# Manyika kingdom

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{{short description|Precolonial state in Southern Africa}}
The '''Manyika kingdom''' was a precolonial [state](/source/State_(polity)) in modern-day [Zimbabwe](/source/Zimbabwe) and [Mozambique](/source/Mozambique) belonging to the [Manyika people](/source/Manyika_people) (a [Shona](/source/Shona_people) sub-group). The state was headed by a {{Lang|mxc|Chikanga}} (king), and was famous for its gold production, which was exported to [Swahili city-states](/source/Swahili_city-states) on the east coast.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bhila |first=H. H. K. |url=http://archive.org/details/tradepoliticsins0000bhil |title=Trade and politics in a Shona Kingdom: The Manyika and their African and Portuquese neighbours, 1575{{endash}}1902 |date=1982 |publisher=Longman |others= |isbn=978-0-582-64354-3 |chapter=Political and economic environment}}</ref>{{Reference page|pages=1, 10}}

[Stan Mudenge](/source/Stan_Mudenge) wrote that the kingdom was founded as a vassal state of the [Mutapa Empire](/source/Mutapa_Empire) during {{Lang|Sn|Mwenemutapa}} [Chikuyo](/source/Chikuyo)'s reign (c. 1500) when the king of [Barue](/source/Barue) (another Mutapa vassal) sent his son to conquer the Manyika highlands.<ref name="Mudenge-1988a">{{Cite book |last=Mudenge |first=S. I. G. |url=http://archive.org/details/a-political-history-of-munhumutapa |title=A Political History of Munhumutapa, c. 1400–1902 |date=1988 |publisher=Zimbabwe Publishing House |isbn=0949932302 |chapter=Munhumutapa Empire from the Foundation to the Martyrdom of Fr Silveira: c. 1400 to 1561}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=49}} Hoyini Bhila wrote that Manyika tradition indicates that they had their own rulers, though he said that it was likely conquered by Mutapa sometime after 1494. In the late-16th century the [Portuguese](/source/Portuguese_Empire) established a {{Lang|pt|feira}} (marketplace) in Manyika with Mutapa's approval.<ref name=":0" />{{Reference page|pages=12-3}} Manyika gained its independence in the early-17th century while Mutapa was embroiled in civil war.<ref name="Mudenge-1988b">{{Cite book |last=Mudenge |first=S. I. G. |url=http://archive.org/details/a-political-history-of-munhumutapa |title=A Political History of Munhumutapa, c. 1400–1902 |date=1988 |publisher=Zimbabwe Publishing House |isbn=0949932302 |chapter=Portuguese Penetration of Mukaranga c. 1562 to c. 1624: The Wars of Francisco Barreto and Gatsi Rusere}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=243}} In the 1690s Manyika was conquered by [Changamire Dombo](/source/Changamire_Dombo) of the nascent [Rozvi Empire](/source/Rozvi_Empire) who appointed his own candidate as the first ruler of Manyika's Mutasa dynasty (Mudenge wrote that this may have been the exiled {{Lang|Sn|Mwenemutapa}} [Nyakunembire](/source/Nyakunembire)).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bhila |first=H. H. K. |url=http://archive.org/details/tradepoliticsins0000bhil |title=Trade and politics in a Shona Kingdom: The Manyika and their African and Portuquese neighbours, 1575{{endash}}1902 |date=1982 |publisher=Longman |others= |isbn=978-0-582-64354-3 |chapter=Rozvi Sovereignty in Manyika 1695{{endash}}1795}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=93}}<ref name="Mudenge-1988e">{{Cite book |last=Mudenge |first=S. I. G. |url=http://archive.org/details/a-political-history-of-munhumutapa |title=A Political History of Munhumutapa, c. 1400–1902 |date=1988 |publisher=Zimbabwe Publishing House |isbn=0949932302 |chapter=Mutapa Kingdom and Rise of the Rozvi c. 1684 to c. 1760}}</ref>{{Reference page|pages=292-3}} Manyika continued under Rozvi [suzerainty](/source/suzerainty) until the mid-18th century when it again became ''[de facto](/source/de_facto)'' independent.<ref name=":1" />{{Reference page|page=93}} In the 1830s the region was invaded by [Nguni groups](/source/Nguni_peoples) who had fled the [Mfecane](/source/Mfecane), and during the 1840s and '50s Manyika paid tribute to [Soshangane](/source/Soshangane)'s [Gaza Empire](/source/Gaza_Empire).<ref>{{Cite book |last=M. D. D. Newitt |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofmozambi00newi |title=A History of Mozambique |date=1995 |publisher=Indiana University Press |others= |isbn=978-0-253-34007-8 |chapter=Expansion in the Nineteenth Century}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=287}} In 1890 Manyika was [partitioned](/source/1890_British_Ultimatum) between Portugal and the [British South Africa Company](/source/British_South_Africa_Company).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhila |first=H. H. K. |url=http://archive.org/details/tradepoliticsins0000bhil |title=Trade and politics in a Shona Kingdom: The Manyika and their African and Portuquese neighbours, 1575-1902 |date=1982 |publisher=Longman |others= |isbn=978-0-582-64354-3 |chapter=Tendai Mutasa: land and mineral concessions and the war of 1896{{endash}}7}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=233}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Shona states}}

Category:History of Mozambique
Category:History of Zimbabwe
Category:Former countries in Africa

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Manyika kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manyika_kingdom) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manyika_kingdom?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.