# Mechanomyogram

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The '''mechanomyogram''' ('''MMG''') is the mechanical signal observable from the surface of a [muscle](/source/muscle) when the muscle is contracted. At the onset of muscle contraction, gross changes in the muscle shape cause a large peak in the MMG. Subsequent [vibration](/source/vibration)s are due to [oscillation](/source/oscillation)s of the muscle [fibre](/source/fibre)s at the [resonance frequency](/source/resonance) of the muscle. The mechanomyogram is also known as the [phonomyogram](/source/phonomyography), acoustic myogram, sound myogram, vibromyogram or muscle sound.

== Signal characteristics ==

The MMG is a low frequency vibration that may be observed when a muscle is contracted using suitable measuring techniques.<ref name="pmid16364182">{{cite journal | vauthors = Beck TW, Housh TJ, Cramer JT, Weir JP, Johnson GO, Coburn JW, Malek MH, Mielke M | display-authors = 6 | title = Mechanomyographic amplitude and frequency responses during dynamic muscle actions: a comprehensive review | journal = BioMedical Engineering OnLine | volume = 4 | issue =  | pages = 67 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16364182 | pmc = 1343566 | doi = 10.1186/1475-925X-4-67 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

== Measurement techniques ==

It can be measured using an [accelerometer](/source/accelerometer) or a [microphone](/source/microphone) placed on the skin over the belly of the muscle. When measured using a microphone, it may be termed the acoustic myogram.

== Uses ==
The MMG may provide a useful alternative to the [electromyogram](/source/electromyogram) (EMG) for monitoring muscle activity. It has a higher [signal-to-noise ratio](/source/signal-to-noise_ratio) {{citation needed|date=April 2014}} than the surface EMG and thus can be used to monitor muscle activity from deeper muscles without using [invasive](/source/Invasiveness_of_surgical_procedures) measurement techniques.
It is currently the subject of research activity into [prosthetic](/source/prosthetic) control and assistive technologies for the disabled.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Krasoulis A, Kyranou I, Erden MS, Nazarpour K, Vijayakumar S | title = Improved prosthetic hand control with concurrent use of myoelectric and inertial measurements | journal = Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 71 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28697795 | pmc = 5505040 | doi = 10.1186/s12984-017-0284-4 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

== History ==

Muscle sounds were first described in print by the Jesuit scientist [Francesco Maria Grimaldi](/source/Francesco_Maria_Grimaldi)<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Grimaldi FM |title = Physico-mathesis de lumine, coloribus, et iride, aliisque adnexis libri duo |location = Bologna |year = 1665 |pages = 383}}</ref> in a posthumous publication of 1665, which influenced the work of the English physician [William Hyde Wollaston](/source/William_Hyde_Wollaston)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wollaston WH |title = On the duration of muscle action |journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume = 100 |year = 1810 |pages= 1–5 | doi = 10.1098/rstl.1810.0002 |doi-access = free }}</ref> and the German physicist [Paul Erman](/source/Paul_Erman).<ref>{{cite journal |author = Erman, P |title = Einige Bemerkungen uber Muscular-Contraction |journal = Annalen der Physik |volume = 40 |issue = 1 |pages = 1–30 |year = 1812|doi=10.1002/andp.18120400102 |bibcode = 1812AnP....40....1E |url = https://zenodo.org/record/1423478 }}</ref> The latter enlisted the aid of [René Laennec](/source/Ren%C3%A9_Laennec). Mechanical amplification was first employed by [Hermann von Helmholtz](/source/Hermann_von_Helmholtz). The past two centuries of repeated rediscovery and neglect of the phenomenon were summarised by Stokes and Blythe<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Stokes M, Blythe M |title = Muscle Sounds in physiology, sports science and clinical investigation |publisher = Medintel |location = Oxford |year = 2001 |isbn = 978-0-9540572-0-6}}</ref> in 2001.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

Category:Medical tests

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Mechanomyogram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanomyogram) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanomyogram?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.