

## See also

- [Rajasthani people](/source/Rajasthani_people)

- [Susawat](/source/Susawat)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BBC_1-0)** Prakash, Ravi (18 November 2020). ["क्या आदिवासियों को मिल पाएगा उनका अलग धर्म कोड, झारखंड का प्रस्ताव अब मोदी सरकार के पास"](https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-54975388) (in Hindi). [Ranchi](/source/Ranchi): [BBC Hindi](/source/BBC_Hindi). Retrieved 18 February 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** The assignment of an ISO code [myi] for the Meena language was spurious (Hammarström (2015) *Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices*). The code was retired in 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["A Sociological Evaluation of the Major Government Schemes Meant for Promoting Education and Health among The Members of the Meena Tribe in Rajasthan"](http://www.socialresearchfoundation.com/upoadreserchpapers/3/96/1604130649531st%20s.s.%20charana%20.............pdf) (PDF).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Googlebook2_4-0)** Sezgin, Yüksel (2011). [*Human Rights and Legal Pluralism*](https://books.google.com/books?id=HAE1UqAo3GoC&dq=meena+as+scheduled++tribe&pg=PA41). [LIT Verlag](/source/LIT_Verlag) [Münster](/source/M%C3%BCnster). p. 41. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9783643999054](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643999054). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141012005234/http://books.google.co.in/books?id=HAE1UqAo3GoC&pg=PA41&dq=meena+as+scheduled++tribe&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NTc0VLuNLIGNuAT6sIGYCg&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=meena%20as%20scheduled%20%20tribe&f=false) from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014. {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: |work= ignored ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Googlebook3_5-0)** Rath, Govinda Chandra (2013). [*Emerging Trends in Indian Politics*](https://books.google.com/books?id=nMffCgAAQBAJ&dq=Meena+tribe&pg=PA166). Taylor & Francis. p. 166. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781136198557](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136198557).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Deutsche_Welle_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Deutsche_Welle_6-1) ["आखिर क्यों भड़कते हैं आरक्षण के आंदोलन | DW | 12.02.2019"](https://www.dw.com/hi/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8/a-47474059). *Deutsche Welle* (in Hindi). Retrieved 12 May 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Mina"](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mina-South-Asian-people).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** [*The Culture of India*](https://books.google.com/books?id=c8PJFLeURhsC). The Rosen Publishing Group. 15 August 2010. p. 36. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781615301492](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781615301492).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Kapur_2007_131_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Kapur_2007_131_9-1) Kapur, Nandini Sinha (2007). ["The Minas: Seeking a Place in History"](https://books.google.com/books?id=KGfjUNxrlckC&pg=PA131). In Bel, Bernard (ed.). *The Social and the Symbolic*. Sage. p. 131. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-76193-446-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-76193-446-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["Crime, Liberalism and Empire: Governing the Mina Tribe of Northern India"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240702060).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-list_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-list_11-1) ["List of notified Scheduled Tribes"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf) (PDF). Census India. Archived from [the original](http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SC/ST/ST%20Lists.pdf) (PDF) on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Kapur_May_2008_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Kapur_May_2008_12-1) Kapur, Nandini Sinha (2000). "Reconstructing Identities and Situating Themselves in History : A Preliminary Note on the Meenas of Jaipur Locality". *Indian Historical Review*. **27** (1): 29–43. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1177/037698360002700103](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F037698360002700103). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [141602938](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141602938). the entire community claims descent from the Matsya (fish) incarnation of Vishnu

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Pati, Rabindra Nath; Dash, Jagannatha (2002). [*Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects*](https://books.google.com/books?id=qxxnZ4XxUbsC&pg=PA12). APH Publishing. p. 12. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-8-17648-322-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-17648-322-3).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Pramod_1984_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Pramod_1984_14-1) Kumar, Pramod (1984). [*Folk Icons and Rituals in Tribal Life*](https://books.google.com/books?id=dF-Iu2Pt3KQC&pg=PA3). Abhinav. pp. 3–4. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-8-17017-185-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-17017-185-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Kapur, Nandini Sinha (2007). ["The Minas: Seeking a Place in History"](https://books.google.com/books?id=KGfjUNxrlckC&pg=PA129). In Bel, Bernard (ed.). *The Social and the Symbolic*. Sage. pp. 129–131. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780761934462](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761934462).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Kapur, Nandini Sinha (2007). ["Minas Seeking a Place in History"](https://books.google.com/books?id=a7yGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129). In Bel, Bernard; Brouwer, Jan; Das, Biswajit; Parthasarathi, Vibodh; Poitevin, Guy (eds.). *The Social and the Symbolic: Volume II*. [Sage](/source/SAGE_publications). pp. 129–146. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-8132101178](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8132101178).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Kothiyal, Tanuja (14 March 2016). [*Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert*](https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&q=tanuja+kothiyal+book). Cambridge University Press. p. 265. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-107-08031-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-08031-7). from gradual transformation of mobile pastoral and tribal groups into landed sedentary ones. The process of settlement involved both control over mobile resources through raids, battles and trade as well as channelizing of these resources into agrarian expansion. Kinship structures as well as marital and martial alliances were instrumental in this transformation. ... In the colonial ethnographic accounts rather than referring to Rajputs as having emerged from other communities, Bhils, Mers, Minas, Gujars, Jats, Raikas, all lay a claim to a Rajput past from where they claim to have 'fallen'. Historical processes, however, suggest just the opposite.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Ramusack, Barbara N. (8 January 2004). [*The Indian Princes and their States*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC). Cambridge University Press. p. 19. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781139449083](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139449083).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Rima Hooja (2006). [*A history of Rajasthan*](https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ). Rupa & Co. p. 396. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9788129108906](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788129108906). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [80362053](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/80362053).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Meena, Madan (2021). ["Rulers, Criminals and Denotified Tribe: A Historical Journey of the Meenas"](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-3424-6_17). *Tribe-British Relations in India*. Springer Nature. pp. 275–290. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/978-981-16-3424-6_17](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-16-3424-6_17). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-981-16-3423-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-16-3423-9). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [240554356](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240554356).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Naithani, Sadhana (2006). [*In quest of Indian folktales: Pandit Ram Gharib Chaube and William Crooke*](https://books.google.com/books?id=DmyVKwxmeyUC). Indiana University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-253-34544-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34544-8). Retrieved 15 April 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["Caught in nostalgia: Artist Madan Meena's work inspired from 'The Thirsty Crow'"](https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2022/oct/31/caught-in-nostalgia-artist-madan-meenas-work-inspired-from-the-the-thirsty-crow-2513439.html).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Danver, Steven L. (2015). [*Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues*](https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&dq=chaukidar+meena+in+criminal+tribes+act&pg=PA550). [Routledge](/source/Routledge). p. 550. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781317464006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317464006).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Brown, Mark (2004). "Crime, Liberalism and Empire: Governing the Mina Tribe of Northern India". *Social and Legal Studies*. **13** (2): 191–218. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1177/0964663904042551](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0964663904042551). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [143535325](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143535325).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Bajrange, Dakxinkumar; Gandee, Sarah; Gould, William (2019). ["Settling the Citizen, Settling the Nomad: 'Habitual offenders', rebellion, and civic consciousness in western India, 1938–1952"](http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/144745/11/Gould%20Gandee%20Chhara%20CT%20Citizens%20-%20280218.pdf) (PDF). *Modern Asian Studies*. **54** (2): 337–383. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0026749X18000136](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X18000136). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [56335179](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56335179).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** [Singh, K. S.](/source/Kumar_Suresh_Singh) (1993). [*Tribal Ethnography, Customary Law, and Change*](https://books.google.com/books?id=X4bW-_jEvXoC&dq=meena+tribe+on+Ethnography&pg=PA300). Concept Publishing Company. p. 300. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9788170224716](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170224716).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Kishwar, Madhu (13 August 1994). "Codified Hindu Law: Myth and Reality". *Economic and Political Weekly*. **29** (33): 2145–2161. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [4401625](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4401625).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Sezgin, Yüksel (2011). [*Human Rights and Legal Pluralism*](https://books.google.com/books?id=HAE1UqAo3GoC&pg=PA41). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 41. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-64399-905-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-64399-905-4). Retrieved 8 October 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** Patel, Mahendra Lal (1997). [*Awareness in Weaker Section: Perspective Development and Prospects*](https://books.google.com/books?id=58G8PPAN48cC&pg=PA35). M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 35. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-8-17533-029-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-17533-029-0). Retrieved 8 October 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Satyanarayana (2010). [*Ethics: Theory and Practice*](https://books.google.com/books?id=K2AsXFWT-CIC&pg=PA96). Pearson Education India. p. 96. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-8-13172-947-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-13172-947-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** ["How Meenas got the ST status"](https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-meenas-got-st-status/articleshow/2087874.cms). *The Economic Times*. 31 May 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** ["Flip side of the Jat agitation in Haryana"](https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/jats-agitation-haryana-reservation-95386-2012-03-07). *India Today*. 9 March 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Sezgin, Yuksel (2011). [*Human Rights and Legal Pluralism*](https://books.google.com/books?id=HAE1UqAo3GoC). LIT Verlag Münster. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9783643999054](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643999054).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Majhi, Anita Srivastava (2010). [*Tribal Culture, Continuity, and Change: A Study of Bhils in Rajasthan*](https://books.google.com/books?id=lGyzY12uSr8C&pg=PA127). Mittal. p. 127. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-8-18324-298-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-18324-298-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** Sodh, Jiwan (1999). [*A Study of Bundi School of Painting*](https://books.google.com/books?id=kj583zZs2dMC&pg=PA3). Abhinav. p. 31. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-8-17017-347-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-17017-347-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-TribalCultures_36-0)** Mann, Rann Singh; Mann, K. (1989). [*Tribal Cultures and Change*](https://books.google.com/books?id=q29TcbHrMfUC&pg=PA18). Mittal Publications. p. 18.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Das, Jayasree; Chakraborty, Sudipta (2021). ["Scope of dark tourism as a revival strategy for the industry"](https://www.caluniv.ac.in/dj/BS-Journal/V-42-I-II/BS-JD-SC.pdf) (PDF). *Business Studies*. **XLII** (1 & 2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:0_38-0)** Meena, Ram (5 May 2020). ["Sociolinguistic Study of Meena / Mina Tribe In comparison to other Tribes of Rajasthan"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341151233). pp. 45–58.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** Danver, Steven L. (10 March 2015). [*Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues*](https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&q=meena+tribe). Routledge. p. 550. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781317464006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317464006).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** [Meena, Madan](/source/Madan_Meena) (2009). *Nurturing Walls: Animal Paintings by Meena Women*. Tara Books. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-8-18-621168-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-18-621168-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** ["Will the tribals get their separate religion code, Jharkhand's proposal is now with the Modi government"](https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-54975388). *BBC*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** ["In Rajasthan, tribal body acts as family court for ST couples"](https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-rajasthan-a-tribal-organization-not-courts-gives-divorce-decrees/story-kAU0nQnORMI5O80aVMeMdJ.html). *Hindustan Times*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-bbc.com_43-0)** ["वसुंधरा के लिए सांप छछूंदर वाली स्थिति"](https://www.bbc.com/hindi/regionalnews/story/2007/06/printable/070602_rajasthan_analysis). *BBC* (in Hindi). June 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2022.

## Further reading

- Adak, Dipak Kumar. *Demography and health profile of the tribals: a study of M.P*. Anmol Publications.

- Brown, Mark (2003). ["Ethnology and Colonial Administration in Nineteenth-Century British India: The Question of Native Crime and Criminality"](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007087403005004). *The British Journal for the History of Science*. **36** (2): 201–219. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0007087403005004](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007087403005004). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [4028233](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4028233).

- Bajrange, Dakxinkumar; Gandee, Sarah; Gould, William (2019). ["Settling the Citizen, Settling the Nomad: 'Habitual offenders', rebellion, and civic consciousness in western India, 1938–1952"](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X18000136). *Modern Asian Studies*. **54** (2): 337–383. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0026749X18000136](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X18000136). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [56335179](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56335179).

- Piliavsky, Anastasia (2015). ["The "Criminal Tribe" in India before the British"](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/comparative-studies-in-society-and-history/article/abs/criminal-tribe-in-india-before-the-british/E3F6C2797D935E942CE011D0DBBD4FCA). *Comparative Studies in Society and History*. **57** (2): 323–354. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0010417515000055](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417515000055). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [43908348](https://www.jstor.org/stable/43908348). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [144894079](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144894079).

- Sharma, Sohan Lal (2008). [*Emerging Tribal Identity: A Study of Minas of Rajasthan*](https://books.google.com/books?id=eVgvPwAACAAJ). Rawat Publications. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9788131602386](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131602386). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [23620676](https://www.jstor.org/stable/23620676).

- Channa, V.C. (2008). "Development in Meena Villages: A Case Study". *Indian Anthropologist*. **38** (1): 33–42. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [41920055](https://www.jstor.org/stable/41920055).

- Meena, Madan (2021). ["Rulers, Criminals and Denotified Tribe: A Historical Journey of the Meenas"](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-3424-6_17). *Tribe-British Relations in India*. Springer Nature. pp. 275–290. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/978-981-16-3424-6_17](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-16-3424-6_17). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-981-16-3423-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-16-3423-9). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [240554356](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240554356).

**Meena**  at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects)

- [Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Meena) from Commons
- [Quotations](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Meena) from Wikiquote

v t e Rajasthani people Hindu and Jain communities Rajput Charan Ravana Rajput Rajpurohit Rabari Agricultural communities Jat Ahir Gurjar‎ Anjana Chaudhari Bishnoi Dangi people Dhakar Kachhi (caste) Kirar Seervi Tyagi Natrayat Rajputs Natrayat Charans Mercantile communities Agrawal‎ Khandelwal Vaishya Nema (community) Oswal Patwa Gawaria Banjara Baranwal Sarawagi Shrimal Jain Vankar Veerwal Vijayvargiya Kewat Khatri Maheshwari Artisan communities Soni (caste) Gadia Lohar Kalwar (caste) Kharol Pinjara Rajput Mali Regar Sunar Teli Thathera Suthar Kumhar Halwai Nai Salvi Meghwal Genealogist communities Bhāts Jaga (Rajasthan) Rawal Motisar Priest communities Bhopa Jogi Rajpurohit Rawal Brahmins Sevag Tribal communities Bhil Bhil Meena Meena Bhil Gametia Bhil Mama Koli Rath tribe Saharia Sansi people Tirgar Vagri Van Baoria Pateliya Muslim communities Muslim Rajputs Meo Chadwa Churigar Ghanchi (Muslim) Hussaini Brahmin Khadem (caste) Muslim Gaddi Muslim Rangrez Qassab Hiranbaz Shaikhs of Rajasthan Silawat Sindhi-Sipahi Singiwala Sorgar Hela Mehtar Musician communities Manganiar Langha (tribe) Mirasi

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