# Manjushri

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Bodhisattva in Mahāyāna Buddhism

Manjushri Mañjuśrī, Pala Dynasty, Eastern India, 9th century CE Sanskrit 𑀫𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀼𑀰𑁆𑀭𑀻 Mañjuśrī Bikol Mangushli Burmese မဥ္ဇူသီရိ Cebuano Mangushli Chinese 文殊菩薩 Jyutping: Man4 syu4 pou4 saat3 Pinyin: Wénshū Púsà 文殊師利菩薩 Jyutping: Man4 syu4 si1 lei6 pou4 saat3 Pinyin: Wénshūshīlì Púsà 曼殊室利菩薩 Jyutping: Maan6 syu4 sat1 lei6 pou4 saat3 Pinyin: Mànshūshìlì Púsà 妙吉祥菩薩 Jyutping: Miu6 gat1 coeng4 pou4 saat3 Pinyin: Miàojíxiáng Púsà 妙德菩薩 Jyutping: Miu6 dak1 pou4 saat3 Pinyin Miàodé Púsà 妙音菩薩 Pinyin: Miu6 jam1 pou4 saat3 Pinyin: Miàoyīn Púsà Japanese 文殊菩薩（もんじゅぼさつ） (romaji: Monju Bosatsu) 文殊師利菩薩（もんじゅしりぼさつ） (romaji: Monjushiri Bosatsu) 妙吉祥菩薩（みょうきっしょうぼさつ） (romaji: Myōkisshō Bosatsu) Khmer មញ្ចុស្រី (manh-cho-srei) Korean 문수보살 (RR: Munsu Bosal) 만수보살 (RR: Mansu Bosal) 묘길상보살 (RR: Myokilsang Bosal) Mongolian ᠵᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠡᠭᠰᠢᠭᠲᠦ Зөөлөн эгшигт Манзушир Tagalog Mangushli Thai พระมัญชุศรีโพธิสัตว์ (RTGS: phra manchusi phothisat) พระมัญชุศรี (RTGS: phra manchusi) Tibetan འཇམ་དཔལ་དབྱངས་ Wylie: 'jam dpel dbyang THL: Jampelyang འཇམ་དཔལ་ Wylie: 'jam dpel THL: jampel Vietnamese Văn Thù Sư Lợi Bồ Tát Văn-thù Diệu Đức Diệu Cát Tường Diệu Âm Information Venerated by Mahayana, Vajrayana Buddhism portal

Part of a series on Mahāyāna Buddhism Teachings Bodhisattva Buddhahood Bodhicitta Buddha-nature Skillful Means Transcendent Wisdom Transcendent Virtues Emptiness Two truths Consciousness-only Three bodies Three vehicles Non-abiding Nirvana One Vehicle Bodhisattva Precepts Bodhisattva vow Bodhisattva stages Pure Lands Luminous mind Dharani Three Turnings Buddhas and Bodhisattvas Shakyamuni Amitabha Adi-Buddha Akshobhya Prajñāpāramitā Devī Bhaiṣajyaguru Mahāvairocana Mañjuśrī Avalokiteśvara Vajrapāṇi Vajrasattva Maitreya Kṣitigarbha Ākāśagarbha Samantabhadra Tara Wrathful deities Mahayana sutras Prajñāpāramitā sūtras Lotus Sūtra Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra Mahāsaṃnipāta Sūtra Vimalakirtinirdeśa Pure Land Sutras Lalitavistara Sūtra Samādhirāja Sūtra Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra Tathāgatagarbha sūtras Śrīmālādevī Sūtra Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra Ghanavyūha sūtra Golden Light Sutra Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra Main traditions Mādhyamaka Sanlun Yogācāra Weishi Tiantai Tendai Huayan Chan Zen Seon Thiền Shingon Tangmi Pure Land Nichiren Trúc Lâm Vajrayāna Newar Buddhism Tibetan Buddhism Dzogchen Bon Shugendō Humanistic Buddhism Chengshi Niepan Key figures Nāgārjuna Aśvaghoṣa Āryadeva Lokakṣema Kumārajīva Asanga Vasubandhu Sthiramati Buddhapālita Dignāga Bhāvaviveka Dharmakīrti Candrakīrti Sengzhao Jizang Zhiyi Shandao Bodhidharma Huineng Xuanzang Fazang Amoghavajra Zhanran Chengguan Zongmi Saichō Kūkai Shāntideva Shāntarakshita Wohnyo Mazu Daoyi Linji Siming Zhili Jinul Dahui Zonggao Hongzhi Zhengjue Hōnen Shinran Dōgen Nichiren Śaṅkaranandana Virūpa Ratnākaraśānti Abhayākaragupta Nāropā Atisha Sakya Pandita Dolpopa Rangjung Dorje Tsongkhapa Longchenpa Hakuin Hanshan Ouyi Zhuhong Taixu D. T. Suzuki Sheng-yen 14th Dalai Lama Thích Nhất Hạnh Regional traditions China Han Chinese Taiwan Japan Korea North Korea South Korea Vietnam Tibet Nepal Newar Bhutan Mongolia Russia Buryatia Kalmykia Tuva Malaysia Indonesia West v t e

**Manjushri** ([Sanskrit](/source/Sanskrit_language): 𑀫𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀼𑀰𑁆𑀭𑀻, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Sanskrit): *Mañjuśrī*) is a *[bodhisattva](/source/Bodhisattva)* who represents *[prajñā](/source/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism))* (transcendent wisdom) of the Buddhas in [Mahāyāna Buddhism](/source/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Buddhism). The name "Mañjuśrī" is a combination of Sanskrit word "[mañju](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81)" and an honorific "[śrī](/source/%C5%9Ar%C4%AB)"; it can be literally translated as "Beautiful One with Glory" or "Beautiful One with Auspiciousness". Mañjuśrī is also known by the fuller name of Mañjuśrīkumārabhūta (मञ्जुश्रीकुमारभूत),[1] literally "Mañjuśrī, Still a Youth" or, less literally, "Prince Mañjuśrī". Another name of Mañjuśrī is Mañjughōṣa.

## In Mahāyāna Buddhism

Tibetan Painting of [Mañjuśrī](/source/Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%AB) with the sword of wisdom and a [Prajñāpāramitā](/source/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81) Sūtra, which are common symbols of Prajñāpāramitā in [Buddhist art](/source/Buddhist_art).

[Ming dynasty](/source/Ming_dynasty) (1368 - 1644) statue of Thousand Arms Thousand Bowls and Thousand Sakyamunis Mañjuśrī in [Chongshan Temple](/source/Chongshan_Temple_(Shanxi)), [Shanxi](/source/Shanxi), China.  According to [Vajrayana](/source/Vajrayana) Sutras, this manifestation of Mañjuśrī has thousands of hands, each holding a bowl, from which a [Sakyamuni Buddha](/source/Sakyamuni_Buddha) manifests and then multiplies, becoming trillions of Sakyamuni Buddhas.  This manifestation symbolizes that the countless [Sakyamuni Buddhas](/source/Sakyamuni_Buddha), who teach Dharma in countless worlds, give their teachings based on Mañjuśrī the Great Wisdom, namely [Prajñāpāramitā](/source/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81).

Manjushri statue, Lhalung Gompa, [Spiti Valley](/source/Spiti_Valley), India.

The five forms of Manjusri.

[Tang dynasty](/source/Tang_dynasty) (618-907) colossal statue of Mañjuśrī (Wenshu) at the [Longmen Grottoes](/source/Longmen_Grottoes) in [Henan](/source/Henan), China.

[Kamakura period](/source/Kamakura_period) (1185–1333) painting of Lion-riding Mañjuśrī (Monju) crossing the sea. 13th century, Japan.

Statue of the Thousand-Armed and Thousand-Bowl Mañjuśrī (Wenshu) in [Xiantong Temple](/source/Xiantong_Temple) at [Mount Wutai](/source/Mount_Wutai), China.

Youth Mañjuśrī (Monju), [Kamakura period](/source/Kamakura_period), [Tokyo National Museum](/source/Tokyo_National_Museum), Japan.

[Jin dynasty](/source/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)) (1115-1234) statue of Mañjuśrī (Wenshu) with an attendant as part of a set depicting the Three Noble Ones of [Huayan](/source/Huayan): [Vairocana](/source/Vairocana), [Samantabhadra](/source/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)) and Mañjuśrī, at [Shanhua Temple](/source/Shanhua_Temple) in [Shanxi](/source/Shanxi), China.

[Qing dynasty](/source/Qing_dynasty) (1644-1912) painting of Mañjuśrī (Wenshu) by [Ding Guanpeng](/source/Ding_Guanpeng). 18th century, China.

Scholars have identified Mañjuśrī as the oldest and most significant bodhisattva in Mahāyāna literature.[2] Notable traits of Mañjuśrī include:

### Buddha appearing as Bodhisattva

According to [Mahayana Sutras](/source/Mahayana_Sutras), Mañjuśrī is always a Buddha with the highest Awakenment all the time, including in the past, present, and future, but just appears as a Bodhisattva in our world.[3]

In [Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra](/source/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_Sam%C4%81dhi_S%C5%ABtra), the Buddha revealed that countless eons ago, Mañjuśrī had achieved Buddhahood with the name Dragon Superior [Tathāgata](/source/Tath%C4%81gata).[4][5][6]

In *Tathagata's Unimaginable State Sutra*, it is written that when [Sakyamuni Buddha](/source/Sakyamuni_Buddha) attained the highest Awakenment, countless Buddhas from other worlds, appearing as Bodhisattvas, came to our world to congratulate him and assist his Dharma-teaching work, and Mañjuśrī was one of those Buddhas who appeared as Bodhisattvas.[7][8]

Another Sutra, *Bodhisattva in the Womb Sutra* reveals that Mañjuśrī is actually a Buddha, but in order to assist [Sakyamuni Buddha](/source/Sakyamuni_Buddha)'s Dharma-teaching work, he appears as a disciple of the Buddha.[9][10] In the Sutra Mañjuśrī says:

My bodies are as many as the atoms of the universe, appearing as Buddhas in countless Buddha-Worlds elsewhere. I was previously the teacher of [Sakyamuni Buddha](/source/Sakyamuni_Buddha), and now I appear as his disciple. I would like to manifest my Buddha body, but this world should have only one main Buddha at this moment. Therefore I appear as a disciple in this world, and appear as Buddhas in other Buddha-Worlds.

In [Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra](/source/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81l%C4%ABya_S%C5%ABtra) it is written that Mañjuśrī is a present Buddha whose Buddha-world is in the north:[11][12]

To the north, passing worlds as numerous as the sands of forty-two Ganges Rivers, there is a world called Constant Joy, where the Buddha is called Joy Store Mani Jewel Accumulation Tathāgata, Arhat, Samyak-Saṁbuddha ...... Is that Tathāgata anyone else ? Mañjuśrī is actually that Buddha.

Mañjuśrī will also become a Buddha in the future. According to [Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra](/source/Mah%C4%81ratnak%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa_S%C5%ABtra), when Mañjuśrī becomes a Buddha (again) in the future, he will be called Universally Seen, and his Buddha-World will be extremely vast and sublime.[13][3]

### Mother of all Buddhas

According to [Mahayana Sutras](/source/Mahayana_Sutras), Mañjuśrī is the one who guides all living beings of the past, present and future towards Buddhahood, therefore he is honored as the **Mother of all Buddhas** of the past, present and future (三世佛母妙吉祥).

As it is written in *Mahayana Sutra on Contemplating the Ground-Like Heart Concerning the Legend of the Buddha* (大乘本生心地觀經) :[14][15]

Manjusri the Great Holy Lord is the Mother of all Buddhas of the past, present and future. All Buddhas of the ten directions, when they first arouse their hearts to seek Bodhi, they do so because of Manjusri's teaching and guidance.

*Mahayana Sutra on Contemplating the Ground-Like Heart Concerning the Legend of the Buddha* also says :[16]

The Buddha said to Manjusri: "You are indeed the Mother of all Buddhas of the past, present and future. All Tathagatas, when they first arouse their hearts, or carry out their practice for Bodhi, they do those things because of your guidance. "

*Placing the Bowl Sutra* says :[17][18]

The Buddha said : "... I achieved Buddhahood all because of Manjusri's benevolence. Furthermore, all the countless Buddhas in the past were disciples of Manjusri, and all those who will become Buddhas in the future, they will achieve Buddhahood because of Manjusri's mightiness, benevolence, and divine power."

In the *Lotus Sūtra*, Mañjuśrī also leads the [Nagaraja's daughter](/source/Longn%C3%BC) to enlightenment. He also figures in the *[Vimalakīrti Sūtra](/source/Vimalak%C4%ABrti_S%C5%ABtra)* in a debate with [Vimalakīrti](/source/Vimalak%C4%ABrti) where he is presented as a Bodhisattva who discusses non-duality with him.

### Eternal Youth

Although Mañjuśrī, in the previous innumerable eons, had helped countless living beings achieve Buddhahood, the great mentor himself remains a youth forever. In Mahayana Sutras, Mañjuśrī is frequently called **Manjusri the Youth** (Manjusri Kumara-bhuta).

### Symbolizing Prajñā the Transcendental Wisdom

As a symbol of [Prajñāpāramitā](/source/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81), Mañjuśrī is often depicted as a youth holding the Sword of Wisdom in one hand, and a Prajñāpāramitā [Sūtra](/source/S%C5%ABtra) in another hand. In [Mahayana Buddhism](/source/Mahayana_Buddhism) he is often honored as **Mañjuśrī the Great Wisdom** (大智文殊師利).

An example of a wisdom teaching of Mañjuśrī can be found in the *Saptaśatikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra* ([Taishō Tripiṭaka](/source/Taish%C5%8D_Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka) 232).[19] This *sūtra* contains a dialogue between Mañjuśrī and the Buddha on the One [Samādhi](/source/Sam%C4%81dhi) (Skt. *Ekavyūha Samādhi*). [Sheng-yen](/source/Sheng-yen) renders the following teaching of Mañjuśrī, for entering *samādhi* naturally through transcendent wisdom:

Contemplate the five [skandhas](/source/Skandha) as originally empty and quiescent, non-arising, non-perishing, equal, without differentiation. Constantly thus practicing, day or night, whether sitting, walking, standing or lying down, finally one reaches an inconceivable state without any obstruction or form. This is the Samadhi of One Act (一行三昧; *Yīxíng sānmèi*).[20]

## Vajrayāna Buddhism

Within [Vajrayāna](/source/Vajray%C4%81na) Buddhism, Mañjuśrī is a meditational deity and also considered a fully enlightened Buddha. In [Shingon Buddhism](/source/Shingon_Buddhism), he is one of the [Thirteen Buddhas](/source/Thirteen_Buddhas) to whom disciples devote themselves. He figures extensively in many esoteric texts such as the *[Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa](/source/Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%ABm%C5%ABlakalpa)*[1] and the *[Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti](/source/Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%ABn%C4%81masamg%C4%ABti)*. His consort in some traditions is [Saraswati](/source/Saraswati).

The *Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa*, which later came to be classified under [Kriyātantra](/source/Outer_Tantras#Kriyatantra), states that *mantra*s taught in the [Śaiva](/source/%C5%9Aaiva), Garuḍa, and [Vaiṣṇava](/source/Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87ava) *tantra*s will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by Mañjuśrī.[21]

## Manifestations

Youth Manjusri Youth Manjusri (孺童文殊) is a typical form of Manjusri, one head, two arms, right hand holding a Wisdom Sword that can cut off ignorance, left hand holding a flower with a Prajna-paramita Sutra upon it. Lion-riding Manjusri Lion-riding Manjusri is another typical form of Manjusri frequently seen in Buddhist art across different Buddhist traditions. Manjusri is depicted as sitting on a lion, Wisdom Sword in one hand, and Prajna-paramita Sutra in another hand. Four-Armed Manjusri Four-Armed Manjusri is one of the five major forms of Manjusri. One head, four arms, holding four objects: sword, bow, arrow, and Prajna-paramita Sutra. Undefiled Manjusri Undefiled Manjusri, one of the five major forms of Manjusri, symbolizes the ever-pure nature of Prajna-paramita. One head, two arms, making Dharma-chakra Mudra, with Wisdom Sword and Prajna-paramita Sutra floating above his shoulders. White Manjusri White Manjusri is one of the five major forms of Manjusri. One head, two arms, making Wish-bestowing Mudra (Varada-mudra). The Wisdom Sword and Prajna-paramita Sutra are floating above his shoulders. Six-Armed Manjusri Six-Armed Manjusri is a powerful manifestation that liberates living beings from repetitive reincarnations among the Six realms of existence. This form of Manjusri has three heads and six arms, making Mudra with one or two hands, while the other hands holding different objects including Wisdom Sword, Prajna-paramita Sutra, bow, arrow, and flower. Thousand Arms Thousand Bowls and Thousand Sakyamunis Manjusri A Vajrayana manifestation of Manjusri that has thousands of hands, each holding a bowl, from which a Sakyamuni Buddha manifests and then multiplies, becoming trillions of Sakyamuni Buddhas.[22] Those countless Sakyamuni Buddhas, who are emanations from Vairocana Buddha, teach Dharma in countless worlds based on Manjusri the Great Wisdom, namely Prajñāpāramitā. Black Manjusri Black Manjusri is a wrathful manifestation of Manjusri, usually depicted as holding a Wisdom Sword in his right hand and a flower in his left hand with Prajnaparamita Sutra upon the flower. Manjusri's Buddha form Manjusri appears as a Buddha, with a Wisdom Sword in his hand, and Prajnaparamita Sutra floating above his shoulder. According to Mahayana Sutras, Manjusri is always a Buddha all the time, but just appears as a Bodhisattva in our world. Presently, he is a Buddha called Joy Store Mani Jewel Accumulation Tathāgata, whose Buddha-World is called Constant Joy.[11][12] Dharma-Realm Speech Self-existent Manjusri Dharma-Realm Speech Self-existent Manjusri (Sanskrit: Dharmadhātu-vāgīśvara Mañjuśrī) is a supreme manifestation of Manjusri. Four heads, eight arms, two hands making Dharma-chakra Mudra, while the others holding different objects: Wisdom Sword, Vajra Pestle, bow, arrow, and Prajna-paramita Sutra. This manifestation represents the Ultimate Reality, namely the Dharma-Body of all Buddhas. Namasangiti Manjusri A form of Manjusri based on Mañjuśrī-Nāma-Saṃgīti. One head, twelve arms, sitting, two hands in Dhyana Mudra, two hands above the head making Uttara-bodhi Mudra, two hands before chest making Dharma-chakra Mudra, two hands in Tarpana Mudra, four other hands holding four objects: Wisdom Sword, bow, arrow, and Prajna-paramita Sutra. This manifestation of Manjusri is the embodiment of Prajñāpāramitā, the Wisdom of all Buddhas.

## Iconography

Mañjuśrī is usually depicted as a male bodhisattva wielding a flaming sword in his right hand, representing the realization of transcendent wisdom which cuts down ignorance and duality. The scripture supported by the [padma](/source/Padma_(attribute)) (lotus) held in his left hand is a *Prajñāpāramitā sūtra*, representing his attainment of ultimate realization from the blossoming of wisdom.

Mañjuśrī is often depicted as riding or seated on a blue [lion](/source/Lion), or sitting on the skin of a lion. This represents the use of wisdom to tame the mind, which is compared to riding or subduing a ferocious lion. In Chinese and Japanese Buddhist art, Mañjuśrī's sword is sometimes replaced with a *[ruyi](/source/Ruyi_(scepter))* scepter, especially in representations of his *[Vimalakirti Sutra](/source/Vimalakirti_Sutra)* discussion with the layman [Vimalakirti](/source/Vimalakirti).[23] According to [Berthold Laufer](/source/Berthold_Laufer), the first Chinese representation of a *ruyi* was in an 8th-century Mañjuśrī painting by [Wu Daozi](/source/Wu_Daozi), showing it held in his right hand taking the place of the usual sword. In subsequent Chinese and Japanese paintings of Buddhas, a *ruyi* was occasionally represented as a Padma with a long stem curved like a *ruyi*.[24]

Another manifestation of Mañjuśrī that is venerated in [Chinese Buddhist](/source/Chinese_Buddhism) tradition is the Thousand-Armed and Thousand-Bowl Mañjuśrī[\[zh\]](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E8%87%82%E5%8D%83%E9%92%B5%E6%96%87%E6%AE%8A%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8) (千臂千缽文殊菩薩; *Qiānbì* *Qiānbō Wénshū Púsà*).[25][26][27][28][29] The canonical source for this iconographic form is the "Mahāyana Yoga of the Adamantine Ocean, Mañjusrī with a Thousand Arms and Thousand Bowls: Great King of Tantras"[\[zh\]](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E8%87%82%E5%8D%83%E9%92%B5%E6%9B%BC%E6%AE%8A%E5%AE%A4%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%8F) (大乘瑜伽金剛性海曼殊室利千臂千鉢大教王經; *Dàchéng yújiā jīngāngxìng hǎi mànshūshìlì qiānbì qiānbō dàjiào wáng jīng*),[30][27] usually known simply as the "Sutra of Mañjusrī with a Thousand Arms and Thousand Bowls" (千臂千鉢曼殊室利經; *Qiānbì qiānbō mànshūshìlì jīng*). In this manifestation, Mañjuśrī is depicted with a thousand arms, each holding an alms bowl, with each bowl containing a figure of [Śākyamuni](/source/%C5%9A%C4%81kyamuni) Buddha.[25][26][27][28][29]

He is one of the Four Great Bodhisattvas of [Chinese Buddhism](/source/Chinese_Buddhism), the other three being [Kṣitigarbha](/source/Kshitigarbha), [Avalokiteśvara](/source/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara), and [Samantabhadra](/source/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)). In China, he is often paired with Samantabhadra[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*].

In [Tibetan Buddhism](/source/Tibetan_Buddhism), Mañjuśrī is sometimes depicted in a trinity with Avalokiteśvara and [Vajrapāṇi](/source/Vajrap%C4%81%E1%B9%87i)[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*].

## Mantras

### Arapacana mantra

Manjusri's Five-Syllabled Mantra

A [mantra](/source/Mantra) commonly associated with Mañjuśrī is the following:[31]

- *oṃ arapacana dhīḥ*

The Arapacana is a [syllabary](/source/Syllabary) consisting of forty-two letters, and is named after the first five letters: *a, ra, pa, ca, na*.[32] This syllabary was most widely used for the [Gāndhārī language](/source/G%C4%81ndh%C4%81r%C4%AB_language) with the [Kharoṣṭhī script](/source/Kharosthi) but also appears in some Sanskrit texts. The syllabary features in Mahāyāna texts such as the longer *[Prajñāpāramitā](/source/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81)* texts, the *[Gaṇḍavyūha Sūtra](/source/Ga%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Davy%C5%ABha_S%C5%ABtra)*, the *[Lalitavistara Sūtra](/source/Lalitavistara_S%C5%ABtra)*, the *[Avataṃsaka Sūtra](/source/Avata%E1%B9%83saka_S%C5%ABtra)*, the *[Dharmaguptaka](/source/Dharmaguptaka) [Vinaya](/source/Vinaya)*, and the *[Mūlasarvāstivāda](/source/M%C5%ABlasarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da) Vinaya*.[32] In some of these texts, the Arapacana syllabary serves as a [mnemonic](/source/Mnemonic) for important Mahāyāna concepts.[32] Due to its association with him, *Arapacana* may even serve as an alternate name for Mañjuśrī.[31]

The *Sutra on Perfect Wisdom* (Conze 1975) defines the significance of each syllable thus:[33]

1. *A* is a door to the insight that all dharmas are unproduced from the very beginning (*ādya-anutpannatvād*).

1. *RA* is a door to the insight that all dharmas are without dirt (*rajas*).

1. *PA* is a door to the insight that all dharmas have been expounded in the ultimate sense (*paramārtha*).

1. *CA* is a door to the insight that the decrease (*cyavana*) or rebirth of any dharma cannot be apprehended, because all dharmas do not decrease, nor are they reborn.

1. *NA* is a door to the insight that the names (i.e. *nāma*) of all dharmas have vanished; the essential nature behind names cannot be gained or lost.

Tibetan pronunciation is slightly different and so the Tibetan characters read: **oṃ a ra pa tsa na dhīḥ** ([Tibetan](/source/Standard_Tibetan): ༀ་ཨ་ར་པ་ཙ་ན་དྷཱི༔, [Wylie](/source/Wylie_transliteration): *om a ra pa tsa na d+hIH*).[34] In Tibetan tradition, this mantra is believed to enhance wisdom and improve one's skills in debating, memory, writing, and other literary abilities. "*Dhīḥ*" is the seed syllable of the mantra and is chanted with greater emphasis and also repeated a number of times as a [decrescendo](/source/Decrescendo).

### Transliterations

[Chinese](/source/Chinese_language): 唵啊囉跛者曩諦 [Tibetan](/source/Tibetan): ཨོཾ་ཨ་ར་པ་ཙ་ན་དྷཱིཿ། [Manchu](/source/Manchu): ᢀᠣ ᠠᠷᠠᢒᠠᢜᠠᠨᠠ ᢡᠢᠢᢁ [Sanskrit](/source/Sanskrit): ॐ अरपचन धीः

### Other mantras

According to the [*Mañjuśrī­mūlakalpa*](/source/Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%AB-m%C5%ABla-kalpa), "the ultimate heart essence of Mañjuśrī, which accomplishes all endeavors" is the following mantra:[35]

Namaḥ sarvabuddhānām oṁ maṁ

The *Sādhanamālā* also contains a popular mantra which refers to Mañjuśrī as the "lord of speech" (Vāgīśvara):[36]

Oṃ Vāgīśvara Mūḥ

This mantra is very popular in [Nepal](/source/Nepal), where Vāgīśvara Mañjuśrī is a popular deity.[36] Another Mañjuśrī mantra is the mantra for Mañjuvajra, a tantric form of Mañjuśrī associated with the [Guhyasamaja](/source/Guhyasam%C4%81ja_Tantra) tradition, it is:[37]

Oṃ Mañjuvajra Hūṃ

## In Buddhist cultures

### In China

[Tang dynasty](/source/Tang_dynasty) (618-907) statues of Manjushri (Wenshu) surrounded by attendant bodhisattvas and a heavenly king at the Dongda Temple of [Foguang Temple](/source/Foguang_Temple) in [Wutai](/source/Wutai_County), [Shanxi](/source/Shanxi), [China](/source/China).

A painting of Wenshu (Mañjuśrī) from the [Yulin Caves](/source/Yulin_Caves) of [Gansu](/source/Gansu), China, from the [Tangut](/source/Tangut_people)-led [Western Xia](/source/Western_Xia) dynasty

Mañjuśrī is known in China as Wenshu ([Chinese](/source/Chinese_language): 文殊; [pinyin](/source/Pinyin): *Wénshū*). [Mount Wutai](/source/Mount_Wutai) in [Shanxi](/source/Shanxi), one of the four [Sacred Mountains of China](/source/Sacred_Mountains_of_China), is considered by Chinese Buddhists to be his [bodhimaṇḍa](/source/Bodhima%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da). He was said to bestow spectacular visionary experiences to those on selected mountain peaks and caves there. In Mount Wutai's [Foguang Temple](/source/Foguang_Temple), the Wenshu Hall to the right of its main hall was recognized to have been built in 1137 during the [Jin dynasty](/source/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)). The hall was thoroughly studied, mapped and first photographed by early twentieth-century Chinese architects [Liang Sicheng](/source/Liang_Sicheng) and [Lin Huiyin](/source/Lin_Huiyin).[38] These made it a popular place of pilgrimage, but patriarchs including [Linji Yixuan](/source/Linji_Yixuan) and [Yunmen Wenyan](/source/Yunmen_Wenyan) declared the mountain off limits.[39]

Mount Wutai was also associated with the [East Mountain Teaching](/source/East_Mountain_Teaching).[40] Mañjuśrī has been associated with Mount Wutai since ancient times. Paul Williams writes:[41]

Apparently the association of Mañjuśrī with Wutai (Wu-t'ai) Shan in north China was known in classical times in India itself, identified by Chinese scholars with the mountain in the 'north-east' (when seen from India or [Central Asia](/source/Central_Asia)) referred to as the abode of Mañjuśrī in the *[Avataṃsaka Sūtra](/source/Avatamsaka_Sutra)*. There are said to have been pilgrimages from India and other Asian countries to Wutai Shan by the seventh century.

According to official histories from the [Qing dynasty](/source/Qing_dynasty), [Nurhaci](/source/Nurhaci), a military leader of the [Jurchens](/source/Jurchen_people) of [Northeast China](/source/Northeast_China) and founder of what became the Qing dynasty, named his tribe after Mañjuśrī as the [Manchus](/source/Manchus).[42] The true origin of the name Manchu is disputed.[43]

Monk [Hanshan](/source/Hanshan_(poet)) (寒山) is widely considered to be a metaphorical manifestation of Wenshu. He is known for having co-written the following famous poem about reincarnation with monk [Shide](/source/Shide_(monk)):[44][45]

Drumming your grandpa in the shrine, Cooking your aunts in the pot, Marrying your grandma in the past, Should I laugh or not? 堂上打鼓打公皮， 鍋內煎煮是姑娘， 三世祖母娶為婦， 我今不笑等何時。

In [Tibetan Buddhism](/source/Tibetan_Buddhism), Mañjuśrī manifests in a number of different [Tantric](/source/Tantra) forms. [Yamāntaka](/source/Yamantaka) (meaning 'terminator of [Yama](/source/Yama) i.e. Death') is the [wrathful](/source/Wrathful_deity) manifestation of Mañjuśrī, popular within the [Gelug](/source/Gelug) school of Tibetan Buddhism. Other variations upon his traditional form as Mañjuśrī include [Namasangiti](/source/Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%ABn%C4%81masamg%C4%ABti), Arapacana Manjushri, etc. In Tibetan Buddhism, Mañjuśrī is also an *[yidam](/source/Yidam)*. The [Emperor Manjushri](/source/Emperor_Manjushri) as a honorific title was also given to Qing emperors such as the [Qianlong Emperor](/source/Qianlong_Emperor).

In the Taoist pantheon, Mañjuśrī is adopted as a Taoist deity known as [Wenshu Guangfa Tianzun](/source/Wenshu_Guangfa_Tianzun). This deity appears in the Ming Dynasty novel *[Fengshen Yanyi](/source/Fengshen_Yanyi)* as a senior disciple of [Yuanshi Tianzun](/source/Yuanshi_Tianzun), the highest deity in Taoism. However, the books *Qunxian Xianpo Tianmen* and *Western Tang Dynasty Biography* state that Wenshu Guangfa Tianzun and Mañjuśrī Bodhisattva are not the same person.[46][47]

Black and white chalk drawing of a Mañjusri statue from [Singhasari temple](/source/Singhasari_temple) ([East Java](/source/East_Java), [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia)), probably made in 1823 by J.Th. Bik in Batavia

### In Korea

In Korea, Mañjuśrī is known as Munsu Bosal (문수보살). A prominent legend recounts how the monk Jajang-yulsa traveled to China and encountered Munsu Bosal on Mount Wutai, a sacred site traditionally associated with Mañjuśrī. According to the story, Munsu Bosal instructed Jajang to find a similar five-peaked mountain in Korea and to establish a temple there. Jajang later identified such a place in the Korean Peninsula, which became [Odaesan](/source/Odaesan), now one of the most revered sacred mountains in [Korean Buddhism](/source/Korean_Buddhism).[48]

Another well-known legend involves [King Sejo](/source/King_Sejo) of [Joseon](/source/Joseon), who, in his later years, suffered from a painful and incurable skin disease that even the royal physicians could not treat. Believing the illness to be karmic retribution for his usurpation of the throne from his nephew, King Danjong, Sejo undertook pilgrimages to major Buddhist temples to seek healing. While visiting Sangwonsa Temple near Odaesan, Sejo is said to have been bathing in a nearby stream when a young boy (dongja) appeared and offered to scrub his back. As the boy washed him, the king’s pain began to subside. Sejo confided that his illness was a closely guarded secret, to which the boy replied, "You must also promise never to tell anyone that you have seen Munsu Bosal." The boy then vanished without a trace. That evening, the king's skin disease was miraculously cured. In gratitude for what he believed to be divine intervention, King Sejo commissioned the creation of the [Wooden Seated Child Manjusri](/source/Wooden_Seated_Child_Manjusri_of_Sangwonsa_Temple), a statue depicting Mañjuśrī in the form of the young boy who had healed him. The statue, now enshrined at [Sangwonsa Temple](/source/Sangwonsa), was later designated as the 221st National Treasure of South Korea.[49][50]

### In Nepal

According to [Swayambhu Purana](/source/Swayambhu_Purana), the [Kathmandu Valley](/source/Kathmandu_Valley) was once a lake. It is believed that Mañjuśrī came on a pilgrimage from his earthly abode-[Wutaishan](/source/Wutaishan) (five-peaked mountain) in China. He saw a lotus flower in the center of the lake, which emitted brilliant radiance. He cut a gorge at Chovar with his flaming sword to allow the lake to drain. The place where the lotus flower settled became the great [Swayambhunath](/source/Swayambhunath) Stupa, and the valley thus became habitable.

### In Indonesia

In eighth century [Java](/source/Java) during the [Mataram kingdom](/source/Mataram_kingdom), Mañjuśrī was a prominent deity revered by the [Sailendra dynasty](/source/Sailendra_dynasty), patrons of Mahayana Buddhism. The [Kelurak inscription](/source/Kelurak_inscription) (782) and [Manjusrigrha inscription](/source/Manjusrigrha_inscription) (792) mentioned about the construction of a grand Prasada named *Vajrāsana Mañjuśrīgṛha* (Vajra House of Mañjuśrī) identified today as [Sewu](/source/Sewu) temple, located just 800 meters north of the [Prambanan](/source/Prambanan). Sewu is the second largest Buddhist temple in Central Java after [Borobudur](/source/Borobudur). The depiction of Mañjuśrī in Sailendra art is similar to those of the [Pala Empire](/source/Pala_Empire) style of [Nalanda](/source/Nalanda), [Bihar](/source/Bihar). Mañjuśrī was portrayed as a youthful handsome man with the palm of his hands tattooed with the image of a flower. His right hand is facing down with an open palm while his left-hand holds an *utpala* (blue lotus). He also uses the necklace made of tiger [canine teeth](/source/Canine_tooth).

## Other culture

- Manzaširi - A primeval giant in [Kalmyk](/source/Kalmyk_people) mythology, whose body formed the world. The name is likely a corruption of Manjushri.[51]

In Hinduism especially in Tantras like Kkuteshvara Tantra and Bhairava Tantra Lord Manjughosha is seen as a manifestation of god Shiva. He has 5 jewels on his head . He is considered as youth in appearance. He holds a sword in one hand and a book on other.[52] He is worshipped for gaining knowledge, wealth and his mantra practice may help in conquering devas and daitya ganas.

## Gallery

		- Mañjuśrī figure from [Candi Jago](/source/Candi_Jago), 14th century Java, Indonesia

		- Mañjuśrī figure brandishing sword of wisdom in [Nepal](/source/Nepal)

		- Palm leaf manuscript painting of Mañjuśrī. [Nalanda](/source/Nalanda), [Bihar](/source/Bihar), India.

		- Silver figure of Mañjuśrī holding a long-stemmed lotus. Central Java, Indonesia.

		- [Blanc de Chine](/source/Blanc_de_Chine) figure of Mañjuśrī holding a *[ruyi](/source/Ruyi_(scepter))* scepter. China, 17th century.

		- Mañjuśrī on lion with [cintamani](/source/Cintamani). [Quan Am Temple](/source/Quan_Am_Temple), [Ho Chi Minh City](/source/Ho_Chi_Minh_City).

		- Bodhisattva Manjushri seated in lalitasana, from China, Jin Dynasty, 12th century CE. British Museum.

		- Drawing of Mañjuśrī, Bodhisattva of Wisdom

		- [Tang dynasty](/source/Tang_dynasty) (618-907) statues of Manjushri (Wenshu) surrounded by attendant bodhisattvas at the Wenshu Hall of [Foguang Temple](/source/Foguang_Temple) in [Wutai](/source/Wutai_County), [Shanxi](/source/Shanxi), [China](/source/China)

		- Statue of Mañjuśrī at [Bangka Lungshan Temple](/source/Bangka_Lungshan_Temple), [Taipei](/source/Taipei)

		- Manjushri, seated on a blue lion at [Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum](/source/Buddha_Tooth_Relic_Temple_and_Museum), [Singapore](/source/Singapore)

		- Mural of the Thousand-Armed and Thousand-Bowl Mañjuśrī in Cave 144 of the [Mogao Grottoes](/source/Mogao_Caves) in [Dunhuang](/source/Dunhuang), [China](/source/China). Photographed by [Paul Pelliot](/source/Paul_Pelliot) in 1908.

		- Statue of the Thousand-Armed and Thousand-Bowl Mañjuśrī in [Xiantong Temple](/source/Xiantong_Temple) at [Mount Wutai](/source/Mount_Wutai), [China](/source/China)

## See also

- [Mañjuśrīmitra](/source/Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%ABmitra)

- [Manjusri Monastery](/source/Manjusri_Monastery)

- [Washing the Elephant](/source/Washing_the_Elephant)

## References

### Citations

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Keown,_Damien_2003_p.172_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Keown,_Damien_2003_p.172_1-1) Keown, Damien (editor) with Hodge, Stephen; Jones, Charles; Tinti, Paola (2003). *A Dictionary of Buddhism.* Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-860560-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860560-9) p.172.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** A View of Manjushri: Wisdom and Its Crown Prince in Pala Period India. Harrington, Laura. Doctoral Thesis, Columbia University, 2002

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** [English Translation of Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra](https://archive.org/details/AmitabhaSutra/Suramgama%20Samadhi%20Sutra)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Chinese text of Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra ([Taisho Tripitaka](/source/Taisho_Tripitaka) 0642) [佛說首楞嚴三昧經](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%AA%E9%A6%96%E6%A5%9E%E5%9A%B4%E4%B8%89%E6%98%A7%E7%B6%93_(%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%B7%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B702)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** [English translation of Tathagata's Unimaginable State Sutra](https://web.archive.org/web/20180516060106/http://www.fodian.net/world/301.html)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Chinese text of Tathagata's Unimaginable State Sutra ([Taisho Tripitaka](/source/Taisho_Tripitaka) 0301) [大方廣如來不思議境界經](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E5%A4%A7%E6%96%B9%E5%BB%A3%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E4%B8%8D%E6%80%9D%E8%AD%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%95%8C%E7%B6%93)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** [Chinese text of Bodhisattva in the Womb Sutra](https://cbetaonline.dila.edu.tw/zh/T12n0384_p1050a11) ([Taisho Tripitaka](/source/Taisho_Tripitaka) 0384)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Chinese text of Bodhisattva in the Womb Sutra [菩薩處胎經](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E8%99%95%E8%83%8E%E7%B6%93)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Ang_Sutra.En_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Ang_Sutra.En_11-1) [English translation of Aṅgulimālika Sūtra](https://www.sutrasmantras.info/sutra54d.html)

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** [Chinese text of Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra](https://cbetaonline.dila.edu.tw/zh/T11n0310_p0347a09) ([Taisho Tripitaka](/source/Taisho_Tripitaka) 0310)

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Chinese text of the Sutra ([Taisho Tripitaka](/source/Taisho_Tripitaka) 0159) [大乘本生心地觀經](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%9F%E5%BF%83%E5%9C%B0%E8%A7%80%E7%B6%93/%E5%8D%B703)

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** [Chinese text of Placing the Bowl Sutra (Taisho Tripitaka 0629)](https://cbetaonline.dila.edu.tw/en/T0629_001)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Chinese text of Placing the Bowl Sutra ([Taisho Tripitaka](/source/Taisho_Tripitaka) 0629) [佛說放鉢經](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%AA%E6%94%BE%E9%89%A2%E7%B6%93)

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Chinese text of Thousand Arms and Thousand Bowls Mañjusrī Sutra [大乘瑜伽金剛性海曼殊室利千臂千鉢大教王經](https://cbetaonline.dila.edu.tw/zh/T20n1177Ap0725b07)

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:3_27-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:3_27-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:3_27-2) 王珺 (著)=Wang; Jun (au.) (April 2020). ["遼代薊州地區佛寺碑刻造像流布與信仰調查研究 -- 以千像寺為中心=Investigation of the Liao Dynasty Jizhou Qianxiang Monastery Inscriptions and Stone Carved Statues"](https://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/en/search/search_detail.jsp?seq=607054). *華林國際佛學學刊=Hualin International Journal of Buddhist Studies* (in Chinese). **3** (1): 79–99.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:4_28-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:4_28-1) 王玲秀 (著)=Wang; Ling-xiu (au.) (2022). ["炳靈寺上寺第4窟十一面千臂千缽文殊圖像辨析及粉本探源=A Study on the Connotation and Origin of the Manjusri Painting in Cave 4 of the Upper Temple in the Binglingsi Grottoes"](https://tra.oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&filename=DHYJ202205013&dbname=CJFDAUTO&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldSdmVpbEs1TVF3UHIwMHpRUldxMDU1VmhtTlVKTEhaQT0%3D%249A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4IQMovwHtwkF4VYPoHbKxJw!!). *敦煌研究=Dunhuang Research* (in Chinese) (5): 80–85.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Buswell,_Robert_2013._p._61_32-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Buswell,_Robert_2013._p._61_32-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Buswell,_Robert_2013._p._61_32-2) Buswell, Robert. Lopez, Donald. *The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism.* 2013. p. 61

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** [\[1\]](http://www.visiblemantra.org/manjusri.html) - Visible Mantra's website

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** ["The Root Manual of the Rites of Mañjuśrī / 84000 Reading Room"](https://read.84000.co/translation/toh543.html). *84000 Translating The Words of The Buddha*. Retrieved 2024-03-22.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_36-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_36-1) Bhattacharyya, Benoytosh. *The Indian Buddhist Iconography Mainly Based on the Sādhanamālā and Other Cognate Tāntric Texts of Rituals* (2nd Ed.)*,* pp. 113, 116. K. L. MUKHOPADHYAY, Calcutta, 1958.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Bhattacharyya, Benoytosh. *The Indian Buddhist Iconography Mainly Based on the Sādhanamālā and Other Cognate Tāntric Texts of Rituals* (2nd Ed.)*,* pp. 117. K. L. MUKHOPADHYAY, Calcutta, 1958.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Liang, Ssucheng. *A Pictorial History of Chinese Architecture*. Ed. Wilma Fairbank. Cambridge, Michigan: The MIT Press, 1984.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** *See Robert M. Gimello, "Chang Shang-ying on Wu-t'ai Shan", in Pilgrims and Sacred Sites in China:, ed. Susan Naquin and Chün-fang Yü (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), pp. 89–149; and Steven Heine, "Visions, Divisions, Revisions: The Encounter Between Iconoclasm and Supernaturalism in Kōan Cases about Mount Wu-t'ai", in The Kōan, pp. 137–167.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** Heine, Steven (2002). [*Opening a Mountain: Koans of the Zen Masters*](https://archive.org/details/openingmountain00stev/page/). USA: Oxford University Press. p. [\[2\]](https://archive.org/details/openingmountain00stev/page/). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-513586-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513586-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** Williams, Paul. *Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations.* 2000. p. 227

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** Agui (1988). [*满洲源流考 (the Origin of Manchus)*](http://book.douban.com/subject/4106389/). Liaoning Nationality Publishing House. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9787805270609](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787805270609).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** Yan, Chongnian (2008). [*明亡清兴六十年 (彩图珍藏版)*](http://book.douban.com/subject/2359481/). Zhonghua Book Company. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9787101059472](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787101059472).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** ["诗僧寒山与拾得:文殊菩萨普贤菩萨化身"](http://foxue.163.com/photonew/B06C0324/114.html) (in Chinese). Beijing: NetEase Buddhism Channel. 2014-12-10.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** 韩廷杰. ["寒山诗赏析"](http://www.lingshh.com/wuyuefojiao/hantingjie.htm) (in Chinese). Zhejiang: 灵山海会期刊社.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** [*四川道敎史话 \[Sichuan Taoist History\]*](https://books.google.com/books?id=vrwEAQAAIAAJ&q=%E6%96%87%E6%AE%8A%E5%B9%BF%E6%B3%95%E5%A4%A9%E5%B0%8A) (in Chinese). 四川人民出版社. 1985. ... 文殊广法天尊,就是文殊,至于观音,改名叫作慈航道人,自称"贫道乃灵鹫山元觉洞燃灯道人"者,前身就是燃灯佛,西方极乐世界的孔雀明王,成了准提道人。

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** [*当代*](https://books.google.com/books?id=iRJMAQAAIAAJ&q=%E6%96%87%E6%AE%8A%E5%B9%BF%E6%B3%95%E5%A4%A9%E5%B0%8A) (in Chinese). 人民文学出版社. 2009. ... 文殊广法天尊" ,这与三教中的大师法号习惯带"子" ,如"广成子" "云中子" "赤精子"也大异其趣。却不可认为这位"文殊"便真是佛家那位"文殊菩萨" [Translation:... Wenshu Guangfa Tianzun," this differs significantly from the usual naming conventions for masters in the Three Religions, where they typically include "Zi" (子) in their titles, such as "Guangcheng Zi," "Yunzhong Zi," "Chijing Zi," and others. However, it should not be assumed that this "Wenshu" is indeed the same as the Buddhist figure "Manjushri Bodhisattva."]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** [*행복한 화엄경: 다양하지만 고요한 화평의 세계, 다르지만 하나가 될 수 있는 세계관*](https://www.google.com/books/edition/%ED%96%89%EB%B3%B5%ED%95%9C_%ED%99%94%EC%97%84%EA%B2%BD/-NBWDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%EC%98%A4%EB%8C%80%EC%82%B0+%EB%AC%B8%EC%88%98%EB%B3%B4%EC%82%B4&pg=PA270&printsec=frontcover) (in Korean). 리즈앤북. 5 April 2018. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [979-11-86349-79-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-11-86349-79-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** sgtoh@kwnews.co.kr, 오석기기자 (22 February 2024). ["상원사 목조문수동자좌상 등 복장유물 정밀 학술조사 나선다"](https://kwnews.co.kr/page/view/2024022111324694250). *강원일보* (in Korean).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-dia_50-0)** ["“문수보살 친견, 고양이 설화…상원사 중창 강력한 이유 됐을 것”"](https://www.kwnews.co.kr/page/view/2023031408232107212). *강원일보* (in Korean). 14 March 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** Lurker, Manfred. *The Routledge Dictionary Of Gods Goddesses Devils And Demons*. Routledge. 2004. p. 109. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-04-15340-18-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-04-15340-18-2)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** ["Ashta Siddhi Pt. Kanhaiyya Lal Mishra"](https://archive.org/details/ashta-siddhi-pt.-kanhaiyya-lal-mishra/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater).

### Sources

- [Doniger, Wendy](/source/Wendy_Doniger), ed. (1993), [*Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts*](https://books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC), [State University of New York Press](/source/State_University_of_New_York_Press), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7914-1381-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1381-0)

## Further reading

Harrison, Paul M. (2000). [Mañjuśrī and the Cult of the Celestial Bodhisattvas](https://web.archive.org/web/20120525221148/http://www.chibs.edu.tw/ch_html/chbj/13/chbj1335.htm), Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 13, 157-193

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Mañjuśrī](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%AB).

- [Manjushri at Khandro Net.](https://web.archive.org/web/20211216161156/http://www.khandro.net/deity_manjushri.htm)

- [Page dedicated to the Manjusri mantra, with several audio versions.](http://themathesontrust.org/library/manjusri-mantra)

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v t e Bodhisattvas Major Avalokiteśvara (Guanyin) Mañjuśrī Samantabhadra Kṣitigarbha Maitreya Mahāsthāmaprāpta Ākāśagarbha Chinese Skanda Sangharāma (Guān Yǔ) Vajrayana Padmasambhava Mandāravā Tārā Vajrapāṇi Vajrasattva Sitātapatrā Cundī Other Bhaiṣajyarāja Candraprabha Niō Supratiṣṭhitacāritra Supuṣpacandra Sūryaprabha Vasudhārā Viśiṣṭacāritra Viśuddhacāritra Vimalakirti

v t e Chinese Buddhist pantheon Buddhas 佛 (Fó)/如來 (Rúlái) Five Wisdom Tathāgatas (Wǔfāng Fó) Seven Buddhas of Antiquity (Guòqù Qīfó) Buddhas of the Ten Directions (Shífāng Fó)[zh] Eighty-eight Buddhas (Bāshíbā Fó) Śākyamuni (Shìjiāmóuní Fó) Vairocana (Pílúzhēnǎ Fó) Amitābha (Āmítuó Fó) Bhaisajyaguru (Yàoshī Fó) Amoghasiddhi (Bùkōngchéngjiù Fó) Akshobhya (Āchù Fó) Ratnasambhava (Bǎoshēng Fó) Dīpankara (Rándēng Fó) Vipassī (Pípóshī Fó) Vessabhū (Píshèpó Fó) Kakusandha (Jūliúsūn Fó) Koṇāgamana (Jūnàhán Fó) Kassapa (Jiāshè Fó) Bodhisattvas 菩薩 (Púsà) Four Great Bodhisattvas (Sìdà Púsà)[zh] Eight Great Bodhisattvas (Bādà Púsà)[zh] Twelve Bodhisattvas of Perfect Enlightenment (Shí'èr Yuánjué Púsà) Avalokiteśvara (Guānyīn Púsà) Manjushri (Wénshū Púsà) Samantabhadra (Pǔxián Púsà) Kṣitigarbha (Dìzàng Púsà) Mahāsthāmaprāpta (Dàshìzhì Púsà) Vajrapāṇi (Jīngāngshǒu Púsà) Maitreya (Mílè Púsa) Ākāśagarbha (Xūkōngzàng Púsà) Cundī (Zhǔntí Púsà) Tara (Duōluó Púsà) Sūryaprabha (Rìguāng Púsà) Candraprabha (Yuèguāng Púsà) Bhaiṣajyarāja (Yàowáng Púsà) Bhaiṣajyasamudgata (Yàoshàng Púsà) Cintāmaṇicakra (Rúyìlún Guānyīn) Vajrasattva (Jīngāng Sàduǒ Púsà) Nagarjuna (Lóngshù Púsà) Sitātapatrā (Báisǎngài Fódǐng) Wisdom Kings 明王 (Míngwáng) Eight Wisdom Kings (Bādà Míngwáng) Ten Wisdom Kings (Shídà Míngwáng) Mahamayuri (Kǒngquè Míngwáng) Ucchuṣma (Huìjì Jīngāng) Kuṇḍali (Jūntúlì Míngwáng) Hayagriva (Mǎtóu Guānyīn) Acala (Bùdòng Míngwáng) Trailokyavijaya (Xiángsānshì Míngwáng) Yamāntaka (Dàwēidé Míngwáng) Mahacakra (Dàlún Míngwáng) Padanaksipa (Bùzhì Míngwáng) Mahabala (Dàlì Míngwáng) Aparajita (Wúnéngshēng Míngwáng) Vajrahāsa (Dàxiào Míngwáng) Deities and Demons 諸天鬼神 (Zhūtiān Guǐshén) Twenty-Four Protective Deities (Èrshísì Zhūtiān) Twelve Heavenly Generals (Shí'èr Shénjiāng) Eight Great Yakṣa Generals (Bādà Yèchā Dàjiàng) Eight Legions of Devas and Nāgas (Tiānlóng bābù) Four Heavenly Kings (Sì Tiānwáng) Ulkāmukha Pretarāja (Miànrán Dàshì) Brahma (Fàntiān) Indra (Dìshìtiān) Shiva (Dàzìzàitiān) Lakshmi (Gōngdétiān) Saraswati (Biàncáitiān) Surya (Rìtiān) Chandra (Yuètiān) Pañcika (Sànzhī Dàjiàng) Hārītī (Guǐzǐmǔ) Yama (Yánluó Wáng) Marici (Mólìzhītiān) Prithvi (Jiānláo Dishén) Sāgara (Suōjiéluó Lóngwáng) Vajra-Weilding God (Zhíjīngāng shén) Gunyapati (Mìjī Jīngāng) Narayana (Nàluóyántiān) Mahākāla (Dàhēitiān) Sudhana (Shàncái) Nagakanya (Lóngnǚ) Puti Shushen Ziwei Emperor Dongyue Emperor (Dōngyuè Dàdì) Thunder god (Léigōng) Skanda (Wéituó) Sangharama Bodhisattva (Qíelán Púsà) Deva (Tiān) Nāga (Lóng) Asura (Āxiūluō) Yaksha (Yèchà) Garuda (Jiālóuluó) Gandharva (Gāntàpó) Kinnara (Jǐnnàluō) Mahoraga (Móhóuluójiā) Apsara (Fēitiān Nǚshén) Kalaviṅka (Jiālíngpínqié) Arhats 羅漢 (Luóhàn) Five Hundred Arhats (Wǔbǎi luóhàn) Eighteen Arhats (Shíbā Luóhàn) Sixteen Arhats (Shíliù Luóhàn) Mahākāśyapa (Xiánglóng Luóhàn) Nagasena(Wāěr Luóhàn) Rahula (Chénsāi Luóhàn) Pindola Bharadvaja (Qílù Luóhàn) Bodhidharma (Guojiāng Luóhàn) Asita (Chángméi Luóhàn) Kanaka the Vatsa (Xǐqìng Luóhàn) Kanaka the Bharadvaja (Jǔbō Luóhàn) Subinda (Tuōda Luóhàn) Nakula (Jìngzuò Luóhàn) Kalika (Qíxiàng Luóhàn) Vijraputra (Xiàoshī Luóhàn) Gobaka (Kāixīn Luóhàn) Pantha the Elder (Tànshǒu Luóhàn) Vanavasa (Bājiāo Luóhàn) Pantha the Younger (Kānmén Luóhàn) Sangha 高僧・祖師 (Gāosēng・Zǔshī) Ānanda Moggallāna Bodhidharma (Damo) An Shigao Kumarajiva Zhiyi Xuanzang Faxian Yijing Yixing Shandao Huiguo Amoghavajra (Bukong) Vajrabodhi (Jingangzhi) Śubhakarasiṃha (Shanwuwei) Hanshan Deqing Yunqi Zhuhong Ouyi Zhixu Budai Jigong Emperor Ming Emperor Wu Fu Dashi Mahayana Chan Pure Land Tiantai Huayan Chinese Esoteric Buddhism Tantrism Chinese mythology Religion in China

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Manjushri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjushri) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjushri?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.