# Max Planck Society

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Association of German research institutes

Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften Logo Abbreviation MPG Predecessor Kaiser Wilhelm Society[1] Formation 1911; 115 years ago (1911)[1] Type Non-profit research organization[1] Legal status Eingetragener Verein (e. V.) Headquarters Munich, Germany[1] Coordinates 48°08′28″N 11°34′56″E / 48.1411°N 11.5822°E / 48.1411; 11.5822 President Patrick Cramer Main organ Senate[2] Budget €2.1 billion (2023)[2] Staff 25,740 (2024)[2] Website www.mpg.de/en

[Max Planck](/source/Max_Planck), after whom the society is named

The **Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science** ([German](/source/German_language): ***Max-Planck-Gesellschaft** zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e. V.*; **MPG**) is a formally independent non-governmental and nonprofit association of German [research institutes](/source/Research_institute). Founded in 1911 as the [Kaiser Wilhelm Society](/source/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Society),[1][3] it was renamed to the Max Planck Society in 1948 in honor of its former president, theoretical physicist [Max Planck](/source/Max_Planck). The society is funded by the federal and state governments of Germany.[2][1]

## Mission

According to its primary goal, the Max Planck Society supports [fundamental research](/source/Basic_research) in the [natural](/source/Natural_science), [life](/source/Life_science) and [social](/source/Social_science) sciences, [the arts](/source/The_arts) and [humanities](/source/Humanities) in its 84 (as of January 2024)[2] institutes and research facilities.[1][3] As of 31 December 2023[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Society&action=edit), the society has a total staff of 24,655 permanent employees, including 6,688 contractually employed scientists, 3,444 doctoral candidates, and 3,203 guest scientists.[2] 44.9% of all employees are female and 57.2% of the scientists are foreign nationals. The society's budget for 2023 was about €2.1 billion.[2]

The Max Planck Society has a world-leading reputation as a science and technology research organization, with 39 [Nobel Prizes](/source/Nobel_Prizes) awarded to their scientists, and is widely regarded as one of the foremost basic research organizations in the world. In 2025, the [Nature Index](/source/Nature_Index) placed the **Max Planck Institutes** twelfth worldwide in terms of research published in *Nature* journals .[4] In terms of total research volume (unweighted by citations or impact), the Max Planck Society is only outranked by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the [Russian Academy of Sciences](/source/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences) and Harvard University in the Times Higher Education institutional rankings.[5] The Thomson Reuters-Science Watch website placed the Max Planck Society as the second leading research organization worldwide following Harvard University in terms of the impact of the produced research over science fields.[6]

The Max Planck Society and its predecessor Kaiser Wilhelm Society hosted several renowned scientists in their fields, including [Otto Hahn](/source/Otto_Hahn), [Werner Heisenberg](/source/Werner_Heisenberg), and [Albert Einstein](/source/Albert_Einstein).

The Max Planck Society also hosts the *[Cornell](/source/Cornell_University), [Maryland](/source/University_of_Maryland%2C_College_Park), and Max Planck Pre-Doctoral Research School*, an intense week of lectures, informal conversations with guest faculty and fellow students from all over the world, professional development panels with academic and industrial speakers, research poster sessions, and social events.

## History

The society's logo features [Minerva](/source/Minerva), the [Roman](/source/Roman_mythology) [goddess](/source/Goddess) of wisdom.

The organization was established in 1911 as the [Kaiser Wilhelm Society](/source/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Society), or *Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft* (KWG), a non-governmental research organization named for the [then German emperor](/source/Wilhelm_II). The KWG was one of the world's leading research organizations; its board of directors included scientists like [Walther Bothe](/source/Walther_Bothe), [Peter Debye](/source/Peter_Debye), [Albert Einstein](/source/Albert_Einstein), and [Fritz Haber](/source/Fritz_Haber). In 1946, [Otto Hahn](/source/Otto_Hahn) assumed the position of president of KWG, and in 1948, the society was renamed the Max Planck Society (MPG) after its former president (1930–37) [Max Planck](/source/Max_Planck), who died in 1947.[7]

The Max Planck Society has a world-leading reputation as a science and technology research organization. In 2006, the [Times Higher Education Supplement](/source/Times_Higher_Education) rankings[8] of non-university research institutions (based on international peer review by academics) placed the Max Planck Society as No.1 in the world for science research, and No.3 in technology research (behind [AT&T Corporation](/source/AT%26T_Corporation) and the [Argonne National Laboratory](/source/Argonne_National_Laboratory) in the United States).

The domain *mpg.de* attracted at least 1.7 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a [Compete.com](/source/Compete.com) study.[9]

### List of presidents of the KWG and the MPG

1. [Adolf von Harnack](/source/Adolf_von_Harnack) (1911–1930)

1. [Max Planck](/source/Max_Planck) (1930–1937)

1. [Carl Bosch](/source/Carl_Bosch) (1937–1940)

1. [Albert Vögler](/source/Albert_V%C3%B6gler) (1941–1945)

1. [Max Planck](/source/Max_Planck) (16 May 1945 – 31 March 1946)

1. [Otto Hahn](/source/Otto_Hahn) (as President of the KWG 1946 and then as Founder and President of the MPG 1948–1960)

1. [Adolf Butenandt](/source/Adolf_Butenandt) (1960–1972)

1. [Reimar Lüst](/source/Reimar_L%C3%BCst) (1972–1984)

1. [Heinz Staab](/source/Heinz_Staab) (1984–1990)

1. [Hans F. Zacher](/source/Hans_F._Zacher) (1990–1996)

1. [Hubert Markl](/source/Hubert_Markl) (1996–2002)

1. [Peter Gruss](/source/Peter_Gruss) (2002–2014)

1. [Martin Stratmann](/source/Martin_Stratmann) (2014–2023)

1. [Patrick Cramer](/source/Patrick_Cramer) (2023–present)

## Max Planck Research Award

From 1990 to 2004, the "Max Planck Research Award for International Cooperation" was presented to several researchers from a wide range of disciplines each year.

From 2004 to 2017, the "Max Planck Research Award" was conferred annually to two internationally renowned scientists, one of whom was working in Germany and one in another country. Calls for nominations for the award were invited on an annually rotating basis in specific sub-areas of the natural sciences and engineering, the life sciences, and the human and social sciences. The objective of the Max Planck Society and the [Alexander von Humboldt Foundation](/source/Alexander_von_Humboldt_Foundation) in presenting this joint research award was to give added momentum to specialist fields that were either not yet established in Germany or that deserved to be expanded.[10]

Since 2018, the award has been succeeded by the "Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award", annually awarded to an internationally renowned mid-career researcher with outstanding future potential from outside Germany but having a strong interest in a research residency in Germany for limited time periods, alternately in the fields of natural and engineering sciences, human sciences, and life sciences, as well as the "Max Planck-Humboldt Medal" awarded to other two finalists.[11][12][13][14]

### Max Planck-Humboldt Research Awards and Medals

Year Award Name Institution Field 2024 Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award Geordie Williamson University of Sydney Mathematics Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Torsten Hoefler ETH Zurich Artificial Intelligence and High-Performance Computing with applications in Climate Sciences Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Laura Waller University of California, Berkeley Computational microscopy 2023 Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award Rotem Sorek Weizmann Institute of Science Bacterial defense mechanisms against viruses Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Amy Buck University of Edinburgh Inter-species RNA communication Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Kandice Tanner National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health in Bethesda Biophysics of the metastatic spread of cancer 2022 Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award Margaret Roberts UCSD Censorship and Disinformation Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Vanessa Ogle Yale University Social Sciences Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Wim Decock Universities of Louvain-la-Neuve and Liége Social Sciences 2021 Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award Pablo Jarillo-Herrero MIT Quantum Materials Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Anastassia Alexandrova UCLA Theoretical Chemistry Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Sumit Gulwani Microsoft AI-assisted Programming 2020 Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award Roberto Bonasio University of Pennsylvania Life sciences Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Luciano Marraffini Rockefeller University Life sciences 2019 Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award Ufuk Akcigit University of Chicago Macroeconomics Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Elliot Tucker-Drob University of Texas at Austin Personality and developmental psychology 2018 Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award Catherine Heymans University of Edinburgh Dark energy Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Robert Wood Harvard University Soft robotics Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Sam Payne University of Texas at Austin Tropical geometry

### Max Planck Research Award

Year Name Institution Field 2016 Bonnie Bassler Princeton University Sensory perception of organisms Martin Wikelski [de] Max Planck Institute for Ornithology 2015 Bryan Stanley Turner City University of New York Religion and modernity – secularisation, social and religious pluralism Hans Joas Humboldt University of Berlin 2014 Robert J. Schoelkopf Yale University Quantum nanoscience Jörg Wrachtrup University of Stuttgart 2013 Chris Field Carnegie Institution for Science & Stanford University Influence of climate change on ecosystems Markus Reichstein [de] Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry 2012 Katharina Pistor Columbia University Law School Regulating international financial markets Martin Hellwig Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods 2011 Sebastian Thrun Stanford University Intelligent systems Bernhard Schölkopf Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems 2010 Timothy George Bromage [de] New York University College of Dentistry Evolution Michael Tomasello Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology 2009 Karl Galinsky University of Texas at Austin History of memory Aleida Assmann University of Konstanz 2008 Robert S. Langer Massachusetts Institute of Technology Biomaterials Peter Fratzl Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces 2007 Raymond Joseph Dolan University College London & Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging Neuromodulation and behaviour Hans-Christian Pape [de] University of Münster 2006 Alina Payne Harvard University Art history Horst Bredekamp Humboldt University of Berlin 2005 Christopher Carilli National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro Astrophysics Christof Wetterich Heidelberg University 2004 Eugene W. Myers University of California, Berkeley Bioinformatics Martin Vingron Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics

## Organization

Entrance of the administrative headquarters of the Max Planck Society in [Munich](/source/Munich)

The Max Planck Society is formally an *[eingetragener Verein](/source/Eingetragener_Verein)*, a registered association with the institute directors as scientific members having equal voting rights.[15] The society has its registered seat in [Berlin](/source/Berlin), while the administrative headquarters are located in [Munich](/source/Munich). Since June 2023, chemist and molecular biologist [Patrick Cramer](/source/Patrick_Cramer) has been the President of the Max Planck Society.[16]

Funding is provided predominantly from federal and state sources, but also from research and license fees and donations. One of the larger donations was the castle [Schloss Ringberg](/source/Schloss_Ringberg) near [Kreuth](/source/Kreuth) in Bavaria, which was pledged by Luitpold Emanuel in Bayern ([Duke in Bavaria](/source/Duke_in_Bavaria)). It passed to the Society after the duke died in 1973, and is now used for conferences.

### Max Planck Institutes and research groups

Main article: [List of Max Planck Institutes](/source/List_of_Max_Planck_Institutes)

The Max Planck Society consists of over 80 research institutes.[17] In addition, the society funds a number of Max Planck Research Groups (MPRG) and International Max Planck Research Schools (IMPRS). The purpose of establishing independent research groups at various universities is to strengthen the required networking between universities and institutes of the Max Planck Society.

The research units are primarily located across Europe with a few in South Korea and the U.S. In 2007, the Society established its first non-European centre, with an institute on the Jupiter campus of [Florida Atlantic University](/source/Florida_Atlantic_University) focusing on neuroscience.[18][19]

The Max Planck Institutes operate independently from, though in close cooperation with, the universities, and focus on innovative research that does not fit into the university structure due to its [interdisciplinary](/source/Interdisciplinarity) or [transdisciplinary](/source/Transdisciplinarity) nature or that require resources that cannot be met by the state universities.

Internally, Max Planck Institutes are organized into research departments headed by directors such that each MPI has several directors, a position roughly comparable to anything from full professor to department head at a university. Other core members include Junior and Senior Research Fellows.[20]

In addition, there are associated institutes:[17]

Name City Country Section Ernst Strüngmann Institute Frankfurt am Main Germany Biology & Medicine

Max Planck Society also has a collaborative center with [Princeton University](/source/Princeton_University)—[Max Planck Princeton Research Center for Plasma Physics](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Princeton_Research_Center_for_Plasma_Physics&action=edit&redlink=1)—located in [Princeton, New Jersey](/source/Princeton%2C_New_Jersey), in the U.S.[21] The latest Max Planck Research Center has been established at [Harvard University](/source/Harvard_University) in 2016 as the [Max Planck Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean](/source/Max_Planck_Harvard_Research_Center_for_the_Archaeoscience_of_the_Ancient_Mediterranean).

### International Max Planck Research Schools

Together with the Association of Universities and other Education Institutions in Germany, the Max Planck Society established numerous International Max Planck Research Schools (IMPRS) to promote junior scientists:

- Cologne Graduate School of Ageing Research, [Cologne](/source/Cologne)[22]

- [Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Molecular_Genetics)

- International Max Planck Research School for Intelligent Systems, at the [Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Intelligent_Systems) located in [Tübingen](/source/T%C3%BCbingen) and [Stuttgart](/source/Stuttgart)[23]

- International Max Planck Research School on Adapting Behavior in a Fundamentally Uncertain World (Uncertainty School), at the Max Planck Institutes for Economics, for Human Development, and/or Research on Collective Goods

- International Max Planck Research School for Analysis, Design and Optimization in Chemical and Biochemical Process Engineering, [Magdeburg](/source/Magdeburg)[24]

- International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Cosmic Physics, [Heidelberg](/source/Heidelberg) at the [MPI for Astronomy](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Astronomy)

- International Max Planck Research School for Astrophysics, [Garching](/source/Garching) at the [MPI for Astrophysics](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Astrophysics)

- International Max Planck Research School for Complex Surfaces in Material Sciences, [Berlin](/source/Berlin)[25]

- International Max Planck Research School for Computer Science, [Saarbrücken](/source/Saarbr%C3%BCcken)[26]

- International Max Planck Research School for Earth System Modeling, [Hamburg](/source/Hamburg)[27]

- International Max Planck Research School for Elementary Particle Physics, Munich, at the [MPI for Physics](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Physics)[28]

- International Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology, [Marburg](/source/Marburg) at the [Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Terrestrial_Microbiology)

- [International Max Planck Research School for Evolutionary Biology](/source/International_Max_Planck_Research_School_for_Evolutionary_Biology), [Plön](/source/Pl%C3%B6n) at the [Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Biology)[29]

- International Max Planck Research School "From Molecules to Organisms", [Tübingen](/source/T%C3%BCbingen) at the [Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Biology_T%C3%BCbingen)[30]

- International Max Planck Research School for Global Biogeochemical Cycles, [Jena](/source/Jena) at the [Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Biogeochemistry)[31]

- International Max Planck Research School on Gravitational Wave Astronomy, [Hannover](/source/Hannover) and Potsdam [MPI for Gravitational Physics](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Gravitational_Physics)[32]

- [International Max Planck Research School for Heart and Lung Research](/source/International_Max_Planck_Research_School_for_Heart_and_Lung_Research), Bad Nauheim at the [Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Heart_and_Lung_Research)[33]

- International Max Planck Research School for Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Berlin at the [Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Infection_Biology)[34][35]

- International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, [Nijmegen](/source/Nijmegen)[36]

- International Max Planck Research School for Neurosciences, [Göttingen](/source/G%C3%B6ttingen)[37]

- International Max Planck Research School for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, [Tübingen](/source/T%C3%BCbingen)[38]

- International Max Planck Research School for Marine Microbiology (MarMic), joint program of the [Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Marine_Microbiology) in [Bremen](/source/Bremen), the [University of Bremen](/source/University_of_Bremen), the [Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research](/source/Alfred_Wegener_Institute_for_Polar_and_Marine_Research) in [Bremerhaven](/source/Bremerhaven), and the [Jacobs University Bremen](/source/Jacobs_University_Bremen)[39]

- International Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs, Hamburg[40]

- [International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology](/source/International_Max_Planck_Research_School_for_Molecular_and_Cellular_Biology), [Freiburg](/source/Freiburg)

- [International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences](/source/International_Max_Planck_Research_School_for_Molecular_and_Cellular_Life_Sciences), Munich[41]

- International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Biology, Göttingen[42]

- International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Cell Biology and Bioengineering, [Dresden](/source/Dresden)[43]

- International Max Planck Research School Molecular Biomedicine, program combined with the 'Graduate Programm Cell Dynamics And Disease' at the University of [Münster](/source/M%C3%BCnster) and the [Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Molecular_Biomedicine)[44]

- International Max Planck Research School on Multiscale Bio-Systems, Potsdam[45]

- [International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology](/source/International_Max_Planck_Research_School_for_Organismal_Biology), at the [University of Konstanz](/source/University_of_Konstanz) and the [Max Planck Institute for Ornithology](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Ornithology)[46][47]

- International Max Planck Research School on Reactive Structure Analysis for Chemical Reactions (IMPRS RECHARGE), [Mülheim an der Ruhr](/source/M%C3%BClheim_an_der_Ruhr), at the [Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Chemical_Energy_Conversion)[48]

- International Max Planck Research School for Science and Technology of Nano-Systems, Halle at [Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Microstructure_Physics)

- [International Max Planck Research School for Solar System Science](/source/International_Max_Planck_Research_School_for_Solar_System_Science)[49] at the [University of Göttingen](/source/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen)[50] hosted by [MPI for Solar System Research](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Solar_System_Research)[51]

- International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics, [Bonn](/source/Bonn), at the [MPI for Radio Astronomy](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Radio_Astronomy) (formerly the International Max Planck Research School for Radio and Infrared Astronomy)[52]

- International Max Planck Research School for the Social and Political Constitution of the Economy, Cologne[53]

- International Max Planck Research School for Surface and Interface Engineering in Advanced Materials, Düsseldorf at [Max Planck Institute for Iron Research GmbH](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Iron_Research_GmbH)

- [International Max Planck Research School for Ultrafast Imaging and Structural Dynamics](/source/International_Max_Planck_Research_School_for_Ultrafast_Imaging_and_Structural_Dynamics), Hamburg[54]

### Max Planck Schools

- Max Planck School of Cognition[55]

- Max Planck School Matter to Life[56]

- Max Planck School of Photonics[57]

### Max Planck Center

- The Max Planck Centre for Attosecond Science (MPC-AS), [POSTECH](/source/POSTECH) [Pohang](/source/Pohang)

- The Max Planck POSTECH Center for Complex Phase Materials, POSTECH Pohang

### Max Planck Institutes

Among others:

- [Kunsthistorische Institut in Florenz – Max-Planck-Institut](/source/Kunsthistorisches_Institut_in_Florenz), Florence, Italy

- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience

- [Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior – caesar, Bonn](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Neurobiology_of_Behavior_%E2%80%93_caesar)

- Max Planck Institute for Aeronomics in [Katlenburg-Lindau](/source/Katlenburg-Lindau) was renamed to [Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Solar_System_Research) in 2004;

- [Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Biology_T%C3%BCbingen) in [Tübingen](/source/T%C3%BCbingen);

- [Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Cell_Biology) in [Ladenburg b. Heidelberg](/source/Ladenburg) was closed in 2003;

- Max Planck Institute for Economics in Jena was renamed to the [Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_Science_of_Human_History) in 2014;

- Max Planck Institute for Ionospheric Research in [Katlenburg-Lindau](/source/Katlenburg-Lindau) was renamed to Max Planck Institute for Aeronomics in 1958;

- [Max Planck Institute for Metals Research](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Metals_Research), [Stuttgart](/source/Stuttgart)

- Max Planck Institute of Oceanic Biology in [Wilhelmshaven](/source/Wilhelmshaven) was renamed to Max Planck Institute of Cell Biology in 1968 and moved to [Ladenburg](/source/Ladenburg) 1977;

- [Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Psychological_Research) in Munich merged into the [Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Human_Cognitive_and_Brain_Sciences) in 2004;

- Max Planck Institute for Protein and Leather Research in [Regensburg](/source/Regensburg) moved to [Munich](/source/Munich) 1957 and was united with the Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry in 1977;

- Max Planck Institute for the Study of the Scientific-Technical World in [Starnberg](/source/Starnberg) (from 1970 until 1981 (closed)) directed by [Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker](/source/Carl_Friedrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker) and [Jürgen Habermas](/source/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas).

- [Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Behavioral_Physiology)

- [Max Planck Institute of Experimental Endocrinology](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Experimental_Endocrinology)

- [Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Social Law](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Foreign_and_International_Social_Law)

- [Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Physics_and_Astrophysics)

- [Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding](/source/Max_Planck_Research_Unit_for_Enzymology_of_Protein_Folding)

- [Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Colloids_and_Interfaces) in [Potsdam](/source/Potsdam)

- [Max Planck Institute for Coal Research](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Coal_Research) in [Mülheim](/source/M%C3%BClheim)

## Open access publishing

See also: [Open access in Germany](/source/Open_access_in_Germany)

The Max Planck Society describes itself as "a co-founder of the international Open Access movement".[58] Together with the [European Cultural Heritage Online Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Cultural_Heritage_Online_Project&action=edit&redlink=1) the Max Planck Society organized the Berlin Open Access Conference in October 2003 to ratify the [Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing](/source/Bethesda_Statement_on_Open_Access_Publishing). At the Conference the [Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities](/source/Berlin_Declaration_on_Open_Access_to_Knowledge_in_the_Sciences_and_Humanities) was passed. The Berlin Declaration built on previous open access declarations, but widened the research field to be covered by open access to include humanities and called for new activities to support open access such as "encouraging the holders of cultural heritage" to provide open access to their resources.[59]

The Max Planck Society continues to support [open access](/source/Open_access) in Germany and mandates institutional [self-archiving](/source/Self-archiving) of research outputs on the eDoc server and publications by its researchers in [open access journals](/source/Open_access_journals) within 12 months.[60] To finance open access the Max Planck Society established the Max Planck Digital Library. The library also aims to improve the conditions for open access on behalf of all Max Planck Institutes by negotiating contracts with open access publishers and developing infrastructure projects, such as the Max Planck [open access repository](/source/Open_access_repository).[61]

## Criticism

This "criticism" or "controversy" section may compromise the article's neutrality. Please help integrate negative information into other sections or remove undue focus on minor aspects through discussion on the talk page. (February 2024)

### Pay for PhD students

In 2008, the [European General Court](/source/General_Court_(European_Union)) ruled in a case brought by a PhD student against the Max Planck Society that "a researcher preparing a doctoral thesis on the basis of a grant contract concluded with the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften eV, must be regarded as a worker within the meaning of Article 39 EC only if his activities are performed for a certain period of time under the direction of an institute forming part of that association and if, in return for those activities, he receives remuneration".[62]

In 2012, the Max Planck Society was at the centre of a controversy about some PhD students not being given [employment contracts](/source/Employment_contracts). Of the 5,300 students who at the time wrote their PhD thesis at the 80 Max Planck Institutes 2,000 had an employment contract. The remaining 3,300 received grants of between 1,000 and 1,365 Euro.[63] According to a 2011 statement by the Max Planck Society "As you embark on a PhD, you are still anything but a *proper* scientist; it's during the process itself that you become a *proper* scientist... a PhD is *an apprenticeship in the lab*, and as such it is usually not paid like a *proper* job – and this is, by and large, the practice at all research institutions and universities".[64] The allegation of wage dumping for young scientists was discussed during the passing of the 2012 "Wissenschaftsfreiheitsgesetz" (Scientific Freedom Law) in the [German Parliament](/source/German_Parliament).[65]

### Freedom of expression

In February 2024, the Max Planck Society faced widespread criticism for terminating the employment of Lebanese-Australian professor [Ghassan Hage](/source/Ghassan_Hage) from the [Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Social_Anthropology), citing his social media posts on the [Israeli–Palestinian conflict](/source/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict) as incompatible with the society's core values.[66] This decision was publicly condemned by numerous scholars and academic organizations, who argued it infringed on Hage's [freedom of expression](/source/Freedom_of_expression). German newspaper [Welt am Sonntag](/source/Welt_am_Sonntag) initially reported on Hage's posts.[67][68] Following the dismissal, global academic communities, including Israeli scholars,[69] the German Association of Social and Cultural Anthropology,[70] the [British Society for Middle Eastern Studies](/source/British_Society_for_Middle_Eastern_Studies),[71] the [European Association of Social Anthropologists](/source/European_Association_of_Social_Anthropologists),[72] the [American Anthropological Association](/source/American_Anthropological_Association),[73] the Council for Humanities, Arts and Sciences and the [Australian Anthropological Society](/source/Australian_Anthropological_Society),[74] the Canadian Anthropology Society,[75] a Japanese group of scholars,[76] the Australian Sociological Association,[77] rallied in support of Hage, extensively citing Hage's own intellectual work, urging the society to reverse its decision. The Max Planck Society and the President Patrick Cramer have not yet respond to these letters, as of July 2024.[78][79] The Max Planck Society has made public statements expressing support for the state of Israel in the [Gaza war](/source/Gaza_war).[80][81] Hage filed a legal challenge contesting his dismissal. In December 2024, the Labour Court Halle rejected the dismissal claim of Ghassan Hage.[82]

### Allegations of misconduct

Since at least 2018, there have been numerous accusations of bullying and harassment by senior researchers and directors at the Max Planck Society. In 2018, two high-profile cases of bullying were made public. Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Garching accused director [Guinevere Kauffmann](/source/Guinevere_Kauffmann) of insulting and bullying students and making racist remarks.[83][84] Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences also accused director [Tania Singer](/source/Tania_Singer) of bullying and intimidation.[85] As of April 2025, both remain at the Max Planck Society.[86][87]

In 2021, [Nicole Boivin](/source/Nicole_Boivin), a director of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (renamed the Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology in 2022), was removed after an internal investigation by the Max Planck Society reportedly determined that she had bullied junior researchers and plagiarized their work, along with other accusations. In December 2021, a court ruling reinstated her as a director. However in April 2022, she was removed following a vote by a governing board of the Max Planck Society.[88] However, as of April 2025, she is still employed as a Research Group Leader.[89] The same year, ecologist [Ian Baldwin](/source/Ian_T._Baldwin), a director at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, was accused of harassing doctoral candidates and postdoctoral researchers.[90]

In March 2025, a joint investigation between [Deutsche Welle](/source/Deutsche_Welle) and [Der Spiegel](/source/Der_Spiegel) concluded that within the Max Planck Society, there was "a systemic failure to hold abusive staff members or their institutes accountable". Interviews with over 30 scientists, many recruited internationally, revealed that more than half experienced or witnessed misconduct by senior staff, particularly directors and group leaders. Women and people of color were identified as being at higher risk of such abuse. Many of those interviewed within the report wished to remain anonymous to avoid retaliation. Specific allegations of misconduct against [Jan-Michael Rost](/source/Jan-Michael_Rost), director of the [Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems](/source/Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_Physics_of_Complex_Systems) in [Dresden](/source/Dresden), were highlighted within the report.[91][92]

## Nobel Laureates

### Kaiser Wilhelm Society (1914–1948)

1. [Max von Laue](/source/Max_von_Laue), Nobel Prize in Physics in 1914

1. [Richard Willstätter](/source/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter), Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1915

1. [Fritz Haber](/source/Fritz_Haber), Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918

1. [Max Planck](/source/Max_Planck), Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918

1. [Albert Einstein](/source/Albert_Einstein), Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921

1. [Otto Meyerhof](/source/Otto_Meyerhof), Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1922

1. [James Franck](/source/James_Franck), Nobel Prize in Physics in 1925

1. [Carl Bosch](/source/Carl_Bosch), Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1931

1. [Otto Heinrich Warburg](/source/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg), Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1931

1. [Werner Heisenberg](/source/Werner_Heisenberg), Nobel Prize in Physics in 1932

1. [Hans Spemann](/source/Hans_Spemann), Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1935

1. [Peter J. W. Debye](/source/Peter_J._W._Debye), Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1936

1. [Richard Kuhn](/source/Richard_Kuhn), Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1938

1. [Adolf Butenandt](/source/Adolf_Butenandt), Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1939

1. [Otto Hahn](/source/Otto_Hahn), Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1944

### Max Planck Society (since 1948)

1. [Walter Bothe](/source/Walter_Bothe), Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954

1. [Karl Ziegler](/source/Karl_Ziegler), Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963

1. [Feodor Lynen](/source/Feodor_Lynen), Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1964

1. [Manfred Eigen](/source/Manfred_Eigen), Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1967

1. [Konrad Lorenz](/source/Konrad_Lorenz), Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1973

1. [Georges Köhler](/source/Georges_K%C3%B6hler), Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984

1. [Klaus von Klitzing](/source/Klaus_von_Klitzing), Nobel Prize in Physics in 1985

1. [Ernst Ruska](/source/Ernst_Ruska), Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986

1. [Johann Deisenhofer](/source/Johann_Deisenhofer), Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1988

1. [Hartmut Michel](/source/Hartmut_Michel), Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1988

1. [Robert Huber](/source/Robert_Huber), Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1988

1. [Bert Sakmann](/source/Bert_Sakmann), Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1991

1. [Erwin Neher](/source/Erwin_Neher), Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1991

1. [Paul Crutzen](/source/Paul_Crutzen), Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995

1. [Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard](/source/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard), Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995

1. [Theodor W. Hänsch](/source/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch), Nobel Prize in Physics in 2005

1. [Gerhard Ertl](/source/Gerhard_Ertl), Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2007

1. [Stefan W. Hell](/source/Stefan_W._Hell), Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2014

1. [Reinhard Genzel](/source/Reinhard_Genzel), Nobel Prize in Physics in 2020

1. [Emmanuelle Charpentier](/source/Emmanuelle_Charpentier), Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020

1. [Klaus Hasselmann](/source/Klaus_Hasselmann), Nobel Prize in Physics in 2021

1. [Benjamin List](/source/Benjamin_List), Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2021

1. [Svante Pääbo](/source/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo), Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2022

1. [Ferenc Krausz](/source/Ferenc_Krausz), Nobel Prize in Physics in 2023

## See also

- [Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft](/source/Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)

- [Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Scientific Community](/source/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz_Scientific_Community)

- [Harnack medal](/source/Harnack_medal)

- [Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres](/source/Helmholtz_Association_of_German_Research_Centres)

- [Schloss Ringberg](/source/Schloss_Ringberg)

- [Ultrabright electron](/source/Ultrabright_electron)

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** ["The 13th"Berlin OA conference" was the second one focussing on the large-scale transition of scholarly journals to Open Access as put forward by the OA2020 initiative"](https://openaccess.mpg.de/2365/en). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170607005651/https://openaccess.mpg.de/2365/en) from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-59)** Regazzi, John J. (2015). [*Scholarly Communications: A History from Content as King to Content as Kingmaker*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Clu3BgAAQBAJ). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 192. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0810890886](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810890886). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170825022434/https://books.google.de/books/about/Scholarly_Communications.html?id=Clu3BgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y) from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2017.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-61)** ["The unstoppable rise of Open Access"](https://www.mpg.de/7608810/unstoppable-open-access). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170825021308/https://www.mpg.de/7608810/unstoppable-open-access) from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-62)** ["Case C-94/07 Andrea Raccanelli v Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften eV"](http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62007CJ0094). 17 July 2008. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170925175632/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62007CJ0094) from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-63)** Mersch, Britta (28 March 2012). ["Wut der Doktoranden Schafft die Stipendien ab!"](http://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/jobundberuf/0,1518,823951,00.html). *Der Spiegel*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120505012251/http://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/jobundberuf/0,1518,823951,00.html) from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-64)** ["Scholarships are also a sign of quality What is a doctoral thesis all about?"](http://www.mpg.de/5724370/scholarships). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120916181921/http://www.mpg.de/5724370/scholarships) from the original on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-65)** ["Wissenschaftsfreiheitsgesetz"](http://dbtg.tv/fvid/1772856). 29 June 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-66)** ["Statement of the Max Planck Society about Prof. Ghassan Hage"](https://www.mpg.de/21510445/statement-ghassan-hage).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-67)** ["Antisemitismus-Skandal erschüttert deutsche Nobelpreis-Schmiede"](https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/plus249881966/Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Antisemitismus-Skandal-erschuettert-deutsche-Nobelpreis-Schmiede.html). *Die Welt* (in German). 5 February 2024. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0173-8437](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0173-8437). Retrieved 9 February 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-68)** Fitzpatrick, Matt (13 February 2024). Freeman-Greene, Suzy; Ley, James; Case, Jo (eds.). ["As the war in Gaza continues, Germany's unstinting defence of Israel has unleashed a culture war that has just reached Australia"](https://theconversation.com/as-the-war-in-gaza-continues-germanys-unstinting-defence-of-israel-has-unleashed-a-culture-war-that-has-just-reached-australia-223329). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.64628/AA.tgm3hc9wf](https://doi.org/10.64628%2FAA.tgm3hc9wf).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-69)** ["Letter in support of Prof. Ghassan Hage - Prof. Dr. Patrick Cramer.pdf"](https://drive.usercontent.google.com/download?id=14zLOH4ErUoDwqcPrbGnh6awNSx-DIWuL&export=download). Archived from [the original](https://drive.google.com/file/d/14zLOH4ErUoDwqcPrbGnh6awNSx-DIWuL/view) on 2 October 2025. Retrieved 18 February 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-70)** ["Statement of the Board of the German Association of Social and Cultural Anthropology (GASCA) on Academic Freedom in Germany"](https://www.dgska.de/stellungnahme-des-vorstands-zur-wissenschaftsfreiheit-in-deutschland/). dgska.de. Retrieved 18 February 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-71)** ["Letter to Max Planck Society Regarding Professor Ghassan Hage"](https://www.brismes.ac.uk/news/letter-max-planck-society-professor-ghassan-hage). brismes.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 February 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-72)** ["EASA letter regarding academic freedom and Prof. Ghassan Hage"](https://easaonline.org/outputs/support/mps0224.shtml). easaonline.org. Retrieved 18 February 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-73)** ["Letter to Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology"](https://americananthro.org/advocacy-statements/letter-to-max-planck-institute-for-social-anthropology/). americananthro.org. 16 February 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-74)** ["Letter to Max Plank Society re: Ghassan Hage 15/02"](https://www.aas.asn.au/content.aspx?page_id=2507&club_id=143481&item_id=3696&pst=23552). aas.asn.au. Retrieved 27 February 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-75)** ["CASCA Executive Statement: "Academic freedom, antisemitism, and the dismissal of Ghassan Hage from the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology""](https://www.cas-sca.ca/en/casca-executive-statement-academic-freedom-antisemitism-and-the-dismissal-of-ghassan-hage-from-the-max-planck-institute-for-social-anthropology/). cas-sca.ca/. 5 March 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-76)** ["Statement in support of Ghassan Hage from Japan"](https://drive.google.com/file/d/11qifqd3wr84qTpOLO--s-egRDLdsADH5/view?fbclid=IwAR2BkkI3E5VZz4iFmLifmgZnzh8_FKEE1sKprWT1jBrQ4x2Ri55mPyj_eNI_aem_AZDnCXaad-tS71LVAiKfuX9oSWKdeuHr5-AjGn1TzzylQQFq812scjO-IzaSePTGg10). Retrieved 6 March 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-77)** ["Urgent Appeal for the Preservation of Academic Freedom"](https://s3.amazonaws.com/ClubExpressClubFiles/671860/documents/TASA_letter_to_Prof_Dr_Rao_regarding_Ghassan_Hage_740007786.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIA6MYUE6DNNNCCDT4J&Expires=1711369744&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DTASA_letter_to_Prof_Dr_Rao_regarding_Ghassan_Hage.pdf&Signature=tPjsL%2B72cevSJikb78N%2BcWsgokM%3D/) (PDF). tasa.au/. 1 March 2024. Retrieved 25 March 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-78)** ["Der Skandal um Ghassan Hage"](https://magazin.zenith.me/de/gesellschaft/forschung-deutschland-und-der-gaza-krieg?fbclid=IwAR02lE7hEW6M-botObDmKzYT5oQy3hWKyH5ksZZ2AzV1oeWLKsk-PZthG5E). *Zenith*. 23 February 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.["Professor Hage's sacking in Germany could have a serious impact on Australian universities"](https://www.crikey.com.au/2024/02/29/professor-ghassan-sage-sacking-firing-max-planck-society/). 29 February 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-79)** ["As the war in Gaza continues, Germany's unstinting defence of Israel has unleashed a culture war that has just reached Australia"](https://theconversation.com/as-the-war-in-gaza-continues-germanys-unstinting-defence-of-israel-has-unleashed-a-culture-war-that-has-just-reached-australia-223329/). the conversation.com. 13 February 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-80)** ["Additional funding for German-Israeli collaborations"](https://www.mpg.de/max-planck-israel-programme/). mpg.de. 20 December 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-81)** ["The Max Planck Society must end its unconditional support for Israel"](https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/3/24/the-max-planck-society-must-end-its-unconditional-support-for-israel#:~:text=We%2C%20a%20diverse%20group%20of,as%20a%20whole%2C%20about%20Israel%2D/). aljazeera.com. 24 March 2024. Retrieved 25 March 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-82)** [Labour Court Halle rejects dismissal claim of Ghassan Hage, December 10, 2024](https://www.mpg.de/23849527/labour-court-halle-rejects-dismissal-claim-of-ghassan-hage)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-83)** Kupferschmidt, Kai (2018). ["New case of alleged bullying rocks the Max Planck Society"](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.361.6403.630). *Science*. **361** (6403): 630–631. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2018Sci...361..630K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Sci...361..630K). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1126/science.361.6403.630](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.361.6403.630). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [30115786](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30115786). Retrieved 14 March 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-84)** ["A Star Scientist From The Max Planck Society Allegedly Harassed And Bullied Her Colleagues"](https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/pascalemueller/guinevere-kauffmann-max-planck). *www.buzzfeednews.com*. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-85)** Kupferschmidt, Kai (2018). ["New case of alleged bullying rocks the Max Planck Society"](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.361.6403.630). *Science*. **361** (6403): 630–631. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2018Sci...361..630K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Sci...361..630K). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1126/science.361.6403.630](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.361.6403.630). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [30115786](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30115786). Retrieved 14 March 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-86)** ["Prof. Dr. Tania Singer"](https://www.mpg.de/314299/soziale-neurowissenschaften-tania-singer). *www.mpg.de*. Retrieved 14 March 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-87)** ["Dr. Guinevere Kauffmann, Ph.D."](https://www.mpg.de/7083531/astrophysics-kauffmann) *www.mpg.de*. Retrieved 14 March 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-88)** ["Max Planck archaeology director removed after alleged bullying"](https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abq3381). *www.science.org*. 2022. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1126/science.abq3381](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abq3381). Retrieved 14 March 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-89)** ["Prof. Nicole Boivin"](https://www.gea.mpg.de/person/49612/2944). *www.mpg.de*. Retrieved 14 March 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-90)** Haug, Kristin (31 December 2021). ["Er fragte immer wieder, mit wem ich geredet hatte"](https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/bildung/machtmissbrauch-am-max-planck-institut-er-fragte-immer-wieder-mit-wem-ich-geredet-hatte-a-abf9875b-ffef-4ad0-88a4-72f36729dda4). *www.spiegel.de*. Retrieved 14 March 2025.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-92)** Haug, Kristin (13 March 2025). ["(S+) Machtmissbrauch: Junge Forscher erheben Vorwürfe gegen Max-Planck-Gesellschaft"](https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/bildung/machtmissbrauch-an-max-planck-instituten-nachwuchsforscher-erheben-vorwuerfe-a-8fa639b8-8871-4ce2-9946-e61ebb3cab14). *Der Spiegel* (in German). Retrieved 19 March 2025.

### Sources

- Alison Abbott: *German science starts facing up to its historical amnesia*, in: Nature Vol 403 (2000), p. 474f. (article about the Commission for the history of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft under National Socialism)

- Gretchen Vogel: *Aufbau Ost: Max Planck's East German Experiment*, in: Science Vol. 326, 6 November 2009 (about the new institutes in the eastern part of Germany)

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Max Planck Society](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Max_Planck_Society).

- [Official website](https://www.mpg.de/en)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Max Planck Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Society) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Society?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.