# Maui Space Surveillance Complex

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Observatory in Hawaii

Minor planets discovered: 67[1] see § List of discovered minor planets

The Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing site at [Haleakala Observatory](/source/Haleakala_Observatory) in Hawaii. Facilities shown include the Advanced Electro-Optical Telescope, the Maui Space Surveillance System, and one of three Ground-based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance sites.

The **Maui Space Surveillance Complex** (**MSSC**)[2] is a [U.S. Space Force](/source/U.S._Space_Force) operating location for the [15th Space Surveillance Squadron](/source/15th_Space_Surveillance_Squadron) and the [Air Force Research Laboratory](/source/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory) (AFRL) at [Haleakala Observatory](/source/Haleakala_Observatory) on [Maui](/source/Maui), Hawaii, with a twofold mission ([608](/source/IAU_code#608)). First, it conducts the research and development mission on the **Maui Space Surveillance System** (MSSS) at the MSSC. Second, it oversees operation of the **Maui High Performance Computing Center** (MHPCC). AFRL's research and development mission on Maui was formally called **Air Force Maui Optical Station** (**AMOS**) and the **Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing observatory**; the use of the term AMOS has been widespread throughout the technical community for over thirty years and is still used today at many technical conferences.[*[not verified in body](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The main-belt asteroid [8721 AMOS](/source/8721_AMOS) is named after the project.[3]

## Origins

The MSSS was first envisioned as an optical research observatory in the early 1950s.[4] It was initiated by the [Advanced Research Projects Agency](/source/DARPA) (ARPA, later DARPA) in 1961 as the ARPA Midcourse Optical Station (AMOS). It was first proposed by R. Zirkind of ARPA's staff for imaging [ballistic missile](/source/Ballistic_missile) payloads and decoys during their midcourse phase, and other space objects including satellites, in the [infrared](/source/Infrared) spectrum, as well as for performing astronomical research.[5] Its location on [Mount Haleakala](/source/Haleakal%C4%81) was nearly ideal for its altitude high above much obscuration by water vapor, for its midcourse location between the missile launch site at [Vandenberg Air Force Base](/source/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base) and its main reentry location at [Kwajalein Atoll](/source/Kwajalein_Atoll), and for its low-latitude location which was advantageous for observing satellites.[5]

The AMOS effort formally began with an amendment to an existing ARPA order with the [University of Michigan](/source/University_of_Michigan)'s Institute for Science and Technology, which was to design, construct, and operate the facility. This amendment defined the AMOS goals as follows: "(1) Identification and signature of space objects; (2) an active program to advance the state of the art in infrared technology and high-resolution imagery; (3) a research program in geophysics and astrophysics including the astronomical community."[5] Design was completed in 1963, and physical plant construction begun by the [Army Corps of Engineers](/source/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers). Construction was complete by 1967, after which the telescopes and control systems were evaluated, calibrated, and tested until mid 1969.[5]

In 1969, AMOS potential had been demonstrated, and the Air Force took charge as ARPA's agent. The University of Michigan was replaced by industrial contractors, and numerous system improvements and additions then took place over subsequent years.[5] In 1984, DARPA transferred it to the Air Force, which renamed it as MSSS in 1995.[4]

## Maui Space Surveillance System (MSSS)

The accessibility and capability of the Maui Space Surveillance System provides an unequaled opportunity to the scientific community by combining state-of-the-art [satellite](/source/Satellite) tracking with a facility supporting research and development.

The Maui Space Surveillance System, is routinely involved in numerous observing programs and has the capability of projecting [lasers](/source/Laser) into the [atmosphere](/source/Earth's_atmosphere). Situated at the crest of the dormant [volcano](/source/Volcano) [Haleakala](/source/Haleakala) ([IAU code](/source/IAU_code) 608), the observatory stands at an altitude of 3058 metres, latitude 20.7 degrees N, and longitude 156.3 degrees W. It is essentially co-located with IAU code [566](/source/IAU_code#566), Haleakala-[NEAT](/source/Near_Earth_Asteroid_Tracking)/[GEODSS](/source/United_States_Space_Surveillance_Network#Ground-based_Electro-Optical_Deep_Space_Surveillance). Virtually year-round viewing conditions are possible due to the relatively stable climate. Dry, clean air and minimal scattered light from surface sources enable visibility exceeding 150 km. Based on double star observations, seeing is typically on the order of one [second of arc](/source/Second_of_arc).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Spanning over 30 years, the evolution of the Maui Space Surveillance System has demonstrated several stages in the history of space object tracking [telescopes](/source/Telescope).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Currently, through its primary mission for the United States Space Force, Space Operations Command, (formerly, Air Force Space Command), the Maui Space Surveillance System combines large-aperture tracking optics with visible and [infrared](/source/Infrared) sensors to collect data on near [Earth](/source/Earth) and deep-space objects. In the process of accomplishing its mission, the observatory has discovered a number of [asteroids](/source/Asteroid) *(see [§ List of discovered minor planets](#List_of_discovered_minor_planets))*.

- Top-left: [3.67-meter Advanced Electro Optical System Telescope](/source/3.67_m_Advanced_Electro_Optical_System_Telescope) (AEOS)

- Top-right: 1.2-meter twin telescope (MOTIF)

- Bottom: [Haleakala Observatory](/source/Haleakala_Observatory) 1.6-meter telescope mounted on three axis

### Advanced Electro-Optical System (AEOS)

Main article: [3.67 m Advanced Electro Optical System Telescope](/source/3.67_m_Advanced_Electro_Optical_System_Telescope)

The 3.67-meter telescope, known as the [Advanced Electro-Optical System](/source/3.67_m_Advanced_Electro_Optical_System_Telescope) (AEOS), owned by the [Department of Defense](/source/United_States_Department_of_Defense), is the United States' largest optical telescope designed for tracking satellites. The 75-ton AEOS telescope points and tracks very accurately, yet is fast enough to track both low-Earth satellites and [ballistic missiles](/source/Ballistic_missile). AEOS can be used simultaneously by many groups or institutions because its light can be channeled through a series of mirrors to seven independent [Coudé focus](/source/Reflecting_telescope#Coudé) rooms below the telescope. Employing sophisticated sensors that include an adaptive optics system, [radiometer](/source/Radiometer), [spectrograph](/source/Spectrograph), and long-wave infrared imager, the telescope tracks man-made objects in deep space and performs space object identification data collection.

AEOS is equipped with an adaptive optics system, the heart of which is a 941-actuator deformable mirror that can change its shape to remove the atmosphere's distorting effects. Scientists are expected to get near diffraction-limited images of space objects.

### Maui Optical Tracking and Identification Facility (MOTIF)

The Maui Optical Tracking and Identification Facility (MOTIF) is also hosted at the MSSS site. The system consists of two 1.2-meter telescopes on a common mount. MOTIF is used primarily for Long Wave [infrared](/source/Infrared) (LWIR) and photometric data collection.[6]

Other equipment at MSSS includes a 1.6-meter telescope that performs day and night tracking and imaging, a 0.8-meter beam director/tracker, and a 0.6-meter laser beam director. The telescopes accommodate a wide variety of sensor systems, including imaging systems, conventional and contrast mode [photometers](/source/Photometer), infrared radiometers, low light level video systems, and acquisition telescopes.

### Ground-based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance (GEODSS)

The MSSS site, also hosts assets for the [Ground-based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance](/source/Ground-based_Electro-Optical_Deep_Space_Surveillance) (GEODSS) system.[7]

In addition to these assets, the site has a machine shop, optics laboratories, and electronics laboratories. A Remote Maui Experimental (RME) site at sea level houses additional optics and electronics laboratories. This secondary observation station at [Kihei](/source/Kihei%2C_Hawaii) bears IAU code [625](/source/IAU_code#625) and is located at [20°44′46″N 156°25′54″W / 20.74611°N 156.43167°W / 20.74611; -156.43167](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maui_Space_Surveillance_Complex&params=20_44_46_N_156_25_54_W_).

## Maui High Performance Computing Center (MHPCC)

The Maui High Performance Computing Center (MHPCC) is an [Air Force Research Laboratory](/source/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory) center currently managed by the [University of Hawaii](/source/University_of_Hawaii) and is located in the Maui Research and Technology Park in [Kihei](/source/Kihei%2C_Hawaii).[8] The MHPCC is a leading computing resource of the Department of Defense research and development community and operates numerous computer clusters, including a 5,120 processor Dell Poweredge cluster named "Jaws" which, as of November 2006, was the 11th most powerful computing systems in the world.[9][10] The Center also has a 12,096 core IBM iDataplex Cluster, named "Riptide" which as November 2013 attained a peak performance Linpack performance of 212 Teraflops and ranked #192 on the Top500 in November 2013.[11]

## List of discovered minor planets

See also: [Category:Discoveries by AMOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Discoveries_by_AMOS)

8721 AMOS 14 January 1996 list 9651 Arii-SooHoo 7 January 1996 list 10193 Nishimoto 8 August 1996 list 10863 Oye 31 August 1995 list 11104 Airion 6 October 1995 list (11993) 1995 XX 8 December 1995 list 12426 Racquetball 14 November 1995 list 12443 Paulsydney 15 March 1996 list 13168 Danoconnell 6 December 1995 list (14066) 1996 FA4 20 March 1996 list 14942 Stevebaker 21 June 1995 list (19279) 1995 YC4 28 December 1995 list (19281) 1996 AP3 14 January 1996 list (20128) 1996 AK 7 January 1996 list (21244) 1995 XU1 14 December 1995 list (26176) 1996 GD2 15 April 1996 list 27870 Jillwatson 12 November 1995 list (27898) 1996 OS2 23 July 1996 list (29395) 1996 PO1 5 August 1996 list 31000 Rockchic 11 November 1995 list 31020 Skarupa 17 March 1996 list 32943 Sandyryan 13 November 1995 list (32949) 1996 AR3 14 January 1996 list

37692 Loribragg 12 November 1995 list (37700) 1996 AL3 10 January 1996 list (39671) 1996 AG 7 January 1996 list (42544) 1996 EL2 11 March 1996 list (43995) 1997 PY5 14 August 1997 list 48628 Janetfender 7 September 1995 list (48712) 1996 OV2 26 July 1996 list (52505) 1996 FD4 22 March 1996 list (52506) 1996 FK4 23 March 1996 list (52525) 1996 PJ 8 August 1996 list (52534) 1996 TB15 7 October 1996 list 58365 Robmedrano 27 July 1995 list (58575) 1997 RK9 11 September 1997 list (73953) 1997 UN20 27 October 1997 list (85374) 1996 FC4 22 March 1996 list 85386 Payton 26 July 1996 list 90817 Doylehall 1 September 1995 list 90818 Daverichards 14 September 1995 list 90820 McCann 20 September 1995 list (90850) 1996 FM1 16 March 1996 list (100421) 1996 FF4 23 March 1996 list (100425) 1996 HM 17 April 1996 list (120624) 1996 EM2 11 March 1996 list

(120728) 1997 SG32 28 September 1997 list (120729) 1997 SH32 28 September 1997 list (120738) 1997 TO17 2 October 1997 list (150148) 1996 FX3 20 March 1996 list (162032) 1995 WJ8 20 November 1995 list (164655) 1996 HR1 22 April 1996 list (168359) 1996 DH3 29 February 1996 list (175698) 1995 UQ8 20 October 1995 list (185670) 1995 RS 14 September 1995 list (200102) 1995 QH3 31 August 1995 list (210481) 1996 HQ1 20 April 1996 list (217636) 1996 PH3 14 August 1996 list (225304) 1995 WH8 19 November 1995 list (225308) 1996 HH 17 April 1996 list (237387) 1996 PM1 1 August 1996 list (316671) 1995 RN 1 September 1995 list (321769) 2010 OR30 26 July 1996 list (322504) 2011 WF14 19 November 1995 list (382402) 1995 PR 4 August 1995 list (415695) 1996 GE2 15 April 1996 list (446786) 1996 GD 7 April 1996 list

## See also

- [Ground-based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance](/source/United_States_Space_Surveillance_Network#Ground-based_Electro-Optical_Deep_Space_Surveillance)* [List of astronomical observatories](/source/List_of_astronomical_observatories)

- [List of minor planet discoverers § Discovering dedicated institutions](/source/List_of_minor_planet_discoverers#Discovering_dedicated_institutions)

- [List of astronomical observatories](/source/List_of_astronomical_observatories)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-MPC-Discoverers_1-0)** ["Minor Planet Discoverers (by number)"](http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/MPDiscsNum.html). *Minor Planet Center*. 4 September 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Maui, Hawaii"](https://www.spacebasedelta1.spaceforce.mil/Maui-Hawaii/).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-springer_3-0)** Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(8721) Amos". *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (8721) AMOS*. [Springer Berlin Heidelberg](/source/Springer_Berlin_Heidelberg). p. 662. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_7171](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-29925-7_7171). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-540-00238-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00238-3).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_4-1) Clifford, Megan; Baiocchi, Dave; Welser IV, William (2013). ["A Sixty-Year Timeline of the Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing Site - Research Report"](https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR343.html). *Rand*. Retrieved May 30, 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:0_5-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:0_5-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:0_5-4) Reed, Sidney G.; Van Atta, Richard H.; Deitchman, Seymour J. (February 1990). ["DARPA TECHNICAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS - A HISTORICAL REVIEW OF SELECTED DARPA PROJECTS - Volume 1"](https://spp.fas.org/military/program/track/amos-history.pdf) (PDF). *FAS Space Policy Project*. Retrieved May 30, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-fas-motif_6-0)** ["Maui Optical Tracking and Identification Facility (MOTIF)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151011010901/http://fas.org/spp/military/program/nssrm/initiatives/motif.htm). FAS. Archived from [the original](https://fas.org/spp/military/program/nssrm/initiatives/motif.htm) on 2015-10-11. Retrieved 2015-05-06.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-fas-msss_7-0)** ["Maui Space Surveillance System (MSSS)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151010232944/http://fas.org/spp/military/program/nssrm/initiatives/msss.htm). FAS. Archived from [the original](https://fas.org/spp/military/program/nssrm/initiatives/msss.htm) on 2015-10-10. Retrieved 2015-05-06.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-urlAbout-MHPCC_8-0)** ["About MHPCC"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080621073956/http://www.mhpcc.hpc.mil/about.html). Archived from [the original](https://www.mhpcc.hpc.mil/about.html) on 2008-06-21. Retrieved 2008-08-28.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Top500-list_9-0)** ["Top500 List - November 2006"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070212034125/http://www.top500.org/list/2006/11/100). *top500.org*. Archived from [the original](http://www.top500.org/list/2006/11/100) on 2007-02-12. Retrieved 2007-05-24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** [Maui Supercomputing Center to Reach 60 Teraflops](https://archive.today/20130125164734/http://www.hpcwire.com/hpc/794088.html)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Top500-sys_11-0)** ["Riptide - iDataPlex DX360M4, Xeon E5-2670 8C 2.600GHz, Infiniband FDR"](http://www.top500.org/system/178006). *top500.org*.

## External links

- [Official website](http://prs.afrl.kirtland.af.mil/AMOS/) AMOS web site

- [MHPCC web site](https://web.archive.org/web/20100921080819/http://www.mhpcc.hpc.mil/)

[20°42′30″N 156°15′29″W / 20.70833°N 156.25806°W / 20.70833; -156.25806](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maui_Space_Surveillance_Complex&params=20_42_30_N_156_15_29_W_type:landmark_region:US)

v t e United States Space Force Leadership Department of the Air Force Secretary of the Air Force Under Secretary of the Air Force Space Staff Chief of Space Operations Vice Chief of Space Operations Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force Director of Staff Deputy Chiefs of Space Operations General Officers Generals Lieutenant Generals Oversight House Armed Services Committee Strategic Forces subcommittee Senate Committee on Armed Services Strategic Forces subcommittee Structure Field commands Space Force Combat Forces Command Commander Space Systems Command Commander Space Training and Readiness Command Commander Space Futures Command Component Field Commands United States Space Forces – Central United States Space Forces – Europe and Africa United States Space Forces – Indo-Pacific United States Space Forces – Korea United States Space Forces – Japan United States Space Forces – Space United States Space Forces – Northern United States Space Forces – Southern Deltas Space Delta 1 Mission Delta 2 Mission Delta 3 Mission Delta 4 Space Delta 5 Space Delta 6 Space Delta 7 Space Delta 8 Space Delta 9 Space Delta 10 Space Delta 11 Space Delta 12 Space Delta 13 Space Delta 15 Space Delta 18 Space Delta 20 Space Delta 21 Space Delta 23 Space Delta 25 Space Delta 26 Space Launch Delta 30 Mission Delta 31 Space Launch Delta 45 System Delta 80 System Delta 81 System Delta 84 System Delta 85 System Delta 88 System Delta 89 System Delta 810 System Delta 831 Space Base Delta 1 Space Base Delta 2 Space Base Delta 3 Space Base Delta 41 Squadrons 1st Delta Operations 319th Combat Training 328th Weapons 392d Combat Training 533rd Training 21st Operations Support 15th Space Surveillance 18th Space Defense 19th Space Defense 20th Space Surveillance 3rd Combat Training 4th EW 5th EW 16th EW 23rd EW 2nd Space Warning 3rd satellite Communications 5th Space Warning 6th Space Warning 7th Space Warning 10th Space Warning 11th Space Warning 12th Space Warning 13th Space Warning 55th Training 21st Space Operations 22nd Space Operations 23rd Space Operations 62nd Cyberspace 63rd Cyberspace 64th Cyberspace 65th Cyberspace 68th Cyberspace 69th Cyberspace 645th Cyberspace 71st ISR 72nd ISR 73rd ISR 74th ISR 75th ISR 76th ISR 1st Space Operations 2nd Navigation Warfare 3rd Space Operations 4th Space Operations 5th Space Operations 10th Space Operations 53rd Space Operations 527th Space Aggressor 1st Test and Evaluation 3rd Test and Evaluation 17th Test and Evaluation 25th Space Range 2nd Space Launch 5th Space Launch 1st Range Operations NSSI Direct reporting units Space Development Agency Space Rapid Capabilities Office Space Warfighting Analysis Center Locations Space Force Bases Buckley Los Angeles Patrick Peterson Schriever Vandenberg Space Bases Pituffik Space Force Stations Cape Canaveral Cape Cod Cavalier Cheyenne Mountain Clear Kaena Point New Boston Personnel and training Astronauts Awards and decorations Badges Ranks Training Academy Reserve Officer Training Corps Officer Training School Basic Military Training Uniforms History and traditions Delta Flag History Seal "Semper Supra" Air & Space Forces Association Space Force Association Former wings and deltas 21st Space Wing 50th Space Wing 460th Space Wing Space Training and Readiness Delta (Provisional) Category

v t e Military installations in Hawaii Army Fort Fort Shafter Fort DeRussy Airfield Wheeler Barracks Schofield Medical Center Tripler Training Area Pohakuloa Army National Guard Keaukaha Decommissioned Fort Armstrong Fort Kamehameha Fort Ruger Marine Corps Base Marine Corps Base Hawaii Air Station Marine Corps Air Station Kaneohe Bay Camp Camp H. M. Smith Ranges MCTAB Puuloa Decommissioned Marine Corps Air Station Ewa Camp Tarawa Navy Naval Air Station Barbers Point Radio Station Lualualei Base Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam Ranges Pacific Missile Range Facility Other NCTAMS PAC Air Force Base Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam Station Bellows Ka'ala Koke'e Air National Guard Kahului Keaukaha Space Force Station Kaena Point Maui Space Surveillance Complex Coast Guard Air Station Barbers Point

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Maui Space Surveillance Complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maui_Space_Surveillance_Complex) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maui_Space_Surveillance_Complex?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.