# Max von Laue

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German physicist (1879–1960)

"Laue" redirects here. For the German politician, see [Lena-Sophie Laue](/source/Lena-Sophie_Laue). For the historian, see [Theodore H. Von Laue](/source/Theodore_H._Von_Laue).

Max von Laue Laue in 1929 Born Max Theodor Felix Laue (1879-10-09)9 October 1879 Pfaffendorf, German Empire Died 24 April 1960(1960-04-24) (aged 80) West Berlin, West Germany Resting place Stadtfriedhof, Göttingen Education Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin (grad. 1903) Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (grad. 1906) Known for X-ray diffraction Laue equations Stress–energy tensor Spouse Magdalene Degen ​ (m. 1910)​ Children 2, including Theodore H. Von Laue Awards Matteucci Medal (1914) Nobel Prize in Physics (1914) Max Planck Medal (1932) Scientific career Fields Physics Institutions Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München University of Zurich University of Frankfurt am Main Thesis Über die Interferenzerscheinungen an planparallelen Platten (1903) Doctoral advisor Max Planck Other academic advisors Arnold Sommerfeld Doctoral students Friedrich Beck[1] Karl-Otto Kiepenheuer[2] Nikhil Ranjan Sen[2] Leo Szilard Other notable students Johannes Geiss[1] Maurice Goldhaber[1] Karl Herzfeld[1] Fritz London Werner Reichardt[1] Eugene Wigner[1]

**Max Theodor Felix von Laue** (German: [\[maks fɔn ˈlaʊ̯ə\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German) [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Max_von_Laue.ogg); 9 October 1879 – 24 April 1960) was a German [physicist](/source/Physicist) who received the [Nobel Prize in Physics](/source/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics) in 1914 "for his discovery of the [diffraction of X-rays](/source/X-ray_diffraction) by crystals."[3]

In addition to his scientific endeavors with contributions in [optics](/source/Optics), [crystallography](/source/Crystallography), [quantum theory](/source/Quantum_mechanics), [superconductivity](/source/Superconductivity), and the [theory of relativity](/source/Theory_of_relativity), Laue had a number of administrative positions which advanced and guided [German scientific research and development](/source/Science_and_technology_in_Germany) during four decades. A strong objector to [Nazism](/source/Nazism), he was instrumental in re-establishing and organizing German science after [World War II](/source/World_War_II).

## Education

Max Theodor Felix Laue was born on 9 October 1879 in Pfaffendorf (now part of [Koblenz](/source/Koblenz)), Germany, the son of Julius Laue and Minna Zerrenner. In 1898, after passing his *[Abitur](/source/Abitur)*, Laue did one year of military service, after which he started to study mathematics, physics, and chemistry at the [University of Strassburg](/source/University_of_Strassburg). He then went to the [University of Göttingen](/source/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen), where he was greatly influenced by [Woldemar Voigt](/source/Woldemar_Voigt) and [Max Abraham](/source/Max_Abraham). In 1902, after one semester at the [Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München](/source/Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit%C3%A4t_M%C3%BCnchen), Laue went to the [Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin](/source/Friedrich_Wilhelm_University_of_Berlin), where he studied under [Max Planck](/source/Max_Planck), who gave birth to the [quantum theory](/source/Old_quantum_theory) revolution on 14 December 1900, when he delivered his famous paper before the [German Physical Society](/source/German_Physical_Society).[4][5]

At the Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin, Laue attended lectures by [Otto Lummer](/source/Otto_Lummer) on [heat radiation](/source/Heat_radiation) and interference spectroscopy, the influence of which can be seen in Laue's thesis on [interference](/source/Wave_interference) phenomena in plane-parallel plates, for which he received his [Ph.D.](/source/Ph.D.) in 1903.[6] In 1906, he completed his [habilitation](/source/Habilitation)[7] under [Arnold Sommerfeld](/source/Arnold_Sommerfeld) at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.[8][9][10][11][12]

## Career and research

In 1906, Laue became a *[Privatdozent](/source/Privatdozent)* at the [University of Berlin](/source/University_of_Berlin). There, he met [Albert Einstein](/source/Albert_Einstein) for the first time; their friendship contributed to the acceptance and development of Einstein's [theory of relativity](/source/Theory_of_relativity). At the University of Berlin, he worked on the application of entropy to radiation fields and on the thermodynamic significance of the coherence of light waves.[10][12]

In 1909, Laue became a *Privatdozent* at the [Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München](/source/Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit%C3%A4t_M%C3%BCnchen). During the 1911 Christmas recess and in January 1912, [Paul Peter Ewald](/source/Paul_Peter_Ewald) was finishing the writing of his doctoral thesis under [Arnold Sommerfeld](/source/Arnold_Sommerfeld). It was on a walk through the *[Englischer Garten](/source/Englischer_Garten)* (English Garden) in Munich in January, that Ewald told Laue about his thesis topic. The [wavelengths](/source/Wavelength) of concern to Ewald were in the visible region of the spectrum and hence much larger than the spacing between the resonators in [Ewald's crystal model](/source/Ewald's_sphere). He seemed distracted and wanted to know what would be the effect if much smaller wavelengths were considered. In June, Sommerfeld reported to the Physical Society of Göttingen on the successful [diffraction of X-rays](/source/X-ray_diffraction) by Laue, Paul Knipping, and [Walter Friedrich](/source/Walter_Friedrich) at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, which earned Laue the [Nobel Prize in Physics](/source/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics) in 1914. While at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, he wrote the first volume of his book on relativity from 1910 to 1911.[11][12][13][14]

One of the zincblende X-ray interference patterns published in Laue's 1912 paper.[15]

In 1912, Laue became Professor of Physics at the [University of Zurich](/source/University_of_Zurich), and in 1914 was appointed Ordinarius Professor of Theoretical Physics at the [University of Frankfurt am Main](/source/University_of_Frankfurt_am_Main). From 1916, he was engaged in [vacuum tube](/source/Vacuum_tube) development at the [University of Würzburg](/source/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg) for use in military [telephony](/source/Telephony) and [wireless communication](/source/Wireless_communication).[9][10][11][12]

From 1919 to 1943, Laue was Ordinarius Professor of Physics at the University of Berlin, where in 1919 other notables were [Walther Nernst](/source/Walther_Nernst), [Fritz Haber](/source/Fritz_Haber), and [James Franck](/source/James_Franck). Laue, as one of the organizers of the weekly Berlin Physics Colloquium, typically sat in the front row with Nernst and Einstein, who would come over from the [Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Physics) (KWIP) in [Berlin-Dahlem](/source/Dahlem_(Berlin)), of which he was the director. Among his students at the university were [Leó Szilárd](/source/Le%C3%B3_Szil%C3%A1rd) and [Fritz London](/source/Fritz_London). Laue published the second volume of his book on relativity in 1921.[9][11][16][17]

As a consultant to the [Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt](/source/Physikalisch-Technische_Reichsanstalt) (PTR), Laue met [Walther Meissner](/source/Walther_Meissner), who was working there on [superconductivity](/source/Superconductivity). Meissner had discovered that a weak magnetic field decays rapidly to zero in the interior of a superconductor, which is known as the [Meissner effect](/source/Meissner_effect). In 1932, he showed that the threshold of the applied magnetic field which destroys superconductivity varies with the shape of the body. He published a total of 12 papers and a book on superconductivity. One of the papers was co-authored with brothers [Fritz](/source/Fritz_London) and [Heinz London](/source/Heinz_London).[10][18][19][20] Meissner published a biography on him in 1960.[21]

The [Kaiser Wilhelm Society](/source/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Society) was founded in 1911; its purpose was to promote the sciences by founding and maintaining research institutes. One such institute was the KWIP founded in 1914, with Einstein as its director. Laue was a trustee of the KWIP from 1917, and in 1922 he was appointed deputy director, whereupon he took over the administrative duties from Einstein. Einstein was traveling abroad when [Adolf Hitler](/source/Adolf_Hitler) became Chancellor of Germany in January 1933, and Einstein did not return. He then became acting director of the KWIP, a position he held until 1946 or 1948, except for the period 1935–1939, when [Peter Debye](/source/Peter_Debye) was director. In 1943, to avoid casualties to the personnel, the KWIP moved to [Hechingen](/source/Hechingen). It was at Hechingen that he wrote his book on the history of physics, *Geschichte der Physik*, which was eventually translated into seven other languages.[10][22][23]

### Opposition to Nazism

Laue opposed [Nazism](/source/Nazism) in general, and *[Deutsche Physik](/source/Deutsche_Physik)* in particular; the former persecuted the [Jews](/source/Jews), and the latter, among other things, put down the [theory of relativity](/source/Theory_of_relativity) as "Jewish physics", which he saw as ridiculous: "science has no race or religion". He and his close friend, [Otto Hahn](/source/Otto_Hahn), secretly helped scientific colleagues persecuted by Nazi policies to emigrate from Germany. He also openly opposed [antisemitism](/source/Antisemitism). An address on 18 September 1933 at the opening of the physics convention in [Würzburg](/source/W%C3%BCrzburg), opposition to [Johannes Stark](/source/Johannes_Stark), an obituary note on [Fritz Haber](/source/Fritz_Haber) in 1934, and attendance at a commemoration for Haber are examples that clearly illustrate Laue's open opposition that earned him multiple government reprimands.

- Laue, as Chairman of the [German Physical Society](/source/German_Physical_Society), gave the opening address at the 1933 physics convention. In it, he compared the [persecution of Galileo](/source/Persecution_of_Galileo) and the oppression of his scientific views on the solar theory of [Copernicus](/source/Copernicus) to the then conflict and persecution over the theory of relativity by the proponents of *Deutsche Physik*, against the work of Einstein, labeled "Jewish physics."

- Stark, who had received the [Nobel Prize in Physics](/source/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics) in 1919, wished to become the *[Führer](/source/F%C3%BChrer)* of German physics and was a proponent of *Deutsche Physik*. Against the unanimous advice of those consulted, Stark was appointed President of the PTR in May 1933. However, Laue successfully blocked Stark's regular membership in the [Prussian Academy of Sciences](/source/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences).

- Haber received the [Nobel Prize in Chemistry](/source/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry) in 1918. In spite of this and his many other contributions to Germany, he was forced to emigrate from Germany as a result of the [Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service](/source/Law_for_the_Restoration_of_the_Professional_Civil_Service), which removed Jews from their jobs. Laue's obituary note[24] praising Haber and comparing his forced emigration to the expulsion of [Themistocles](/source/Themistocles) from Athens was a direct affront to National Socialism.

- In connection with Haber; Max Planck, Otto Hahn, and Laue organized a commemoration event held in Berlin-Dahlem on 29 January 1935, the first anniversary of Haber's death – attendance at the event by professors in the civil service had been expressly forbidden by the government. While many scientific and technical personnel were represented at the memorial by their wives, Laue and Wolfgang Heubner were the only two professors to attend.[25][26] This was yet another blatant demonstration of Laue's opposition to National Socialism. The date of the first anniversary of Haber's death was also one day before the second anniversary of National Socialism seizing power in Germany, thus further increasing the affront given by holding the event.

In particular, the struggle between Laue and Planck regarding the Nazi takeover of the Prussian Academy of Sciences has been extensively documented.[18][27][28][29][30][31] Ultimately, in response to Laue blocking Stark's regular membership in the Prussian Academy of Sciences, Stark had Laue sacked from his position as advisor to the PTR in December 1933, which Laue had held since 1925.

In a commonly reported anecdote Laue is supposed to have carried parcels in his hands when exiting his house, so to avoid having to give the [Nazi Salute](/source/Nazi_salute).[32][33][34]

### Hidden Nobel Prize

When Germany [invaded Denmark](/source/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung) in [World War II](/source/World_War_II), the Hungarian chemist [George de Hevesy](/source/George_de_Hevesy) dissolved the [Nobel Prize](/source/Nobel_Prize) gold medals of Laue and [James Franck](/source/James_Franck) in [aqua regia](/source/Aqua_regia) to prevent the Nazis from discovering them. At the time, it was illegal to take gold out of the country, and if it had been discovered that Laue had done so, he could have faced prosecution in Germany. Hevesy placed the resulting solution on a shelf in his laboratory at the [Niels Bohr Institute](/source/Niels_Bohr_Institute). After the war, he returned to find the solution undisturbed and precipitated the gold out of the acid. The Nobel Society then re-cast the Nobel Prize gold medals, using the original gold.[35]

### Post-war

On 23 April 1945, French troops entered Hechingen, followed the next day by a contingent of [Operation Alsos](/source/Operation_Alsos)—an operation to investigate the German nuclear energy effort, seize equipment, and prevent German scientists from being captured by the Soviets. The scientific advisor to the Operation was the Dutch-American physicist [Samuel Goudsmit](/source/Samuel_Goudsmit), who, adorned with a steel helmet, appeared at Laue's home. Laue was taken into custody and taken to Huntingdon, England, and interned at [Farm Hall](/source/Farm_Hall) with other scientists thought to be involved in nuclear research and development.[18]

While incarcerated, Laue was a reminder to the other detainees that one could survive the Nazi reign without having "compromised"; this alienated him from others being detained.[36] During his incarceration, he wrote a paper on the absorption of [X-rays](/source/X-ray) under interference conditions, which it was later published in *Acta Crystallographica*.[18] On 2 October 1945, Laue, [Otto Hahn](/source/Otto_Hahn), and [Werner Heisenberg](/source/Werner_Heisenberg), were taken to meet with [Henry Hallett Dale](/source/Henry_Hallett_Dale), President of the [Royal Society](/source/Royal_Society), and other members of the society. There, he was invited to attend the 9 November 1945 Royal Society meeting in memory of the German physicist [Wilhelm Röntgen](/source/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen), who discovered X-rays; however, permission was not forthcoming from the military authorities detaining him.[18]

In early 1946, Laue returned to Germany, where he went back to being acting director of the KWIP, which had been moved to Göttingen. The same year, the Kaiser Wilhelm Society became the [Max Planck Society](/source/Max_Planck_Society), and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics was renamed the [Max Planck Institute for Physics](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Physics). He also became an adjunct professor at the [University of Göttingen](/source/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen). In addition to his administrative and teaching responsibilities, he wrote his book on superconductivity, *Theorie der Supraleitung*, and revised his books on [electron diffraction](/source/Electron_diffraction), *Materiewellen und ihre Interferenzen*, and the first volume of his two-volume book on relativity.[11][18][37]

In July 1946, Laue went back to England, only four months after having been interned there, to attend an international conference on crystallography. This was a distinct honor, as he was the only German invited to attend. He was extended many courtesies by the British officer who escorted him there and back, and a well-known English crystallographer as his host; Laue was even allowed to wander around London on his own.[18]

After the war, there was much to be done in re-establishing and organizing German scientific endeavors. Laue participated in some key roles; in 1946, he initiated the founding of the German Physical Society in only the [British Occupation Zone](/source/British_Occupation_Zone), as the [Allied Control Council](/source/Allied_Control_Council) would not initially allow organizations across occupation zone boundaries. During the war, the PTR had been dispersed; Laue, from 1946 to 1948, worked on its reunification across three zones and its location at new facilities in [Braunschweig](/source/Braunschweig). Additionally, it took on a new name as the [Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt](/source/Physikalisch-Technische_Bundesanstalt), but administration was not taken over by Germany until after the formation of [West Germany](/source/West_Germany) on 23 May 1949. In 1948, the President of the [American Physical Society](/source/American_Physical_Society) asked Laue to report on the status of physics in Germany; his report was published in 1949 in the *[American Journal of Physics](/source/American_Journal_of_Physics)*.[38] In 1950, he participated in the creation of the Verband Deutscher Physikalischer Gesellschaften, formerly affiliated under the Nordwestdeutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.[11][18][37]

In April 1951, Laue became Director of the Max-Planck-Institut für physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie, a position he held until 1959. In 1953, at the request of Laue, the institute was renamed the Fritz-Haber-Institut für physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft.[18][39]

## Personal life and death

Laue's grave in the [Stadtfriedhof](/source/Stadtfriedhof).

It was in 1913 that Laue's father, Julius Laue, a civil servant in the military administration, was raised into the ranks of hereditary [nobility](/source/German_nobility), thus he became **Max von Laue**.[12] In 1910, Laue married Magdalene Degen, with whom he had two children.[12] Their son, [Theodor](/source/Theodore_H._Von_Laue) (1916–2000), went to the United States in 1937, and received his B.A. and Ph.D. from [Princeton University](/source/Princeton_University). After his service in the U.S. Army, Theodor taught modern history as a professor at various U.S. universities.[40]

Among Laue's chief recreational activities were mountaineering, motoring in his automobile, motor-biking, sailing, and skiing. While not a mountain climber, he did enjoy hiking on the [Alpine](/source/Alps) glaciers with his friends.[10]

On 8 April 1960, while Laue was driving to his laboratory in [West Berlin](/source/West_Berlin), his car was struck by a motorcyclist, who had received his license only two days earlier. The motorcyclist was killed and Laue's car was overturned. He died from his injuries sixteen days later on 24 April at the age of 80.[10] He had asked that his [epitaph](/source/Epitaph) should read that he had died trusting firmly in [God's mercy](/source/God's_mercy).[41][42][43] He is buried in the [Stadtfriedhof](/source/Stadtfriedhof) in [Göttingen](/source/G%C3%B6ttingen).

## Organizations

- 1919: Corresponding member of the [Prussian Academy of Sciences](/source/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences)[12]

- 1921: Regular member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences[11]

- From 1921: Chairman of the physics commission of the [Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft](/source/Notgemeinschaft_der_Deutschen_Wissenschaft) (Renamed in 1937: Deutsche Gemeinschaft zur Erhaltung und Förderun der Forschung. No longer active by 1945.)[44]

- From 1922: Member of the Board of Trustees of the [Potsdam Astrophysics Observatory](/source/Astrophysical_Institute_Potsdam#Foundation_of_the_Astrophysical_Observatory_Potsdam_.28AOP.29)[11]

- 1925 – 1933: Advisor to the [Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt](/source/Physikalisch-Technische_Reichsanstalt) (Today: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt).[11] Laue had been sacked in 1933 from his advisory position by Johannes Stark, Nobel Prize recipient and President of the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, in retribution for Laue's open opposition to the Nazis by blocking Stark's regular membership in the Prussian Academy of Sciences.

- 1931 – 1933: Chairman of the [Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft](/source/Deutsche_Physikalische_Gesellschaft)[11]

## Recognition

### Awards

Year Organization Award Citation Ref. 1914 Accademia dei XL Matteucci Medal — [45] 1914 Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Nobel Prize in Physics "For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals." [46] 1932 German Physical Society Max Planck Medal — [47]

### Memberships

Year Organization Type Ref. 1924 Accademia dei Lincei Foreign Member [48] 1948 American Academy of Arts and Sciences International Honorary Member [49] 1949 Royal Society Foreign Member [50] 1949 American Philosophical Society International Member [51] 1955 Pontifical Academy of Sciences Academician [52] 1958 National Academy of Sciences International Member [53]

### Orders

Year Head of state Order Ref. 1952 Theodor Heuss Pour le Mérite [54]

## Publications

*Deutsche Post (der DDR) Briefmarke* (postage stamp), 1979

*Relativitätsprinzip*, 1913

- Max von Laue *Die Relativitätstheorie. Band 1: Die spezielle Relativitätstheorie* (Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig, 1911, and 1919)

- Max von Laue *Die Relativitätstheorie. Erster Band. Das Relativitätsprinzip der Lorentz-transformation. Vierte vermehrte Auflage.* (Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, 1921)

- Max von Laue *Die Relativitätstheorie. Zweiter Band : Die Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie Und Einsteins Lehre Von Der Schwerkraft* (Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig, 1921 and 1923)

- Max von Laue *Korpuskular- und Wellentheorie* (Leipzig, 1933)

- Max von Laue *Die Interferenzen von Röntgen- und Elektronenstrahlen. Fünf Vorträge.* (Springer, 1935)

- Max von Laue *Eine Ausgestaltung der Londonschen Theorie der Supraleitung* (Barth, 1942)

- Max von Laue *Materiewellen und ihre Interferenzen* (Akadem. Verl.-Ges. Becker & Erler, 1944) (Geest und Portig, 1948)

- Max von Laue *Theorie der Supraleitung* (Springer, 1947 and 1949) - Max von Laue, translated by Lothar Meyer and William Band *Theory of Superconductivity* (N.Y., 1952)

- Max von Laue *Geschichte der Physik* (Univ.-Verl., 1946 and 1947), (Athenäum-Verl., 1950) and (Ullstein Taschenbücher-Verl., 1959, 1966 and 1982) [This book was translated into seven other languages.[10]] - Max von Laue, translated by Ralph E. Oesper *History of Physics* (Academic Press, 1950) - Max von Laue *Histoire De La Physique* (Lamarre, 1953) - Max von Laue *Geschiedenis der natuurkunde* ('s Gravenhage, Stols, 1950 and 1954)

- Max Planck and Max von Laue *Wissenschaftliche Selbstbiographie* (Barth, 1948)

- Max von Laue *Röntgenstrahlinterferenzen* (Akadem. Verl.-Ges., 1948)

- Max von Laue *Die Relativitätstheorie. Bd. 2. Die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie* (Vieweg, 1953)

- Max Planck and Max von Laue *Vorlesungen über Thermodynamik* de Gruyter (Gebundene, 1954)

- Walter Friedrich, Paul Knipping, and Max von Laue *Interferenzerscheinungen bei Röntgenstrahlen* (J. A. Barth, 1955)

- Max von Laue *Die Relativitätstheorie. Bd. 1. Die spezielle Relativitätstheorie* (Vieweg, 1955)

- Max von Laue *Die Relativitätstheorie. Bd. 2. Die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie* (Vieweg, 1956)

- Max von Laue *Max von Laue*

- Max von Laue *Röntgenwellenfelder in Kristallen* (Akademie-Verl., 1959)

- Max von Laue *Von Laue-Festschrift. 1* (Akadem. Verl.-Ges., 1959)

- Max von Laue *Von Laue-Festschrift. 2* (Akadem. Verl.-Ges., 1960)

- Max von Laue and Ernst Heinz Wagner *Röntgenstrahl-Interferenzen* (Akadem. Verl.-Ges., 1960)

- Max von Laue and Friedrich Beck *Die Relativitätstheorie. Bd. 1. Die spezielle Relativitätstheorie* (Vieweg, 1961 and 1965)

- Max von Laue *Gesammelte Schriften und Vorträge. Bd. 1* (Vieweg, 1961)

- Max von Laue *Gesammelte Schriften und Vorträge. Bd. 2* (Vieweg, 1961)

- Max von Laue *Gesammelte Schriften und Vorträge. Bd. 3* (Vieweg, 1961)

- Max von Laue *Aufsätze und Vorträge* (Vieweg, 1961 and 1962)

- Max von Laue and Friedrich Beck *Die Relativitätstheorie. Bd. 2. Die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie* (Vieweg, 1965)

- Max von Laue *Die Relativitätstheorie II. Die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie* (Vieweg Friedr. und Sohn Ver, 1982)

### Other publications

- Friedrich W, Knipping P, von Laue M (1912). ["Interferenz-Erscheinungen bei Röntgenstrahlen"](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Interferenz-Erscheinungen_bei_Röntgenstrahlen.pdf) (PDF). *Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlich-Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München* [*Interference phenomena in X-rays*]. **1912**: 303.

- Laue, Max von (1913). "Kritische Bemerkungen zu den Deutungen der Photogramme von Friedrich und Knipping". *[Physikalische Zeitschrift](/source/Physikalische_Zeitschrift)*. **14** (10): 421–423. Received 1 April 1913, published in issue No. 10 of 15 May 1913. As cited in Mehra, Volume 5, Part 2, 2001, p. 922.

- Laue, Max von (1913). "Zur Optik der Raumgitter". *Physikalische Zeitschrift*. **14** (21): 1040–1041. Received 1 October 1913, published in issue No. 21 of 1 November 1913. As cited in Mehra, Volume 5, Part 2, 2001, p. 922.

- Laue, Max von (1913). "Röntgenstrahlinterferenzen". *Physikalische Zeitschrift*. **14** (22/23): 1075–1079. Presented on 24 September 1913 at the 85th Naturforscherversammlung, Vienna, published in issue No. 22/23 of 15 November 1913. As cited in Mehra, Volume 5, Part 2, 2001, p. 922.

- Laue, Max von (1913). "Zur Optik der Raumgitter". *Physikalische Zeitschrift*. **14** (25): 1286–1287. Received 21 November 1913, published in issue No. 25 of 15 December 1913. As cited in Mehra, Volume 5, Part 2, 2001, p. 922.

- Laue, Max von; [Fritz London](/source/Fritz_London); [Heinz London](/source/Heinz_London) (1935). "Zur Theorie der Supraleitung". *Zeitschrift für Physik*. **96** (5–6): 359–364. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1935ZPhy...96..359L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1935ZPhy...96..359L). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/BF01343868](https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01343868). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [122522994](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122522994).

## See also

- [History of special relativity](/source/History_of_special_relativity)

- [Laue equations](/source/Laue_equations)

- [Sagnac effect](/source/Sagnac_effect)

- [Trouton–Noble experiment](/source/Trouton%E2%80%93Noble_experiment)

- [Twin paradox](/source/Twin_paradox)

- [Einstein synchronisation](/source/Einstein_synchronisation)

- [Institut Laue–Langevin](/source/Institut_Laue%E2%80%93Langevin)

- [Laue (crater)](/source/Laue_(crater))

- [10762 von Laue](/source/10762_von_Laue)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-PhysicsTree_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-PhysicsTree_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-PhysicsTree_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-PhysicsTree_1-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-PhysicsTree_1-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-PhysicsTree_1-5) ["Max von Laue - Physics Tree"](https://academictree.org/physics/peopleinfo.php?pid=53753). *academictree.org*. Retrieved 7 September 2025.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-MGP_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-MGP_2-1) ["Max von Laue"](https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=44139). *[Mathematics Genealogy Project](/source/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project)*. North Dakota State University. Retrieved 30 May 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Stoddart_3-0)** Stoddart, Charlotte (1 March 2022). ["Structural biology: How proteins got their close-up"](https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2022/structural-biology-how-proteins-got-their-closeup). *Knowable Magazine*. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1146/knowable-022822-1](https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fknowable-022822-1). Retrieved 25 March 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** [Waerden, B. L. van der](/source/Bartel_Leendert_van_der_Waerden) (ed.) (1968) [*Sources of Quantum Mechanics*](https://archive.org/details/SourcesOfQuantumMechanics). Dover. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-486-45892-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-45892-X). p. 1.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Planck, Max (1900). ["Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspektrum"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150807054128/http://www.christoph.mettenheim.de/planck-energieverteilung.pdf) (PDF). *Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft*. **2**: 237–245. Archived from [the original](http://www.christoph.mettenheim.de/planck-energieverteilung.pdf) (PDF) on 7 August 2015. Cited in Hans Kango, editor, and translated by D. ter Haar and Stephen G. Bush *Planck's Original Papers in Quantum Physics: German and English Edition* (Taylor and Francis, 1972) p. 60.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** [Max von Laue](http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/html/id.phtml?id=44139) – Mathematics Genealogy Project. Max von Laue, Ph.D., Universität Berlin, 1903, Dissertation title: *Über die Interferenzerscheinungen an planparallelen Platten*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Habilitation title: "Über die Entropie von interferierenden Strahlenbündeln"

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** [Walker](#Walker), p. 73

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-american_philosophical_society_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-american_philosophical_society_9-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-american_philosophical_society_9-2) [Max von Laue](http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/guides/ahqp/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070205234854/http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/guides/ahqp/) 5 February 2007 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) – American Philosophical Society Author Catalog

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-nobel_bio_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-nobel_bio_10-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-nobel_bio_10-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-nobel_bio_10-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-nobel_bio_10-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-nobel_bio_10-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-nobel_bio_10-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-nobel_bio_10-7) [Max von Laue](http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1914/laue-bio.html) – Nobel Prize Biography

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_11-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_11-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_11-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_11-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_11-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_11-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_11-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_11-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-Hentschel_F_Laue_11-9) Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F, see entry for Max von Laue.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-deutsches_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-deutsches_12-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-deutsches_12-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-deutsches_12-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-deutsches_12-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-deutsches_12-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-deutsches_12-6) [Max von Laue Biography](http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/LaueMax/) – Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Ewald_13-0)** [Ewald, P. P.](/source/Paul_Peter_Ewald) (ed.) [*50 Years of X-Ray Diffraction*](http://www.iucr.org/iucr-top/publ/50YearsOfXrayDiffraction/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080323071738/http://www.iucr.org/iucr-top/publ/50YearsOfXrayDiffraction/) 23 March 2008 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) (Reprinted in pdf format for the IUCr XVIII Congress, Glasgow, Scotland, [International Union of Crystallography](/source/International_Union_of_Crystallography)). Ch. 4, pp. 37–42.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Jungnickel_14-0)** [Jungnickel, Christa](/source/Christa_Jungnickel); [McCormmach, Russell](/source/Russell_McCormmach) (1990). *[Intellectual Mastery of Nature: Theoretical Physics from Ohm to Einstein](/source/Intellectual_Mastery_of_Nature%3A_Theoretical_Physics_from_Ohm_to_Einstein), Volume 2: The Now Mighty Theoretical Physics, 1870 to 1925*. [University of Chicago Press](/source/University_of_Chicago_Press). pp. 284–285. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-226-41585-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-41585-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Friedrich W, Knipping P, von Laue M (1912). ["Interferenz-Erscheinungen bei Röntgenstrahlen"](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Interferenz-Erscheinungen_bei_Röntgenstrahlen.pdf) (PDF). *Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlich-Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München* [*Interference phenomena in X-rays*]. **1912**: 303.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** [Max von Laue](http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/html/id.phtml?id=44139) – Mathematics Genealogy Project

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Lanouette_17-0)** Lanouette, William; Silard, Bela (1992). [*Genius in the Shadows: A Biography of Leó Szilárd the Man Behind the Bomb*](https://archive.org/details/geniusinshadowsa00lano/page/56). New York: [Scribners](/source/Scribners). pp. [56–58](https://archive.org/details/geniusinshadowsa00lano/page/56). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-684-19011-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-19011-7).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-development_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-development_18-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-development_18-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-development_18-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-development_18-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-development_18-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-development_18-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-development_18-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-development_18-8) von Laue, Max. ["My Development as a Physicist; AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY"](http://www.iucr.org/publ/50yearsofxraydiffraction/full-text/von-laue). *International Union of CRYSTALLOGRAPHY*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** [Max von Laue Biography](http://www.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/paf/paf24.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080621082948/http://www.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/paf/paf24.html) 21 June 2008 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) – University of Frankfurt am Main

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** [Fritz London Publications](http://www.phy.duke.edu/people/FritzLondon/publications.ptml) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070612174703/http://www.phy.duke.edu/people/FritzLondon/publications.ptml) 12 June 2007 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) – [Duke University](/source/Duke_University)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Meissner_21-0)** [Meissner, Walter](/source/Walther_Mei%C3%9Fner) (1960). *Max von Laue als Wissenschaftler und Mensch*. Verl. d. Bayer. Akademie d. Wissenschaften. and C. H. Beck Verlag (1986)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Hentschel, 1966, Appendix F, see entries for von Laue and Debye.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Hentschel, 1966, Appendix A, see entries for KWG and KWIP.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Laue, M. (1934). "Fritz Haber". *Die Naturwissenschaften*. **22** (7): 97. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1934NW.....22...97V](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1934NW.....22...97V). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/BF01495380](https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01495380). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [39353745](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39353745).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Hentschel, 1996, Document #29, pp. 76–78: See Footnote #3.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Hentschel, 1996, Document #120, pp. 400–402: A letter from [Lise Meitner](/source/Lise_Meitner) to [Otto Hahn](/source/Otto_Hahn).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** [Walker](#Walker), pp. 65–122

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Hentschel, 1966, Appendix F, see entries for Max von Laue, Johannes Stark, and Fritz Haber.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** Hentschel, 1966, Appendix A, see entry for the DFG.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Heilbron_30-0)** [Heilbron, J. L.](/source/John_L._Heilbron) (2000). *The dilemmas of an upright man: Max Planck and the Fortunes of German Science*. Cambridge: [Harvard University Press](/source/Harvard_University_Press). pp. 159–162, 167–168. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-674-00439-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00439-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Beyerchen_31-0)** Beyerchen, Alan D. (1977). [*Scientists under Hitler: politics and the physics community in the Third Reich*](https://archive.org/details/scientistsunderh00alan/page/64). New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. pp. [64–69, 208–209](https://archive.org/details/scientistsunderh00alan/page/64). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-300-01830-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-01830-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Coffey, Patrick (29 August 2008). [*Cathedrals of Science: The Personalities and Rivalries That Made Modern Chemistry*](https://books.google.com/books?id=UQt6glJEiGsC&q=max+von+laue+hitler+salute&pg=PA165). Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-971746-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971746-0).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Medawar, Jean; Pyke, David (12 January 2012). [*Hitler's Gift: The True Story of the Scientists Expelled by the Nazi Regime*](https://books.google.com/books?id=jv4mAgAAQBAJ&q=max+von+laue+nazi+salute&pg=PT199). Skyhorse. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-61145-964-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61145-964-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Hobsbawm, Eric (6 February 2020). [*The Age Of Extremes: 1914-1991*](https://books.google.com/books?id=99DADwAAQBAJ). Little, Brown Book Group. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-349-14439-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-14439-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** [Adventures in radioisotope research – the collected papers of George Hevesy](https://archive.org/stream/adventuresinradi01heve#page/27/mode/1up/search/medals), 1962, Pergamon Press, New York

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Bernstein_36-0)** [Bernstein, Jeremy](/source/Jeremy_Bernstein) (2001). [*Hitler's uranium club: the secret recordings at Farm Hall*](https://archive.org/details/hitlersuraniumcl00bern/page/333). New York: Copernicus. pp. [333–334](https://archive.org/details/hitlersuraniumcl00bern/page/333). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-387-95089-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-95089-3).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_37-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_37-1) Hentschel, 1996, Appendix A, see entries on KWG and KWIP.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-report_38-0)** Laue, Max von (1949). "A Report on the State of Physics in Germany". *[American Journal of Physics](/source/American_Journal_of_Physics)*. **17** (3): 137–141. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1949AmJPh..17..137V](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1949AmJPh..17..137V). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1119/1.1989526](https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1989526).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** Hentschel, 1996, Appendix A, see entry on KWIPC.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** [Andreas Daum](/source/Andreas_Daum), [Hartmut Lehmann](/source/Hartmut_Lehmann), [James J. Sheehan](/source/James_J._Sheehan) (eds.), *The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians. With a Biobibliographic Guide*. New York: Berghahn Books, 2016, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-78238-985-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-985-9) 12, 22, 24, 29, 34, 36, 403‒4 (including a short biography and bibliography of his works).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** [Max von Laue: Biographical](https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1914/laue-bio.html) The Nobel Prize in Physics 1914. Nobel Foundation.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** [Ewald, P. P.](/source/Paul_Peter_Ewald) (1960). ["Max von Laue 1879-1960"](https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1960.0028). *[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society](/source/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society)*. **6**: 134–156. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1098/rsbm.1960.0028](https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1960.0028). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [71307727](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71307727).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** Magill, Frank Northen (1989) *The Nobel Prize Winners*, Salem Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-89356-559-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89356-559-8). p. 198

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** Hentschel, 1966, Appendix A, see entry for NG.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** ["Medaglie"](https://www.accademiaxl.it/attivita/medaglie/). *www.accademiaxl.it* (in Italian). Retrieved 4 November 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** ["Nobel Prize in Physics 1914"](https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1914/summary/). [Nobel Foundation](/source/Nobel_Foundation). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080915195235/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1914/index.html) from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** ["Preisträgerinnen und Preisträger"](https://www.dpg-physik.de/auszeichnungen/dpg-preise/max-planck-medaille/preistraeger). *www.dpg-physik.de* (in German). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20251009202127/https://www.dpg-physik.de/auszeichnungen/dpg-preise/max-planck-medaille/preistraeger) from the original on 9 October 2025. Retrieved 23 March 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** ["Laue (von), Max"](https://www.lincei.it/it/socio/laue-von-max). *www.lincei.it* (in Italian). Retrieved 14 March 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** ["Max Theodor Felix von Laue"](https://www.amacad.org/person/max-theodor-felix-von-laue). *www.amacad.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230302155755/https://www.amacad.org/person/max-theodor-felix-von-laue) from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** ["Search Results"](https://catalogues.royalsociety.org/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=NA415&pos=1). *catalogues.royalsociety.org*. Retrieved 14 March 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** ["APS Member History"](https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Max+von+Laue&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced). *search.amphilsoc.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230302155750/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Max+von+Laue&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced) from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** ["Max Theodor Felix von Laue"](https://www.pas.va/en/academicians/deceased/laue_von.html). *www.pas.va*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20260227075226/https://www.pas.va/en/academicians/deceased/laue_von.html) from the original on 27 February 2026. Retrieved 14 March 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** ["Max von Laue"](https://www.nasonline.org/directory-entry/max-von-laue-proc6i/). *www.nasonline.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20260113015522/https://www.nasonline.org/directory-entry/max-von-laue-proc6i/) from the original on 13 January 2026. Retrieved 14 March 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** ["Max Theodor Felix von Laue"](https://www.orden-pourlemerite.de/mitglieder/max-theodor-felix-von-laue). *www.orden-pourlemerite.de* (in German). Retrieved 14 March 2026.

## Sources

- Hentschel, Klaus, ed. (1996). *Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources*. Ann M. Hentschel (translator). Basel: [Birkhäuser Verlag](/source/Birkh%C3%A4user_Verlag). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8176-5312-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8176-5312-0).

- Walker, Mark H. (1995). *Nazi science: myth, truth, and the German atomic bomb*. New York: Plenum Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-306-44941-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-44941-2).

## Further reading

- [Greenspan, Nancy Thorndike](/source/Stanley_Greenspan) (2005). *[The End of the Certain World: The Life and Science of Max Born](/source/The_End_of_the_Certain_World)*. New York: [Basic Books](/source/Basic_Books). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7382-0693-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7382-0693-8).

- Herneck, Friedrich (1979). *Max von Laue*. Leipzig: Teubner.

- [Jammer, Max](/source/Max_Jammer) (1966). [*The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics*](https://archive.org/details/conceptualdevelo0000jamm). New York: [McGraw–Hill](/source/McGraw%E2%80%93Hill).

- Lemmerich, Jost (2020). *Max von Laue – Furchtlos und treu. Eine Biographie des Nobelpreisträgers für Physik* (hardback). Rangsdorf: Basilisken-Presse. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-941365-56-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-941365-56-8).

- Medawar, Jean; Pyke, David (2012). *Hitler's Gift: The True Story of the Scientists Expelled by the Nazi Regime* (Paperback). New York: Arcade Publishing. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-61145-709-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61145-709-4).

- [Mehra, Jagdish](/source/Jagdish_Mehra); [Rechenberg, Helmut](/source/Helmut_Rechenberg) (2001). *The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 1 Part 1 The Quantum Theory of Planck, Einstein, Bohr and Sommerfeld 1900–1925: Its Foundation and the Rise of Its Difficulties*. Springer. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-387-95174-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-95174-1).

- Mehra, Jagdish; Rechenberg, Helmut (2001). *The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 1 Part 2 The Quantum Theory of Planck, Einstein, Bohr and Sommerfeld 1900–1925: Its Foundation and the Rise of Its Difficulties*. Springer. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-387-95175-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-95175-X).

- Mehra, Jagdish; Rechenberg, Helmut (2001). *The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 5 Erwin Schrödinger and the Rise of Wave Mechanics. Part 1 Schrödinger in Vienna and Zurich 1887–1925*. Springer. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-387-95179-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-95179-2).

- Mehra, Jagdish; Rechenberg, Helmut (2001). *The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 5 Erwin Schrödinger and the Rise of Wave Mechanics. Part 2 Schrödinger in Vienna and Zurich 1887–1925*. Springer. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-387-95180-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-95180-6).

- Rosenthal-Schneider, Ilse (1988). *Begegnungen mit Einstein, von Laue und Planck. Realität und wissenschaftliche Wahrheit*. Braunschweig: Vieweg. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [3-528-08970-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-528-08970-9).

- Rosenthal-Schneider, Ilse (1980). *Reality and Scientific Truth: Discussions with Einstein, von Laue, and Planck*. Wayne State University. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8143-1650-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-1650-6).

- Walker, Mark H. (1993). *German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power, 1939–1949*. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-521-43804-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43804-7).

- Zeitz, Katharina (2006). *Max von Laue (1879–1960) Seine Bedeutung für den Wiederaufbau der deutschen Wissenschaft nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg*. Steiner Franz Verlag. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [3-515-08814-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-08814-8).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Max von Laue](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Max_von_Laue).

English [Wikisource](/source/Wikisource) has original works by or about:

**[Max von Laue](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Author:Max_von_Laue)**

Wikiquote has quotations related to ***[Max von Laue](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Max_von_Laue)***.

- [Max von Laue Biography](http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/LaueMax/) – Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin (in German)

- [Max von Laue Biography](https://web.archive.org/web/19990203170938/http://www.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/paf/paf24.html) at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) (archived 3 February 1999) – University of Frankfurt am Main (in German)

- [Max von Laue](https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/19) on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, 3 June 1920 *Concerning the Detection of X-ray Interferences*

- [Nobel Presentation Address](http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1914/present.html) – An account of Laue's work is by Professor G. Granqvist, Chairman of the Nobel Committee for Physics

v t e Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics 1901–1925 1901: Röntgen 1902: Lorentz / Zeeman 1903: Becquerel / P. Curie / M. Curie 1904: Rayleigh 1905: Lenard 1906: J. J. Thomson 1907: Michelson 1908: Lippmann 1909: Marconi / Braun 1910: Van der Waals 1911: Wien 1912: Dalén 1913: Kamerlingh Onnes 1914: Laue 1915: W. L. Bragg / W. H. Bragg 1916 1917: Barkla 1918: Planck 1919: Stark 1920: Guillaume 1921: Einstein 1922: N. Bohr 1923: Millikan 1924: M. Siegbahn 1925: Franck / Hertz 1926–1950 1926: Perrin 1927: Compton / C. Wilson 1928: O. Richardson 1929: De Broglie 1930: Raman 1931 1932: Heisenberg 1933: Schrödinger / Dirac 1934 1935: Chadwick 1936: Hess / C. D. Anderson 1937: Davisson / G. P. Thomson 1938: Fermi 1939: Lawrence 1940 1941 1942 1943: Stern 1944: Rabi 1945: Pauli 1946: Bridgman 1947: Appleton 1948: Blackett 1949: Yukawa 1950: Powell 1951–1975 1951: Cockcroft / Walton 1952: Bloch / Purcell 1953: Zernike 1954: Born / Bothe 1955: Lamb / Kusch 1956: Shockley / Bardeen / Brattain 1957: C. N. Yang / T. D. Lee 1958: Cherenkov / Frank / Tamm 1959: Segrè / Chamberlain 1960: Glaser 1961: Hofstadter / Mössbauer 1962: Landau 1963: Wigner / Goeppert Mayer / Jensen 1964: Townes / Basov / Prokhorov 1965: Tomonaga / Schwinger / Feynman 1966: Kastler 1967: Bethe 1968: Alvarez 1969: Gell-Mann 1970: Alfvén / Néel 1971: Gabor 1972: Bardeen / Cooper / Schrieffer 1973: Esaki / Giaever / Josephson 1974: Ryle / Hewish 1975: A. Bohr / Mottelson / Rainwater 1976–2000 1976: Richter / Ting 1977: P. W. Anderson / Mott / Van Vleck 1978: Kapitsa / Penzias / R. Wilson 1979: Glashow / Salam / Weinberg 1980: Cronin / Fitch 1981: Bloembergen / Schawlow / K. Siegbahn 1982: K. Wilson 1983: Chandrasekhar / Fowler 1984: Rubbia / Van der Meer 1985: von Klitzing 1986: Ruska / Binnig / Rohrer 1987: Bednorz / Müller 1988: Lederman / Schwartz / Steinberger 1989: Ramsey / Dehmelt / Paul 1990: Friedman / Kendall / R. Taylor 1991: de Gennes 1992: Charpak 1993: Hulse / J. Taylor 1994: Brockhouse / Shull 1995: Perl / Reines 1996: D. Lee / Osheroff / R. Richardson 1997: Chu / Cohen-Tannoudji / Phillips 1998: Laughlin / Störmer / Tsui 1999: 't Hooft / Veltman 2000: Alferov / Kroemer / Kilby 2001– present 2001: Cornell / Ketterle / Wieman 2002: Davis / Koshiba / Giacconi 2003: Abrikosov / Ginzburg / Leggett 2004: Gross / Politzer / Wilczek 2005: Glauber / Hall / Hänsch 2006: Mather / Smoot 2007: Fert / Grünberg 2008: Nambu / Makoto Kobayashi / Maskawa 2009: Kao / Boyle / Smith 2010: Geim / Novoselov 2011: Perlmutter / Schmidt / Riess 2012: Wineland / Haroche 2013: Englert / Higgs 2014: Akasaki / Amano / Nakamura 2015: Kajita / McDonald 2016: Thouless / Haldane / Kosterlitz 2017: Weiss / Barish / Thorne 2018: Ashkin / Mourou / Strickland 2019: Peebles / Mayor / Queloz 2020: Penrose / Genzel / Ghez 2021: Parisi / Hasselmann / Manabe 2022: Aspect / Clauser / Zeilinger 2023: Agostini / Krausz / L'Huillier 2024: Hopfield / Hinton 2025: Clarke / Devoret / Martinis

v t e 1914 Nobel Prize laureates Chemistry Theodore William Richards (United States) Literature (1914) None Peace None Physics Max von Laue (Germany) Physiology or Medicine Róbert Bárány (Hungary) Nobel Prize recipients 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Max von Laue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Laue?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.