# Mazalim

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{{Short description|Abbasid government institution}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Mazalim
| type = [Abbasid](/source/Abbasid) Government Institution
| nativename_a = 
| logo = File:Abbasid banner.svg
| logo_width = 200px
| logo_caption = Flag of [Abbasid dynasty](/source/Abbasid_dynasty)
| seal = 
| seal_width = 
| seal_caption = 
| formed = Late eighth century
| dissolved = Thirteenth century
| jurisdiction = [Caliphate](/source/Caliphate)
| headquarters = {{plainlist|
*[Baghdad](/source/Baghdad)
*[Samarra](/source/Abbasid_Samarra)}}
| employees = 
| chief1_name = 
| chief1_position = [Abbasid Caliph](/source/Abbasid_Caliph)s
}}
'''''Al-Maẓālim''''' ({{langx|ar|المظالم|al-maẓālim|injustices, grievances}}) were an ancient pre-Islamic institution that was adopted by the [Abbasid Caliphate](/source/Abbasid_Caliphate) in the eighth century CE. The main purpose of the maẓālim courts was to give ordinary people redress.<ref>{{cite book | last=Duindam | first=J. | last2=Harries | first2=J.D. | last3=Humfress | first3=C. | last4=Nimrod | first4=H. | title=Law and Empire: Ideas, Practices, Actors | publisher=Brill | series=Rulers & Elites | year=2013 | isbn=978-90-04-24951-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfKZAAAAQBAJ | access-date=2023-07-19 | page=40 |quote=the mazalim tribunals were an ancient institution that was adopted by the ʿabbasids in the eighth century. Its main purpose was to enable ordinary subjects to complain about the administrative elite of the empire.}}</ref> Al-Maẓālim, or the [sultan](/source/sultan)'s court, was distinguished from the [shurṭa](/source/shurta) or police courts.<ref>{{cite book | last=Vikør | first=K.S. | title=Between God and the Sultan: A History of Islamic Law | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-19-522398-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9d7Jw8c5v4C | access-date=2023-07-19 | page=191|quote=group them into two main types recognized by the adab literature: mazalim, or the sultan's court, and shurta, police courts.}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

Category:Sharia terminology
Category:Government of the Abbasid Caliphate
Category:Islamic courts and tribunals
Category:8th century in law

==Bibliography==
* Tyan, Emile. ''Histoire de l'organisation judiciaire en pays d'Islam.'' Leiden: Brill, 1960.
* Nielsen, Jorgen. ''Secular Justice in an Islamic State: Maẓālim under the Baḥrī Mamlūks, 662/1264-789/1387.'' Leiden: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul, 1985.
* Tillier, Mathieu. Qādī-s and the political use of the mazālim jurisdiction under the ʿAbbāsids. In Maribel Fierro and Christian Lange (eds.), ''Public Violence in Islamic Societies: Power, Discipline, and the Construction of the Public Sphere, 7th-18th Centuries CE.'' Edinburgh: [Edinburgh University Press](/source/Edinburgh_University_Press), 2009, {{p.|42-66}}. Online: http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/61/38/82/PDF/Tillier-Mazalim-Epreuves.pdf
*Tillier, Mathieu. [http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199679010.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199679010-e-10 The ''Maẓālim'' in Historiography]. In A.M. Emon and R. Ahmed (eds.), ''Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 357-380. 
* van Berkel, Maaike. Embezzlement and reimbursement. Disciplining officials in ‘Abbāsid Baghdad (8th-10th centuries A.D.). ''International Journal of Public Administration'', 34 (2011), {{p.|712-719}}.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Mazalim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazalim) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazalim?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.