# Marylyn Addo

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**Marylyn Martina Addo** (ˈmɛʁilɪn ˈa.doː, born 1970) is a German [infectiologist](/source/Infectiologist) who is a professor and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) head of infectious disease at the [University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf](/source/University_Medical_Center_Hamburg-Eppendorf). Addo has developed and tested vaccinations that protect people from [Ebola virus disease](/source/Ebola_virus_disease) and the [MERS coronavirus EMC/2012](/source/MERS_coronavirus_EMC/2012). She is currently developing a viral vector-based [COVID-19 vaccine](/source/COVID-19_vaccine).

## Early life and education

Addo is the daughter of a Ghanaian father and a German mother, and she was born in [Bonn](/source/Bonn).[1] Her father is a physician. Addo studied medicine at the [University of Bonn](/source/University_of_Bonn).[2] She earned her diploma at the [London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine](/source/London_School_of_Hygiene_and_Tropical_Medicine), during which she researched *[Candida albicans](/source/Candida_albicans)* transmission between [HIV-positive people](/source/HIV-positive_people). In 1999, she moved to Boston, where she specialised in [infectious diseases](/source/Infectious_disease_(medical_specialty)) at the [Harvard Medical School](/source/Harvard_Medical_School).

## Research and career

Whilst at [Harvard University](/source/Harvard_University), Addo was made an assistant professor at the [Ragon Institute](/source/Ragon_Institute), and served as associate director of the Harvard University Center for AIDS Research.[3] Here she investigated the role of [Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase](/source/Indoleamine_2,3-dioxygenase) (IDO) specific [T cells](/source/T_cell) as immune system regulators in patients with [HIV-1](/source/HIV-1).[4]

In 2013, Addo returned to Germany, where she was made a professor and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) head of infectious disease at the [University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf](/source/University_Medical_Center_Hamburg-Eppendorf). Here she works on [infectious diseases](/source/Infectious_diseases) and [tropical medicine](/source/Tropical_medicine). Her research group work on clinical management, epidemiology and the immunology of newly emerging infections.[5] In 2014, Addo was involved with the development of the preparation [RVSV-EBOV](/source/RVSV-ZEBOV_vaccine), an experimental [recombinant](/source/Recombinant_DNA) live vaccination that can be used against [Ebola virus disease](/source/Ebola_virus_disease).[5] The vaccine is vector-based, where the DNA of a virus is introduced into human cells *via* a different virus. To be effective the vaccination must contain parts of the virus that human cells can generate [antibodies](/source/Virus) against. As a result, vector-based vaccinations can result in robust immune responses. The RVSV-EBOV vaccination contained a modified [Vesicular-Stomatitis-Virus](/source/Vesicular-Stomatitis-Virus), which contained a surface protein of Ebola virus.[6] After making contact with the ebola [glycoprotein](/source/Glycoprotein), the vaccination produce antibodies, [T cells](/source/T_cell) and [neurotransmitters](/source/Neurotransmitter).[7] It was selected by the [World Health Organization](/source/World_Health_Organization) for accelerated testing.[6] Of her time working on the Ebola virus, Addo has said "During such a disaster, the world comes together.".[8]

Alongside the ebola vaccination, Addo worked on a recombinant live vaccination to tackle the [Middle East Respiratory syndrome](/source/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome) (MERS) vaccination.[9] Her vaccination was supported by the [Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations](/source/Coalition_for_Epidemic_Preparedness_Innovations).[10] The [MERS Virus](/source/MERS_Virus) vaccine was tested in [camels](/source/Camel), the animals which first spread [MERS coronavirus EMC/2012](/source/MERS_coronavirus_EMC/2012), in 2016, and started clinical trials in humans from 2018.[11][10][12]

In 2020, Addo started developing a vector-based vaccination to protect people from the [COVID-19 pandemic](/source/COVID-19_pandemic).[13][14] Inside the [coronavirus](/source/Coronavirus_disease_2019) there is a spike protein that can penetrate human cells. Addo looks to combine the spike protein with the genetic information of another viral vector that can penetrates cells and can produce spike proteins. The immune system recognises that these proteins are foreign bodies, triggering an immune response and a spike in T cells that ultimately work against the coronavirus protein.[15] The proposed vaccine makes use of the [smallpox](/source/Smallpox) virus ([modified vaccinia Ankara](/source/Modified_vaccinia_Ankara)) as a vehicle for the [COVID-19 vaccine](/source/COVID-19_vaccine).[16] The vaccination will be developed by IDT Biologika.[15]

## Recognition

Addo was nominated by the [Social Democratic Party](/source/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany) as delegate to the [Federal Convention](/source/Federal_Convention_(Germany)) for the purpose of electing the [President of Germany](/source/President_of_Germany) in [2022](/source/2022_German_presidential_election).[17]

### Awards

- 1999 [London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine](/source/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine) Ralph A. Neal Memorial Prize[2]
- 2008: Edward H. Kass Award for Clinical Excellence, Massachusetts ID Society
- 2013: Honorary Professor, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa[2]
- 2019: Pettenkofer Prize[18]

## Selected publications

- Leslie, A. J.; Pfafferott, K. J.; Chetty, P.; Draenert, R.; Addo, M. M.; Feeney, M.; Tang, Y.; Holmes, E. C.; Allen, T.; Prado, J. G.; Altfeld, M. (2004). ["HIV evolution: CTL escape mutation and reversion after transmission"](https://www.nature.com/articles/nm992). *Nature Medicine*. **10** (3): 282–289. [doi:10.1038/nm992](https://doi.org/10.1038/nm992). [ISSN 1546-170X](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1546-170X). [PMID 14770175](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14770175). [S2CID 28756735](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28756735)
- Kiepiela, Photini; Leslie, Alasdair J.; Honeyborne, Isobella; Ramduth, Danni; Thobakgale, Christina; Chetty, Senica; Rathnavalu, Prinisha; Moore, Corey; Pfafferott, Katja J.; Hilton, Louise; Zimbwa, Peter (2004-12-09). ["Dominant influence of HLA-B in mediating the potential co-evolution of HIV and HLA"](https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03113). *Nature*. **432** (7018): 769–775. [Bibcode:2004Natur.432..769K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.432..769K). [doi:10.1038/nature03113](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03113). [ISSN 1476-4687](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687). [PMID 15592417](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15592417). [S2CID 4327272](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4327272)
- Altfeld, Marcus; Addo, Marylyn M.; Rosenberg, Eric S.; Hecht, Frederick M.; Lee, Paul K.; Vogel, Martin; Yu, Xu G.; Draenert, Rika; Johnston, Mary N.; Strick, Daryld; Allen, Todd M. (2003-12-05). "Influence of HLA-B57 on clinical presentation and viral control during acute HIV-1 infection". *AIDS*. **17** (18): 2581–2591. [doi:10.1097/00002030-200312050-00005](https://doi.org/10.1097/00002030-200312050-00005). [ISSN 0269-9370](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0269-9370). [PMID 14685052](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14685052). [S2CID 2839546](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2839546)

## Personal life

Addo is married and has two children.[citation needed]

## References

1. project, A. Moohey & Partners & Addey, Joana. ["PROF. DR MARYLYN ADDO OF GHANAIAN DESCENT IN THE FOREFRONT OF DEVELOPING VACCINE FOR DEADLY CORONAVIRUS"](https://www.seekapor.com/prof-dr-marylyn-addo-of-ghanaian-descent-in-the-forefront-of-developing-vaccine/). *SEEKAPOR | an Educational Companion*. Retrieved 2020-03-26.

1. ["Addo - Symposium for Emerging Viral Diseases - UNIGE"](https://www.unige.ch/emerging-virus-symposium/archives/biography-speakers/addo/). *www.unige.ch*. 2016-09-13. Retrieved 2020-03-26.

1. ["Porichis Named Director of International Programs"](https://www.ragoninstitute.org/porichis-named-director-of-international-programs/). *Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard*. 2013-08-27. Retrieved 2020-03-26.

1. Addo, M. M.; Yu, X. G.; Rathod, A.; Cohen, D.; Eldridge, R. L.; Strick, D.; Johnston, M. N.; Corcoran, C.; Wurcel, A. G.; Fitzpatrick, C. A.; Feeney, M. E. (2003). "Comprehensive epitope analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific T-cell responses directed against the entire expressed HIV-1 genome demonstrate broadly directed responses, but no correlation to viral load". *Journal of Virology*. **77** (3): 2081–2092. [doi:10.1128/jvi.77.3.2081-2092.2003](https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.3.2081-2092.2003). [ISSN 0022-538X](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-538X). [PMC 140965](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC140965). [PMID 12525643](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12525643)

1. ["Clinical management, epidemiology and immunology of newly emerging infections | German Center for Infection Research"](https://www.dzif.de/en/working-group/clinical-management-epidemiology-and-immunology-newly-emerging-infections). *www.dzif.de*. Retrieved 2020-03-26.

1. Internetredaktion, Redaktion: BMBF LS5. ["Eine Impfung gegen Ebola? DZIF-Professorin Marylyn Addo im Interview - DLR Gesundheitsforschung"](https://www.gesundheitsforschung-bmbf.de/de/eine-impfung-gegen-ebola-dzif-professorin-marylyn-addo-im-interview-3277.php) (in German). *Deutsche Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt e.V. - DLR Gesundheitsforschung*. Retrieved 2020-03-26.

1. ["How an Ebola vaccine candidate activates our immune system | German Center for Infection Research"](https://www.dzif.de/en/how-ebola-vaccine-candidate-activates-our-immune-system). *www.dzif.de*. Retrieved 2020-03-26.

1. ["Combatting Infection Together"](https://www.cssb-hamburg.de/news_amp_events/articles/2015/combatting_infection_together/index_eng.html). *www.cssb-hamburg.de*. Retrieved 2020-03-26.

1. ["The Mers Virus: Is a vaccine imminent? | DW | 22.06.2015"](https://www.dw.com/en/the-mers-virus-is-a-vaccine-imminent/a-18532118). *DW.COM*. Retrieved 2020-03-26.

1. ["The development of a vaccine against MERS virus gets international support | German Center for Infection Research"](https://www.dzif.de/en/development-vaccine-against-mers-virus-gets-international-support). *www.dzif.de*. Retrieved 2020-03-26.

1. ["Will German researchers win the race for the first vaccine?"](https://www.bccourier.com/will-german-researchers-win-the-race-for-the-first-vaccine/). *Bandera County Courier*. Retrieved 2020-03-26.

1. Internetredaktion, Redaktion: BMBF LS5. ["MERS-Coronavirus: Erster Impfstoff wird klinisch geprüft - DLR Gesundheitsforschung"](https://www.gesundheitsforschung-bmbf.de/de/mers-coronavirus-erster-impfstoff-wird-klinisch-gepruft-7823.php) (in German). *Deutsche Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt e.V. - DLR Gesundheitsforschung*. Retrieved 2020-03-26.

1. ["Could Germany become Europe's first country to flatten the curve?"](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/coronavirus-germany-cases-death-toll-italy-spain-bavaria-lockdown-a9424591.html). *The Independent*. 2020-03-25. Retrieved 2020-03-26.

1. ["Video: Infektologin: "Die Impfstoffentwicklung auf Hochtouren""](https://www.zdf.de/uri/0aa1fa3d-7854-45b1-8395-db953eab0ff5) (in German). *www.zdf.de*. Retrieved 2020-03-26.

1. ["SARS-CoV-2: DZIF scientists and the development of vaccines | German Center for Infection Research"](https://www.dzif.de/en/sars-cov-2-dzif-scientists-and-development-vaccines). *www.dzif.de*. Retrieved 2020-03-26.

1. SPIEGEL, Thomas Schulz, Martin Schlak, Kerstin Kullmann, Veronika Hackenbroch, DER (20 March 2020). [""A Very Aggressive Timeline": The Global Race to Develop a Coronavirus Vaccine - DER SPIEGEL - International"](https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/the-global-race-to-develop-a-coronavirus-vaccine-a-very-aggressive-timeline-a-f141fc16-0b25-4fb1-bd6e-577116c34f25). *Der Spiegel*. Retrieved 2020-03-26.

1. [Bürgerschaft: Stimmberechtigte für Bundespräsidentenwahl gewählt](https://www.ndr.de/nachrichten/hamburg/Buergerschaft-Stimmberechtigte-fuer-Bundespraesidentenwahl-gewaehlt,buergerschaft966.html) *[Norddeutscher Rundfunk](/source/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk)*, 15 December 2021.

1. ["Verleihung Pettenkofer Preis 2019 | Gesellschaft für Virologie e.V."](https://www.g-f-v.org/node/1171). *www.g-f-v.org*. Retrieved 2020-03-26.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Marylyn Addo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylyn_Addo) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylyn_Addo?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.