# Maurism

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[[File:Goicoechea y Maura, de Goñi.jpg|thumb|right|[Antonio Maura](/source/Antonio_Maura) and [Antonio Goicoechea](/source/Antonio_Goicoechea) in a Maurist meeting (April 1917).]]{{Short description|Conservative Spanish movement}}
'''Maurism''' (''Maurismo'' in [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language)) was a [conservative](/source/Conservatism) political movement that bloomed in [Spain](/source/Spain) from 1913 around the political figure of [Antonio Maura](/source/Antonio_Maura) after a schism in the [Conservative Party](/source/Conservative_Party_(Spain)) between ''idóneos'' ('apt ones') and ''mauristas'' ('maurists'). Its development took place in a period of crisis for the dynastic parties of the [Spanish Restoration](/source/Spanish_Restoration) regime.{{Sfn|González Cuevas|2008|p=31}} The movement, which fragmented in several factions in the 1920s, has been portrayed as a precursor of the Spanish [radical right](/source/Radical_right_(Europe)).{{Sfn|Perfecto|2012|p=60}}

== History ==
The 1913 refusal by Antonio Maura to accept the terms of the ''[turno pacífico](/source/turno)'' (the alternation in government between the two major parties in the Restoration two-party system) and assume the presidency of the Council of Ministers led to a schism in the Conservative Party between idóneos (supporters of [Eduardo Dato](/source/Eduardo_Dato) and dynastic normality) and the followers of Maura,{{Sfn|Romero Salvadó|2002|p=28}}{{Sfn|Avilés Farré|Elizalde Pérez-Grueso|Sueiro Seoane|2002|p=236}} leading to the establishment of a new movement, ''maurismo''.{{Sfnm|Marín Arce|1997|1p=130|González Hernández|1989|2p=19|Payne|1999|3p=19}} In October 1913 a seminal speech by [Ángel Ossorio y Gallardo](/source/%C3%81ngel_Ossorio_y_Gallardo) delivered in Zaragoza gave birth to the so-called ''maurismo callejero'' ('street Maurism').{{Sfn|Hernández Burgos|2011|p=197}}{{Sfn|Cabo|Miguez|2009|p=90}} This side of Maurism became active in street politics using popular agitation, even physical violence.{{Sfn|Avilés Farré|Elizalde Pérez-Grueso|Sueiro Seoane|2002|p=239}}
[[File:Anís Maura.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.6|Bottle of "[Anís](/source/Anisette) Maura", promoted by the Maurist Youth.{{Sfn|Bunk|2008|p=18}}]]
Maurism, aside from the figure of Antonio Maura, was partially inspired by historian [Gabriel Maura](/source/Gabriel_Maura_Gamazo){{Sfn|Pasamar Alzuria|1993|pp=207-208}} (son of Antonio Maura), and received some influences from the ideas of French monarchist [Charles Maurras](/source/Charles_Maurras)—Maura and Maurras wrote to each other—and [Action Française](/source/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise).{{Sfnm|González Cuevas|1990|1p=353|Blinkhorn|2003|2p=122}} However, Antonio Maura never got to lend support to the radical side of the movement created around him.{{Sfn|Payne|1999|p=20}} Other notable ''Mauristas'' were [José Calvo Sotelo](/source/Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo), [José Félix de Lequerica](/source/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_de_Lequerica), [Fernando Suárez de Tangil](/source/Fernando_Su%C3%A1rez_de_Tangil) and [César Silió](/source/C%C3%A9sar_Sili%C3%B3).{{Sfn|González Cuevas|2008|p=41}} Miguel Ángel Perfecto identified three inner factions within the movement: the [social Catholic](/source/Catholic_social_teaching) one of Ossorio, the liberal-conservative strand of [Gabriel Maura](/source/Gabriel_Maura) and the neoconservatives of Goicoechea.{{Sfn|Perfecto|2012|p=60}} Additionally, the followers of [Juan de la Cierva](/source/Juan_de_la_Cierva_y_Pe%C3%B1afiel) within the Conservative Party, as they drifted away from the orthodoxy of [Eduardo Dato](/source/Eduardo_Dato), ended up orbiting around authoritarian stances close to Maurism, but they did not merge into the organizational structure.{{Sfn|Avilés Farré|Elizalde Pérez-Grueso|Sueiro Seoane|2002|p=236}}{{Sfn|Perfecto|2012|p=60}}
[[File:Interesante conferencia de don Gabriel Maura, de Goñi.jpg|thumb|left|Conference by [Gabriel Maura](/source/Gabriel_Maura_Gamazo) organised by the Maurist Youth in the [Westin Palace Hotel](/source/The_Westin_Palace_Madrid) (March 1917).]]
The social strata prevalent among mauristas, whose first National Assembly was held in January 1913, were young people from the aristocracy and the wealthy middle classes.{{Sfn|González Calleja|Souto Kustrín|2007|p=78}}{{Sfn|González|1988|p=148}} The movement built up its own organic structure and related media, created Maurist circles and even worker associations and presented candidates for local and general elections.{{Sfnm|Rodríguez Jiménez|2006|1p=227|Tuñón de Lara|1976|2pp=75-76}} Maurists were noted for the wide dissemination of their propaganda, embracing the catch-phrase "''¡Maura Sí!''" ('Yes to Maura!').{{Sfnm|González|1988|1p=149|Perfecto|2012|2p=60–61}} Attempts were made to reach capture working class support but these did not succeed as it was perceived as too middle class and establishment-minded, with republican groups managing to mobilise the workers much more successfully.{{Sfn|Romero Salvadó|Smith|2010|pp=18–19}}

Presenting itself as an antithetical to the Restoration regime instituted by [Antonio Cánovas del Castillo](/source/Antonio_C%C3%A1novas_del_Castillo) (''canovismo''), Maurism tried to lead a conservative modernization, endorsing an [interventionist](/source/Economic_interventionism), [nationalist](/source/Spanish_nationalism) and [corporative](/source/Corporativism) ideological project.{{Sfn|González Cuevas|Montero|2001|p=43}} It has been characterised as a [regenerationist](/source/Regenerationism) movement.{{Sfn|Tusell|Avilés|1986|p=361}} It shared with that movement the belief that defeat in the [Spanish–American War](/source/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War) had been the fault of a political system that was rife with incompetence and corruption, with Maurism prescribing the imposition of a new patriotic system from above by elites.{{Sfn|Preston|1981|p=333}} Another feature of Maurism was confessional Catholicism.{{Sfn|Rodríguez Jiménez|2006|p=227}} The movement's social action could be described as [paternalist](/source/Paternalism), with a tutelary function of the upper classes over the lower ones.{{Sfn|González|1988|pp=148 y 155}} During [World War I](/source/World_War_I), Maurists largely supported [Germanophile](/source/Germanophile) stances, although Maura himself defended neutrality and Ossorio endorsed [Germanophobia](/source/Germanophobia).{{Sfn|Fuentes Codera|2013|p=71}}
thumb|right|Maurist meeting in the Teatro de la Comedia, Madrid (March 1917).
In the 1917 Madrid local elections nine Maurist councillors were elected. At this election non-dynastic unconventional candidates (Maurists and the republican-socialist coalition) took marginally more seats than the candidates elected by the traditional Restoration parties.{{Sfn|Romero Salvadó|2002|p=215}}
The 1919 Maura cabinet, that included three Maurists, Goicoechea, Silió and Ossorio,{{Sfn|Gómez Ochoa|1990|p=242}} was a window of opportunity for Maurism but it ended up in failure.{{Sfn|Payne|1999|p=19}} Maura had become aware of the difficulties in fulfilling the Maurist agenda without the support of the dynastic forces.{{Sfn|Gómez Ochoa|1990|p=243}} Since then the movement shifted towards fragmentation.{{Sfn|Payne|1999|p=19}}

In the 1920 election to the Cortes the Maurist fraction only got 22 members of the parliament.{{Sfn|Álvarez Delgado|2003|p=80}} Two "antagonistic" factions split from Maurism.{{Sfn|González Calleja|Souto Kustrín|2007|p=79}}{{Sfn|Gil Pecharromán|1993|p=247}} In one side the scion led by [Ángel Ossorio y Gallardo](/source/%C3%81ngel_Ossorio_y_Gallardo), supportive of social Catholicism and [Christian democracy](/source/Christian_democracy), founded the [Partido Social Popular](/source/Partido_Social_Popular) in 1922. On the other side [Antonio Goicoechea](/source/Antonio_Goicoechea) led an [anti-liberal](/source/Anti-liberalism) and [authoritarian](/source/Authoritarianism) scion,{{Sfnm|Marín Arce|1997|1p=130|Gil Pecharromán|1993|2p=247|Payne|1999|3pp=19-20|Blinkhorn|2003|4p=122}} vouching for an "organic democracy", concept later advanced by [Francoism](/source/Francoism).{{Sfn|Rodríguez Jiménez|2006|p=228}} In 1922 the Maurists around [Manuel Delgado Barreto](/source/Manuel_Delgado_Barreto) and the journal ''[La Acción](/source/La_Acci%C3%B3n)'' looked to [Italian Fascism](/source/Italian_Fascism).{{Sfn|González Calleja|1998|p=509}} Goicoechea insisted on a proclaimed popular support in Spain for the rise of "a [Mussolini](/source/Benito_Mussolini)" in the country.{{Sfn|Rodríguez Jiménez|2006|p=239}} The very vagueness that underpinned Maurism, which insisted on a "revolution from above" but left the interpretation of this vague concept up to individual adherents, has been characterised as encouraging this factionalism and preventing it from fully emerging as a coherent ideology.{{Sfn|Quiroga|Arco|2012|p=9}} For his part Maura never addressed these issues, preferring to remain an aloof figurehead rather than seeking to lead an organised political movement.{{Sfn|Quiroga|Arco|2012|p=9}}

Maurists such as [José Calvo Sotelo](/source/Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo) and Goicoechea gave support after the [September 1923 Primo de Rivera coup d'etat](/source/1923_Spanish_coup_d'%C3%A9tat) to the [latter's dictatorship](/source/dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera) — whose coming was cheered by the overwhelming majority of the Maurists —{{Sfn|Ben-Ami|1980|pp=124-125}} and they would finally participate in [Renovación Española](/source/Renovaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola) ('Spanish Renovation') during the [Second Republic](/source/Spanish_Second_Republic).{{Sfn|Preston|1995|p=13}} [José Luis Rodríguez Jiménez](/source/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Jim%C3%A9nez) notes that Maurism added at some point the "Neither Right Nor Left" rhetoric, identified by the author as a feature of a drift from [liberal conservatism](/source/liberal_conservatism) towards authoritarian conservatism.{{Sfn|Rodríguez Jiménez|2009|p=32}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
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Category:Maurism
Category:Conservatism in Spain

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Maurism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurism) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurism?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.