# Manyika dialect

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Shona language of Zimbabwe and Mozambique

Manyika Chimanyika Native to Zimbabwe, Mozambique Native speakers 920,000 (2012–2017)[1] Language family Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Benue–Congo Southern Bantu Shona (S.10) Manyika Dialects ChiBocha (Southern Manyika) ChiHera Northen Manyika ChiUngwe ChiJindwi Tewe Writing system Latin Language codes ISO 639-3 Either: mxc – Manyika twx – Tewe Glottolog many1258 Manyika tewe1238 Tewe Guthrie code S.13[2] Linguasphere (north chiManyika incl. varieties -ada to -adk)+ 99-AUT-ae (central chi-Manyika incl. -aea to -aeg) 99-AUT-ad (north chiManyika incl. varieties -ada to -adk)+ 99-AUT-ae (central chi-Manyika incl. -aea to -aeg)

**Manyika** is a language largely spoken by the [Manyika tribe](/source/Manyika_tribe) in the eastern part of [Zimbabwe](/source/Zimbabwe) and across the border in [Mozambique](/source/Mozambique). It includes dialects ChiBocha, ChiUngwe, and ChiManyika, from which the broad Manyika language gets its name.

ChiManyika is spoken by people in the northern parts of Manicaland Province of Zimbabwe, (Nyanga, Honde Valley Mutasa area) whilst ChiBocha is spoken by people in the central part of Manicaland. Manyika differs from [Karanga](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karanga_Cluster&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Zezuru](/source/Zezuru) dialects in a variety of ways.

## Characteristics

Certain variations in vocabulary and word prefixes exist. For example, the prefix 'va-' (used in Shona before male names to signify seniority and respect) is replaced by 'sa-' in the Manyika language. Also the prefix 'va-' used as in people, for example standard Shona *vanhu vakaenda vakawanda*, is replaced by 'wa-' to become *wanhu wakaenda wakawanda*. As a result, the Manyika do not use the prefix 'va' in any form as they pronounce it as either 'sa' or 'wa'. This is how they are generally recognised as being Manyika.

The verbs in this language are tonally divided into two groups. The tonal patterns of the verbs belonging to one group are as shown below in the case of the infinitive, which has ku- as its prefix:

- *kupá* 'to give', *kubátá* 'to catch', *kupómérá* 'to scold', *kukúrúdzíra* 'to encourage';

- *ku'umúpá* 'to give him (something)', *kumúbátá* 'to catch him', *kumúpómérá*, *kumúkúrúdzíra*;

- *kuzvípa* 'to give (something to) oneself', *kuzvíbatá* 'to catch oneself', *kuzvípomerá*, *kuzvíkurudzirá*.

These tonal patterns can be represented by kuCV’CV’CV’X, kuÓCV’CV’CV’X, kuŔXCá, where X stands for a string of phonemes of any length, O for an object prefix, and R for a reflexive prefix, with an adjustment rule to the first two formulae that if X=Ø, the last CV’ can be Ø, and if both are Ø, the second CV’ can also be Ø, and with one to the last formula that if X=Ø, Cá becomes Ca.

The tonal patterns of the verbs belonging to the other group are as shown below:

- *kubwa* 'to leave', *kumutsa* 'to wake up', *kutarisa* 'to look at', *kuswatanudza* 'to make (somebody) stand up';

- *kumúmútsa*, *kumútárisa*, *kumúswátanudza*;

- *kuzvímutsá*, *kuzvítarisá*, *kuzvíswatanudzá*.

The tonal representation would be: kuX, kuÓCV’X, kuŔXCá.

This language has many indicative tenses (such as Remote Past, Recent Past, Past Progressive, Present, etc.) including negative ones.

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-e26_1-0)** [Manyika](https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mxc) at *[Ethnologue](/source/Ethnologue)* (26th ed., 2023) [Tewe](https://www.ethnologue.com/language/twx) at *[Ethnologue](/source/Ethnologue)* (26th ed., 2023)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Guthrie_2-0)** Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. [New Updated Guthrie List Online](https://web.archive.org/web/20180203191542/http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf)

## External links

- Stevick, Earl W., M. Mataranyika & L. Mataranyika (1965) [*Shona Basic Course*](https://web.archive.org/web/20150418182305/http://fsi-languages.yojik.eu/languages/Shona/Basic/FSI%20-%20Shona%20Basic%20Course%20-%20Student%20Text.pdf). Foreign Service Institute, Washington ("based on the speech of two individuals, representing Manyika varieties of Shona, but with certain systematic emendations in the direction of the more central dialects"). (Recordings of this course are also available on the Internet.)

v t e Languages of Mozambique Official language Portuguese Indigenous languages Barwe Chewa Chichopi Chitonga Chuwabu Dema Gitonga Kimwani Koti Kunda Lomwe Maindo Makhuwa Makonde Makwe Manyika Nathembo Ndau Ngoni Nsenga Nyungwe Phimbi Ronga Sena Shona Swahili Swati Tawara Tewe Tsonga Tswa Yao Immigrant languages English Punjabi Hindi Sign languages Mozambican Sign Language

v t e Languages of Zimbabwe Official languages Zimbabwean English Chewa Chibarwe Kalanga Koisan Nambya Ndau Ndebele Shona Sotho Tonga Tsonga Tswana Venda Xhosa Zimbabwe Sign Unofficial languages Kunda Tswa Lozi Immigrant languages French Punjabi Hindi Chinese Portuguese

v t e Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S) (by Guthrie classification) Zone N N10 N11 Manda N12 Ngoni N13 Matengo N14 Mpoto N15 Tonga [N101 Ndendeule N102 Nindi N121 Ngoni of Malawi N20 N21 Tumbuka [N201 Mwera of Mbamba Bay N30 N31a Nyanja N31b Cewa N31c Manganja N40 N41 Nsenga N42 Kunda N43 Nyungwe N44 Sena N45[44] Rue N46[44] Podzo [N441 Sena-Malawi Zone P P10 P11 Ndengereko P12 Ruihi P13 Matumbi P14 Ngindo P15 Mbunga P20 P21 Yao P22 Mwera P23 Makonde P24 Ndonde P25 Mabiha P30 P31 Makua P32 Lomwe P33 Ngulu P34 Cuabo [P311 Koti P312 Sakati P331 Lomwe of Malawi P341 Moniga Zone R R10 R11 Umbundu R12 Ndombe R13 Nyaneka R14 Khumbi [R101 Kuvale R102 Kwisi R103 Mbali R20 R21 Kwanyama R22 Ndonga R23 Kwambi R24 Ngandyera [R211 Kafima R212 Evale R213 Mbandja R214 Mbalanhu R215 Ndongwena R216 Kwankwa R217 Dombondola R218 Esinga R241 Kwaluudhi R242 Kolonkadhi-Eunda R30 R31 Herero [R311 North-West Herero R312 Botswana Herero R40 R41 Yei Zone S S10 S11 Korekore S12 Zezuru S13a Manyika S13b Tebe S14 Karanga S15 Ndau S16 Kalanga S20 S21 Venda S30 S31a Tswana S31b Kgatla S31c Ngwatu S31d[311] Khalaxadi S32a Pedi S32b Lobedu S33 Sotho [S301 Phalaborwa S302 Kutswe S303 Pai S304 Pulana S40 S41 Xhosa S42 Zulu S43 Swati S44 (Northern) Ndebele [S401 Old Mfengu S402 Bhaca S403 Hlubi S404 Phuthi S405 Nhlangwini S406 Lala S407 South Ndebele S408 Sumayela Ndebele S50 S51 Tswa S52[53] Gwamba S53 Tsonga S54 Ronga [S511 Hlengwe S60 S61 Copi S62 Tonga [S611 Lenge Italics indicate extinct languages. Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. The Guthrie classification is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them. Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M) Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Manyika dialect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manyika_dialect) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manyika_dialect?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.