# McLibel case

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Legal action against and by activists

"McLibel" redirects here. For the film, see [*McLibel* (film)](/source/McLibel_(film)).

McLibel case Full case name McDonald's Corp v Steel (No.4) Decided 19 June 1997 Case history Prior actions McDonald's Corporation v Steel & Morris (Trial) and 3 procedural appeals (McDonald's Corp v Steel No.1 – 3) Subsequent actions Steel & Morris v United Kingdom Court membership Judges sitting Pill LJ, May LJ, Keene J

Subsequent ECHR decision Court European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section) Full case name Steel & Morris v United Kingdom Decided 15 February 2005 Citation application no. 68416/01 Court membership Judge sitting M. Pellonpää (President) Keywords Freedom of expression, libel, legal aid

***McDonald's Corporation v Steel & Morris*** [\[1997\] EWHC 366 (QB)](https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/QB/1997/366.html), known as "the **McLibel case**", was an English [lawsuit](/source/Lawsuit) for [libel](/source/Libel) filed by [McDonald's Corporation](/source/McDonald's) against [environmental](/source/Environmentalism) activists [Helen Steel](/source/Helen_Steel) and David Morris (often referred to as "The McLibel Two") over a factsheet critical of the company. Each of two [hearings](/source/Hearing_(law)) in English courts found some of the leaflet's contested claims to be libellous and others to be true.

The original case lasted nearly ten years which, according to the [BBC](/source/BBC) and *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*, made it the longest-running trial in English history.[1] McDonald's announced it did not plan to collect the £40,000 it was awarded by the courts.[2] Following the decision, the [European Court of Human Rights](/source/European_Court_of_Human_Rights) (ECHR) ruled in *Steel & Morris v United Kingdom* that the pair had been denied a fair trial, in breach of Article 6 of the [European Convention on Human Rights](/source/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights) (right to a fair trial), and their conduct should have been protected by Article 10 of the convention, which protects the right to freedom of expression. The court awarded a judgment of £57,000 against the UK government.[3] McDonald's itself was not involved in, or a party to, this action, as applications to the ECHR are independent cases filed against the relevant [state](/source/Sovereign_state).

[Franny Armstrong](/source/Franny_Armstrong) and [Ken Loach](/source/Ken_Loach) made a documentary film, *[McLibel](/source/McLibel_(film))*, about the case.

## History

### Background

Main articles: [London Greenpeace](/source/London_Greenpeace) and [Helen Steel](/source/Helen_Steel)

"What's wrong with McDonald's: everything they don't want you to know", the cover of the leaflet at the centre of the libel case

[Helen Steel](/source/Helen_Steel) and David Morris were two [environmental](/source/Environmentalists) activists of [London Greenpeace](/source/London_Greenpeace), a small environmental campaigning group that existed between 1972 and 2001. In 1986 they distributed "a few hundred copies" of a six-page leaflet titled "What's wrong with McDonald's: everything they don't want you to know" in [Strand, London](/source/Strand%2C_London).[4][5] The leaflet accused the company of paying low wages, cruelty to animals used in its products, damaging the environment, and other malpractices.[6] The group were not affiliated with the larger [Greenpeace International](/source/Greenpeace) organisation, which they declined to join as they saw it as too "centralised and mainstream".[7]

### Libel charges

In 1990, McDonald's brought [libel](/source/Slander_and_libel) proceedings against five London Greenpeace supporters, Paul Gravett, Andrew Clarke and Jonathan O'Farrell, as well as Steel and Morris, for distributing the sheet on the streets of London. This case followed past instances in which McDonald's threatened to sue more than fifty organisations for libel, including [Channel 4](/source/Channel_4) television and several major publications. In all such cases, the media outlets [settled](/source/Settlement_(litigation)) and apologised.[8]

Under [English defamation law](/source/English_defamation_law) at the time, the defendant had to show that each disparaging statement made was substantively true. This could be an expensive and time-consuming process. Gravett, Clarke and O'Farrell apologised as requested by McDonald's, but Steel and Morris chose to defend the case.[9]

[Keir Starmer](/source/Keir_Starmer) provided significant [pro bono](/source/Pro_bono) assistance during the case

The two were denied [legal aid](/source/Legal_aid), as was policy for libel cases, despite having limited income.[10] Thus, they had to represent themselves, though they received significant [pro bono](/source/Pro_bono) assistance, including from [Keir Starmer](/source/Keir_Starmer). Steel and Morris called 180 witnesses, seeking to prove their assertions about [food poisoning](/source/Food_poisoning), unpaid [overtime](/source/Overtime), misleading claims about how much McDonald's [recycled](/source/Recycling), and "corporate spies sent to infiltrate the ranks of London Greenpeace".[11] McDonald's spent several million pounds, while Steel and Morris spent £30,000; this disparity in funds meant Steel and Morris were not able to call all the witnesses they wanted, especially witnesses from South America who were intended to support their claims about McDonald's activities in that continent's rainforests.[12]

In its libel allegation, McDonald's asserted all claims in the pamphlet to be false.[13] They found it difficult to support this position despite the indirectness of some of the claims. The case eventually became a [media circus](/source/Media_circus). McDonald's executives, including Ray Cesca, entered the witness box, enabling cross-examination by the defendants.[14]

In June 1995, McDonald's offered to settle the case (which "was coming up to its [tenth] anniversary in court"[15]) by donating a large sum of money to a charity chosen by the two. They further specified they would drop the case if Steel and Morris agreed to "stop criticising McDonald's".[15] Steel and Morris secretly recorded the meeting, in which McDonald's said the pair could criticise McDonald's privately to friends but must cease talking to the media or distributing leaflets. Steel and Morris wrote a letter in response saying they would agree to the terms if McDonald's ceased advertising its products and instead only recommended the restaurant privately to friends.[12]

### Judgment

#### High Court

The case was adjudicated by Mr Justice Rodger Bell. On 19 June 1997, Bell delivered his more than 1,000-page judgment largely in favour of McDonald's, finding the claims that McDonald's was responsible for starvation and deforestation were false and libellous.[16] The ruling was summarized by a 45-page paper read in court.[17] Steel and Morris were found liable on several points, but the judge also found some of the points in the factsheet were true.[12] McDonald's considered this a legal victory, though it was tempered by the judge's endorsement of some of the allegations in the sheet. Specifically, Bell ruled that McDonald's endangered the [health](/source/Health) of their workers and customers by "misleading advertising", that they "exploit children", that they were "culpably responsible" in the infliction of unnecessary [cruelty to animals](/source/Cruelty_to_animals), and they were "antipathetic"[18] to [unionisation](/source/Trade_union) and paid their workers low wages.[19] Furthermore, although the decision awarded £60,000 to the company, McDonald's legal costs were much greater, and the defendants lacked the funds to pay it. Steel and Morris immediately appealed against the decision.[20]

In 1998 a documentary film was made about the case, also titled [*McLibel*](/source/McLibel_(film)). This was updated in 2005 after the verdict of the final appeal.

In September 1998, the pair sued the [Metropolitan Police](/source/Metropolitan_Police) for disclosing confidential information to investigators hired by McDonald's and received £10,000 and an apology for the disclosure.[20]

#### Court of Appeal

An appeal began on 12 January 1999, and lasted 23 court days, ending on 26 February.[21] The case was heard in Court 1 of the Court of Appeal in the [Royal Courts of Justice](/source/Royal_Courts_of_Justice). The case was adjudicated by [Lord Justices Pill](/source/Malcolm_Pill) and [May](/source/Anthony_May_(judge)) and [Mr Justice Keene](/source/David_Keene_(judge)). The defendants represented themselves in court, assisted by first year law student Kalvin P. Chapman ([King's College London](/source/King's_College_London)). McDonald's were represented by libel lawyer [Richard Rampton](/source/Richard_Rampton),[22] and a junior barrister, Timothy Atkinson,[23] and Ms Pattie Brinley-Codd of Barlow, Lyde & Gilbert.[24] Steel and Morris filed a 63-point appeal. They had requested a time extension, but were denied. The verdict for the appeal was handed down on 31 March, in Court 1 at the Royal Courts of Justice.[25]

The judges ruled it was fair comment to say that McDonald's employees worldwide "do badly in terms of pay and conditions"[26] and true "if one eats enough McDonald's food, one's diet may well become high in fat, etc., with the very real risk of heart disease".

As a result of their further findings against the corporation, the three Lord Justices reduced Mr Justice Bell's award of £60,000 damages to McDonald's by £20,000. The court ruled against the argument by Steel and Morris that multinational corporations should no longer be able to sue for libel over [public interest](/source/Public_interest) issues. Steel and Morris announced their intention to appeal over these and other points to the [House of Lords](/source/House_of_Lords), and then take the [UK government](/source/UK_Government) to the [European Court of Human Rights](/source/European_Court_of_Human_Rights) if necessary.

In response to the verdict, [David Pannick](/source/David_Pannick%2C_Baron_Pannick) said in *[The Times](/source/The_Times)*: "The McLibel case has achieved what many lawyers thought impossible: to lower further the reputation of our law of defamation in the minds of all right thinking people."[27]

Steel and Morris appealed to the [Law Lords](/source/Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords), arguing that their right to legal aid had been unjustly denied. When the Law Lords refused to accept the case, the pair formally retained [solicitor](/source/Solicitor) [Mark Stephens](/source/Mark_Stephens_(solicitor))[28] and [barrister](/source/Barrister) [Keir Starmer](/source/Keir_Starmer) to file a case with the [European Court of Human Rights](/source/European_Court_of_Human_Rights) (ECHR), contesting the UK government's policy that legal aid was not available in libel cases, and setting out a highly detailed case for what they believed to be the oppressive and unfair nature of UK libel laws in general, and in their case in particular.[29] In September 2004, this action was heard by the ECHR. Lawyers for Steel and Morris argued that the lack of legal aid had breached the pair's right to freedom of expression and to a fair trial.

#### European Court of Human Rights

An anti-McDonald's leafleting campaign in front of the McDonald's restaurant in [Leicester Square](/source/Leicester_Square), London, during the [European Social Forum](/source/European_Social_Forum) season, 16 October 2004

On 15 February 2005, the European Court of Human Rights ruled[30] that the original case had breached Article 6 (right to a fair trial) and Article 10 (right to freedom of expression) of the [European Convention on Human Rights](/source/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights) and ordered that the UK government pay Steel and Morris £57,000 in compensation. In their ruling, the ECHR criticised the way in which UK laws had failed to protect the public right to criticise corporations whose business practices affect people's lives and the environment (which violates Article 10); they also ruled that the trial was biased because of the defendants' comparative lack of resources and what they believed were complex and oppressive UK libel laws.

In particular the Court held:

in a democratic society even small and informal campaign groups, such as London Greenpeace, must be able to carry on their activities effectively and that there exists a strong public interest in enabling such groups and individuals outside the mainstream to contribute to the public debate by disseminating information and ideas on matters of general public interest such as health and the environment.

— ECHR judgment, para. 89[30]

The safeguard afforded by Article 10 to journalists in relation to reporting on issues of general interest is subject to the proviso that they act in good faith in order to provide accurate and reliable information in accordance with the ethics of journalism ..., and the same principle must apply to others who engage in public debate.

— ECHR judgment, para. 90[30]

It is true that large public companies inevitably and knowingly lay themselves open to close scrutiny of their acts and, as in the case of the businessmen and women who manage them, the limits of acceptable criticism are wider in the case of such companies.

— ECHR judgment, para. 94[30]

In response to the European Court of Human Rights' decision, Steel and Morris issued the following press release:

Having largely beaten McDonald's ... we have now exposed the notoriously oppressive and unfair UK laws. As a result of the ... ruling today, the government may be forced to amend or scrap some of the existing UK laws. We hope that this will result in greater public scrutiny and criticism of powerful organisations whose practices have a detrimental effect on society and the environment. The McLibel campaign has already proved that determined and widespread grass roots protests and defiance can undermine those who try to silence their critics, and also render oppressive laws unworkable. The continually growing opposition to McDonald's and all it stands for is a vindication of all the efforts of those around the world who have been exposing and challenging the corporation's business practices.[31]

### Post court developments

In the course of the [UK undercover policing relationships scandal](/source/UK_undercover_policing_relationships_scandal) it was revealed that one of the authors of the "McLibel leaflet" was [Bob Lambert](/source/Bob_Lambert_(undercover_police_officer)), an undercover police officer who infiltrated [London Greenpeace](/source/London_Greenpeace).[5] John Dines, another undercover officer, was Helen Steel's partner for two years; she was unaware of his true identity and motives.[32]

The [Defamation Act 2013](/source/Defamation_Act_2013) brought some changes to libel cases,[33] which were expected to make it harder for corporations to abuse libel law.[34]

The McLibel case also raised awareness about how defamation proceedings can harm the reputation of companies that raise them,[35] similarly to the [Streisand effect](/source/Streisand_effect).

## McDonald's response

The *McLibel* film quoted McDonald's as offering little comment on the European Court decision, other than to point out that it was the Government and not McDonald's who was the losing party and that "times have changed and so has McDonald's".

On a website aiming to state its view on issues raised about it, McDonald's stated that the case is in the past and the issues more so, and that both sides in it have moved on (although Morris and Steel did continue related litigation).[6][36]

## Later events

Chapter 5 of [Paul Lewis](/source/Paul_Lewis_(journalist)) and [Rob Evans](/source/Rob_Evans_(reporter))' 2012 book *[Undercover: The True Story of Britain's Secret Police](/source/Undercover%3A_The_True_Story_of_Britain's_Secret_Police)* is titled "McSpies". In recounting the history of the [Special Demonstration Squad](/source/Special_Demonstration_Squad) (SDS) it recounts the involvement of undercover policemen Bob Lambert and John Dines in the activities which led up to the trial. *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)* later reported that Lambert had co-written the leaflet that was central to the libel trial.[5] Steel has stated that Dines became treasurer of London Greenpeace.[37]

Documents from the case showed that McDonald's private investigators had been receiving information from the Metropolitan Police. The Metropolitan Police were sued over this, which was settled out of court and with an apology and the Metropolitan Police undertaking not to share information from police computers with corporations.[38]

## Media

Main article: [McLibel (film)](/source/McLibel_(film))

A feature-length documentary film, *[McLibel](/source/McLibel_(film))*, was made about the case by [Franny Armstrong](/source/Franny_Armstrong) and [Ken Loach](/source/Ken_Loach) in 1997. An extended version was produced in 2005, with estimated viewing audience of 25 million.[39]

The documentary features courtroom reconstructions of the trial. It also features interviews with [Eric Schlosser](/source/Eric_Schlosser) (author of the 2001 book *[Fast Food Nation](/source/Fast_Food_Nation)*), [Morgan Spurlock](/source/Morgan_Spurlock) (writer/director of the 2004 film *[Super Size Me](/source/Super_Size_Me)*), [Keir Starmer](/source/Keir_Starmer) (who provided free legal support to the McLibel defendants for many years), and [Howard Lyman](/source/Howard_Lyman) (who appeared on [*The Oprah Winfrey Show* about mad cow disease](/source/Howard_Lyman#The_Oprah_Winfrey_Show_appearance)).

In April 2022 the case was the subject for a programme in the BBC Radio 4 series *[The Reunion](/source/The_Reunion_(radio_series))*.[37]

In August 2025, the case was the subject of a season of the BBC Radio 4 series Shadow World, entitled "The People vs McDonald's" that was presented by [Mark Steel](/source/Mark_Steel).[40]

## See also

- [English tort law](/source/English_tort_law)

- [Chilling effect](/source/Chilling_effect_(term))

- [Defamation Act 2013](/source/Defamation_Act_2013)

- *[Gunns Limited v Marr & Ors](/source/Gunns#Gunns_20)* – forestry company filed writ against 20 individuals and organisations for loss of reputation

- *[Maxime, McDuff & McDo](/source/Maxime%2C_McDuff_%26_McDo)* – documentary about the unionising a McDonald's in Montreal

- [McDonald's legal cases](/source/McDonald's_legal_cases)

- *[Liebeck v. McDonald's Restaurants](/source/Liebeck_v._McDonald's_Restaurants)* – 1994 case about a woman who suffered [third-degree burns](/source/Third-degree_burns) from hot coffee

- [Strategic lawsuit against public participation](/source/Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["McLibel pair get police payout"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/820786.stm). BBC. 5 July 2000. ["'McLibel' pair in fresh court bid"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3632944.stm). BBC. 7 September 2004. ["McLibel: Longest case in English history"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4266741.stm). BBC. 15 February 2005. ["Landmarks in Law: McLibel and the longest trial in British legal history"](https://www.theguardian.com/law/2019/jul/08/landmarks-in-law-mclibel-and-the-longest-trial-in-british-legal-history). The Guardian. 8 July 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["McDonald's lets McLibel case rest"](https://web.archive.org/web/20081006063257/http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/071997/biz_mclibel.html). AP. 19 July 1997. Archived from [the original](http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/071997/biz_mclibel.html) on 6 October 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Press release issued by the Registrar. "[Chamber Judgment Steel and Morris v. The United Kingdom](http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?action=html&documentId=801399&portal=hbkm&source=externalbydocnumber&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649)" The [European Court of Human Rights](/source/European_Court_of_Human_Rights), 15 February 2005. Received 1 September 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Vidal, John (16 February 2005). ["20-year fight ends with libel law in the dock"](https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/feb/16/foodanddrink). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-McLibel_leaflet_was_co-written_by_undercover_police_officer_Bob_Lambert_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-McLibel_leaflet_was_co-written_by_undercover_police_officer_Bob_Lambert_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-McLibel_leaflet_was_co-written_by_undercover_police_officer_Bob_Lambert_5-2) Lewis, Paul; Rob Evans (21 June 2013). ["McLibel leaflet was co-written by undercover police officer Bob Lambert"](https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jun/21/mclibel-leaflet-police-bob-lambert-mcdonalds). *The Guardian*. Retrieved 21 June 2013.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Mark_Oliver,_McLibel_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Mark_Oliver,_McLibel_6-1) Oliver, Mark (15 February 2005). ["McLibel – Mark Oliver examines the background to the longest civil or criminal case in British legal history"](https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/feb/15/food.foodanddrink). *The Guardian*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-second_7-0)** p. 388 of *No Logo*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** "Over the past 15 years, McDonald's has threatened legal action against more than 90 organisations in the U.K., including the [BBC](/source/BBC), [Channel 4](/source/Channel_4), the *Guardian*, *[The Sun](/source/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom))*, the [Scottish TUC](/source/Scottish_TUC), the New Leaf Shop, student newspapers, and a children's theatre group. Even [Prince Philip](/source/Prince_Philip) received a stiff letter. All of them backed down and many formally apologised in court." from Franny Armstrong, "Why Won't British TV Show a Film about McLibel?", 19 June 1998, *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*; as quoted in *No Logo*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Skau, S. (2013). ["McLibel"](http://www.followthethings.com/mclibel.shtml) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220124172302/http://www.followthethings.com/mclibel.shtml) 24 January 2022 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). followthethings.com Accessed 16 June 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-jobs_10-0)** "For 313 days in court – the longest trial in English history – an unemployed postal worker (Morris) and a community gardener (Steel) went to war with chief executives from the largest food empire in the world." p. 389 of *No Logo*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** p. 389 of *No Logo*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-autogenerated1_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-autogenerated1_12-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-autogenerated1_12-2) *McLibel* film, 1998.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** ["Statement of Claim"](http://www.mcspotlight.org/case/pretrial/state%27o%27claim.html). Mcspotlight.org. Retrieved 13 November 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Vidal, john (1997). [*McLibel: British Culture on Trial*](https://archive.org/details/mclibelburgercul00vida). The New Press. pp. [11–20](https://archive.org/details/mclibelburgercul00vida/page/11). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781565844117](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781565844117).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-first_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-first_15-1) p. 387 of *No Logo*, 1st ed.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["The Court Service – Queens Bench Division – Judgment – McDonald's Corporation & McDonald's Restaurants Limited against Helen Marie Steel & David Morris"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080605062408/http://www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/judgmentsfiles/j379/mcdonalds_190697.htm). Hmcourts-service.gov.uk. Archived from [the original](http://www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/judgmentsfiles/j379/mcdonalds_190697.htm) on 5 June 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** "On 19 June 1997, the judge finally handed down the verdict....It felt like an eternity to most of us sitting there, as Mr Justice Rodger Bell read out his forty-five-page ruling – a summary of the actual verdict, which was over a thousand pages long. Although the judge deemed most of the factsheet's claims too hyperbolic to be acceptable (he was particularly unconvinced by its direct linking of McDonald's to "hunger in the 'Third World'"), he deemed others to be based on pure fact." pp. 389–390 of *No Logo*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** ["SUMMARY OF THE JUDGEMENT / Employment practices"](https://www.mcspotlight.org/case/trial/verdict/verdict10_sum.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180824121253/http://www.mcspotlight.org/case/trial/verdict/verdict10_sum.html) from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["Judgement Day Verdict – Highlights"](https://www.mcspotlight.org/case/trial/verdict/quotes.html). McSpotlight. 19 June 1997. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190608203254/http://www.mcspotlight.org/case/trial/verdict/quotes.html) from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2006.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-BBC_payout_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-BBC_payout_20-1) ["McLibel pair get police payout"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/820786.stm). *[BBC News](/source/BBC_News)*. 5 July 2000. Retrieved 12 May 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["Press Release – McLibel Support Campaign; 6 January 1999"](http://www.mcspotlight.org/media/press/msc_6jan99.html). Mcspotlight.org. Retrieved 13 November 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["One Brick Court – Barristers"](https://web.archive.org/web/20081220155036/http://www.onebrickcourt.com/barristers.asp?id=20). *onebrickcourt.com*. Archived from [the original](http://www.onebrickcourt.com/barristers.asp?id=20) on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["Curriculum Vitae – Timothy Atkinson"](http://www.mcspotlight.org/people/biogs/atkinson.html). *www.mcspotlight.org*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ["Curriculum Vitae – Patti Brinley-Codd"](http://www.mcspotlight.org/people/biogs/brinley_codd.html). *www.mcspotlight.org*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** ["Press Release – McLibel Support Campaign; 25th March 1999"](http://www.mcspotlight.org/media/press/msc_25mar99.html). *www.mcspotlight.org*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** [Appeal Judgment p247]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** *The Times*, 24 April 1999.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Gibb, Frances (16 February 2005). ["McDonald's gets a taste of defeat as Europe backs the McLibel Two"](http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article515008.ece). *The Times*. London. Retrieved 29 January 2011.[*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** [European Court of Human Rights Application](http://www.mcspotlight.org/case/trial/verdict/Echr.html)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-echr_30-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-echr_30-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-echr_30-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-echr_30-3) ["HUDOC – European Court of Human Rights"](https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-68224). *hudoc.echr.coe.int*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** ["Victory for McLibel 2 against UK Government"](http://www.mcspotlight.org/media/press/releases/msc150205.html). McSpotlight. 15 February 2005. Retrieved 14 July 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Paul Farrell and Rob Evans (9 March 2016). ["Undercover UK police spy apologises after being tracked down by woman he deceived"](https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/09/undercover-uk-police-spy-apologises-after-being-tracked-down-by-woman-he-deceived). *The Guardian*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["Defamation Act 2013: Libel Reform Campaign Briefing"](http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/assembly-business/official-report/committee-minutes-of-evidence/session-2012-2013/july-2013/defamation-act-2013-libel-reform-campaign-briefing/). *www.niassembly.gov.uk*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Byrne, Matt (7 May 2013). ["Can new Act clean up libel law?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180107062038/https://www.thelawyer.com/issues/6-may-2013/can-new-act-clean-up-libel-law/). *[The Lawyer](/source/The_Lawyer)*. Archived from [the original](https://www.thelawyer.com/issues/6-may-2013/can-new-act-clean-up-libel-law/) on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** ["Defamation Act 2013"](https://www.aaronandpartners.com/defamation-act-2013/). 24 March 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** Skau, S. (2013), ["McLibel"](http://www.followthethings.com/mclibel.shtml) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220124172302/http://www.followthethings.com/mclibel.shtml) 24 January 2022 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), followthethings.com.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-bbcr4-reuniona_37-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-bbcr4-reuniona_37-1) [*The Reunion – the McLibel Trial*](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m00168fp). *The Reunion*. BBC Radio 4. Event occurs at 30m20s. Retrieved 18 April 2023. My former partner at the time I got the writ was an undercover policeman, obviously I did not know that until many years later. He was infiltrating London Greenpeace, he became the treasurer of London Greenpeace, he was actively involved in the McLibel support campaign.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-bbcr4-reunionb_38-0)** [*The Reunion – the McLibel Trial*](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m00168fp). *The Reunion*. BBC Radio 4. Event occurs at 31m03s. Retrieved 18 April 2023. Through the McLibel case documents showed that McDonald's private investigators had been meeting with the Metropolitan Police and getting information from them and we, after McLibel was over, we sued the Metropolitan Police for giving that information to McDonald's and they made an out of court settlement and an apology and undertook not to share information from police computers with corporations

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** ["29 Million Viewers for Banned McLibel Doc"](http://www.spannerfilms.net/?lid=1451). [Spanner Films](/source/Spanner_Films). 4 August 2004. Retrieved 17 January 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** ["BBC Shadow World"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001zlz0). BBC Radio 4.

## References

- *McLibel: burger culture on trial* by John Vidal (Macmillan, 1997; New Press, 1998) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-333-69461-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-69461-9) (hardcover), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-330-35237-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-35237-7) (paperback), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-56584-411-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56584-411-4) (US). Afterword by Steel and Morris

- *[McLibel: Two Worlds Collide](http://www.spannerfilms.net/?lid=161)*, documentary produced by [Spanner Films](/source/Spanner_Films).

- *[McWorld on Trial](http://www.mcspotlight.org/campaigns/current/MCDIYFUL.html)*, an extensive article on the case from the point of view of Dave Morris and Helen Steel appears in *[The Raven: Anarchist Quarterly](/source/The_Raven%3A_Anarchist_Quarterly)*, issue 43 (published by [Freedom Press](/source/Freedom_Press))

- *[Fast Food Nation](/source/Fast_Food_Nation)* (by [Eric Schlosser](/source/Eric_Schlosser)), an exposé on fast food and the culture it has created, which mentions McLibel in its last few chapters.

- *[No Logo](/source/No_Logo)*, [Naomi Klein](/source/Naomi_Klein), 490 pages, 1999. Published in the US by [St. Martin's Press](/source/St._Martin's_Press), Picador, (USA Reading Group imprint), and in Canada by [Alfred A. Knopf Canada](/source/Alfred_A._Knopf) of [Random House](/source/Random_House) Canada Limited. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-312-20343-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-20343-8) (hardcover); [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-312-27192-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-27192-1) (softcover)

- "McLibel in London", 20 March 1995, *[Fortune](/source/Fortune_(magazine))*.

- "Anti-McDonald's Activists Take Message Online", 27 March 1996, [Associated Press](/source/Associated_Press).

- "Activists Win Partial Victory in Appeal Over McDonald's Libel Case", 31 March 1999, Associated Press.

- "Few Nuggets and Very Small Fries", p. 22; 20 June 1997, *The Guardian*.

## External links

- [McSpotlight](http://www.mcspotlight.org/index.shtml)

- [Summary of the 1997 Court Judgment](https://web.archive.org/web/20080605062408/http://www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/judgmentsfiles/j379/mcdonalds_190697.htm)

- [ECHR judgment](http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/2005/103.html)

- [Full text of *Whats Wrong With McDonald's?* factsheet](http://www.mcspotlight.org/case/factsheet.html)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [McLibel case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLibel_case) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLibel_case?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.