# Manide language

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Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines

Manide Camarines Norte Agta Native to Philippines Region Camarines Norte & Quezon, Luzon Native speakers 3,800 (2010)[1] Language family Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine? Manide–Alabat Manide Language codes ISO 639-3 abd Glottolog cama1250 ELP Camarines Norte Agta

**Manide** is a [Philippine language](/source/Philippine_languages) spoken throughout the province of [Camarines Norte](/source/Camarines_Norte) in [Bicol region](/source/Bicol_region) and near the eastern edge of [Quezon](/source/Quezon) in [Southern Tagalog](/source/Southern_Tagalog) of southern [Luzon](/source/Luzon) in the [Philippines](/source/Philippines). Manide is spoken by nearly 4,000 [Negrito](/source/Negrito) people, most of whom reside in the towns of [Labo](/source/Labo%2C_Camarines_Norte), [Jose Panganiban](/source/Jose_Panganiban%2C_Camarines_Norte), and [Paracale](/source/Paracale).[2]

## History

Between 1903 and 1924, John M. Garvan (1963) visited Negrito Filipino communities in the region of Luzon and recorded the name Manide.[2][3]

Many of the Manide population's children still grow up speaking Manide.

## Classification

Manide is the most divergent out of the three other Negrito languages in Southern Luzon, namely [Inagta Alabat](/source/Inagta_Alabat_language), [Inagta Rinconada](/source/Inagta_Rinconada), and [Inagta Partido](/source/Inagta_Partido_language) (although Inagta Rinconada and Inagta Partido belong to the Bikol subgroup and not the Manide-Alabat subgroup).[2] In a survey of 1000 lexical items, 285 appeared to be unique, including new coinages which are forms that experienced semantic and or phonological shifts over time. In comparison, other Negrito languages such as [Batak](/source/Batak_language_(Philippines)), Inagta Rinconada/Partido, [Mamanwa](/source/Mamanwa_language), or [Inati](/source/Inati_language) have a cognate rate of over 90% with neighboring non-Negrito languages.[2]

The language genetically closest to Manide is the Inagta Alabat language.[4] According to a handful of words remembered by a group self-identifying as [Katabangan](/source/Katabangan_language) on the Bondoc Peninsula, as reported by Zubiri, that language may have also been related to Manide and Inagta Alabat.[5]

## Distribution

Lobel (2010) shows the separation of towns with Manide populations.

- [Camarines Norte](/source/Camarines_Norte) - [Basud](/source/Basud) – 2 communities, 175 speakers - [Labo](/source/Labo%2C_Camarines_Norte) – 9 communities, 1,542 speakers - [Jose Panganiban](/source/Jose_Panganiban%2C_Camarines_Norte) – 3 communities, 568 speakers - [Paracale](/source/Paracale) – 4 communities, 581 speakers - [Santa Elena](/source/Santa_Elena%2C_Camarines_Norte) – 1 community, 110 speakers - [Capalonga](/source/Capalonga) – 2 communities, 245 speakers - [San Lorenzo Ruiz](/source/San_Lorenzo_Ruiz%2C_Camarines_Norte) – 1 community, 45 speakers

- [Quezon](/source/Quezon) - [Calauag](/source/Calauag) – 1 community - [Lopez](/source/Lopez%2C_Quezon) – 1 community

- [Camarines Sur](/source/Camarines_Sur) - [Ragay](/source/Ragay) – 1 community, 200 speakers - [Lupi](/source/Lupi%2C_Camarines_Sur) – 1 community, 197 speakers

## Phonology

Consonants[6] Labial Alveolar Dorsal Glottal Nasal m n ŋ Plosive voiceless p t k ʔ voiced b d g Fricative s h Lateral l Trill r Glide w j

Vowels[6] Front Back Close i u Mid e ([ɛ]) o Open a

## Historical reflexes

Reflexes are words, sounds, or writing systems which are derived from previous, older elements or systems.

### Reflex of PMP *q

PMP *q is reflected in Manide as /ʔ/. The glottal stop may combine with other consonants in cluster, i.e. in the sequence /ʔC/ and /Cʔ/, e.g. *bag-áng* /bagʔáŋ/ 'mouth'.

### Reflex of PMP *R

The reflex of PMP *R in Manide is /g/. The reflex most likely comes from borrowed items in Tagalog.[6] For example, Manide *be-gí* /beʔgí/ 'new' is a reflex of Proto-Philippine **baqəRú* with the same meaning.

### Reflex of PMP *s

Normally, the reflex of PMP *s is /s/, but in some cases that has shifted to /h/ instead.[6]

### Reflex of PMP *d, *j, and *z

The reflexes of [Proto-Malayo-Polynesian](/source/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian_language) *d, *j, and *z are all /d/, with some exceptions for *j and *z.[6]

- An example for *j: Manide *ngádun* /ŋádun/ 'name' < PPH **ŋájan*

- An example for *d: Manide *dakép* /dakép/ 'catch, capture' < PPH **dakə́p*

- An example for *z: Manide *tudî* /tudíʔ/ 'teach' < PMP **tuzuq* 'point'

### Reflexes of PMP *ə.

The reflexes of PMP *ə are /a e i u/. /e/ is the only inherited reflex of PMP *ə, with /a i u/ being borrow reflexes.

## Verb morphology

Manide is a reduced-focus language because it primarily uses *mag-* for the actor focus and *-an* for the location focus, while *-en* takes place of the functions from Proto Malayo Polynesian **-ən* and **i-*, thus marking object focus.[2] There are two present forms, with the first being possessive. The second present form is used for habitual functions. In Southern Luzon, Manide is the only language that uses CVC reduplication.

Verb Conjunctions[6] AF OF/OF2 LF Infinitive mag- -en -an Past nag- i-, pi- i-...-an, pi-...-an Present Progressive CVC- ig-CVC- ig-CVC-...-an Present Habitual, Near Future pa- ipa-CVC- CVC-...-an Future nig- ig-, pig- ig-...-an Imperative <um>,Ø -en -an Negative Imperative mag-, ()g- (i)g-...-a (i)g-...-i Past Subjective (i)g- -a, pa-...-a -i, pa-...-i Past Negative pa- igpa- ?

## Pronouns

Pronouns in Manide make the same contrasts as in other Philippine languages.

Pronouns[6] TOP NOM GEN OBL 1SG há-ku =ek =ku (di) da-kú 2SG hiká =ka =mu (di) diká 3SG hiyú hiyú adiyú, =ye (di) diyú 1EX kamí =kamí =mì (di) dikamí 1IN kitá =kitá =tà (di) dikitá 1IN.PL (kitáhan)† (kitáhan) (=tahan) (di dikitáhan) 2PL kamú =kamú =yi (di) dikamú 3PL hidú†† hidú adidú (di) didú

## Vowel shifts

Vowel shifts are systematic sound changes in the pronunciation of vowel sounds. In Manide, there are vowel shifts following voiced stops /b d g/ and glides /w y/.[2] Low vowel fronting, back vowel fronting, and low vowel backing are all present in Manide.

Fronting refers to a change in the articulation of a vowel with shifts to vowels further forward in the mouth. (i.e., the position of the highest point of the tongue during its pronunciation).[7]

### Low vowel fronting

Low vowel fronting is the shift of *a to a front vowel such as /e/. Fronting may occur due to assimilation to nearby sounds, or it may form independently. It is part of a feature among many Negrito Filipino languages from northern Luzon to Manide.[2]

### Back vowel fronting

Back vowel fronting is the change of the vowel *u to /i/. It is related to low vowel fronting as back vowel fronting happens after /b d g/, but there are few occurrences after *b.

Manide shows 16 different forms of back vowel fronting, which generally happens after *t and *l.[6]

### Low vowel backing

In Manide, low vowel backing is the shift from *a to /u/. Low vowel backing is unique to Manide, as it is not known to occur in any other language of the Philippines. Ten occurrences of low vowel backing of the shift *a to /u/ have been recorded.[6]

## Case markers

Case markers in Manide are similar to those of other Philippine languages. The case markers show the relationships of nouns and noun phrases to a verb. The most common situations are genitive, nominative, and oblique. Something very unusual is that Manide uses the same case markers for personal names just as used with common nouns. There are no 'personal' case markers in Manide for in the plural form, only the singular form.

Case Markers in Manide[6] Common Personal (Singular) NOM hu (~'h) hu GEN nu (~'n) nu OBL di (~'d) di

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-e18_1-0)** [Manide](https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/abd/) at *[Ethnologue](/source/Ethnologue)* (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Lobel_2010_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Lobel_2010_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Lobel_2010_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Lobel_2010_2-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Lobel_2010_2-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Lobel_2010_2-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Lobel_2010_2-6) Lobel, Jason William (2010). "Manide: An Undescribed Philippine Language". *Oceanic Linguistics*. **49** (2): 478–510. [CiteSeerX](/source/CiteSeerX_(identifier)) [10.1.1.823.647](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.823.647). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [40983976](https://www.jstor.org/stable/40983976).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Garvan, John M. (1963). Hochegger, Hermann (ed.). *The Negritos of the Philippines*. Wiener Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte und Linguistik Band XIV. Vienna: Ferdinand Berger Horn. (Published posthumously from field notes taken by Garvan between 1903 and 1924.)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Lobel, Jason William; Alpay, Amy Jugueta; Barreno, Rosie Susutin; Barreno, Emelinda Jugueta (2020). "Notes from the Field: Inagta Alabat: A Moribund Philippine Language, with Supporting Audio". *Language Documentation & Conservation*. **14**: 1–57. [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[10125/24912](https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F24912).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ISO-2019-024_5-0)** [*Comments Received for ISO 639-3 Change Request 2019-024*](https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/CR_Comments_2019-024.pdf) (PDF), SIL International ISO 639-3 Registration Authority.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Lobel_2013_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Lobel_2013_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Lobel_2013_6-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Lobel_2013_6-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Lobel_2013_6-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Lobel_2013_6-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Lobel_2013_6-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-Lobel_2013_6-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-Lobel_2013_6-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-Lobel_2013_6-9) Lobel, Jason William (2013). [*Philippine and North Bornean Languages : Issues in Description, Subgrouping, and Reconstruction*](http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/graduate/Dissertations/JasonLobelFinal.pdf) (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Thompson, Rupert, "Vowel Fronting", in Giannakis, Georgios K. (ed.), *Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics*, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1163/2214-448x_eagll_sim_00000548](https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2214-448x_eagll_sim_00000548).

v t e Philippine Negrito languages Northern Luzon Atta Arta Northern Alta Southern Alta Central Cagayan Agta Northeastern Luzon Dupaningan Agta Dinapigue Agta Casiguran Dumagat Agta Nagtipunan Agta Paranan Agta Central Luzon Ayta Mag-indi Ayta Mag-anchi Ayta Abellen Ayta Ambala Ayta Magbukun (Mariveleño) Hatang Kayi (Remontado) Manide-Inagta Manide Inagta Alabat (Inagta Lopez) Katabangan † Central Philippine Bikol Inagta Rinconada Inagta Partido Mount Iraya Agta † Visayan Magahat Karolanos Mansakan Mamanwa Mindanao Ata Manobo Matigsalug (Tigwa) Northern Mindoro Iraya Palawan Batak Ati Ati (unclassified) Umiray Dumaget Ata Cross (†) and italics indicate extinct languages.

v t e Philippine languages Batanic (Bashiic) Itbayat Ivatan Yami Bilic Blaan Tboli Teduray Central Luzon Hatang Kayi (Remontado) Kapampangan Sambalic Abellen Ambala Bolinao Botolan Mag-antsi Mag-indi Mariveleño Sambal Greater Central Philippine Central Philippine Bikol Albay Bikol Central Bikol Isarog Agta Mount Iraya Agta Mount Iriga Agta Pandan Bikol Rinconada Bisayan Aklanon Asi Bantayanon Baybay Butuanon Caluyanon Capiznon Cebuano Boholano Old Cebuano † Cuyonon Hiligaynon Kabalian Karay-a Karolanos Magahat Masbateño Northern Sorsogon Onhan Porohanon Ratagnon Romblomanon Southern Sorsogon Sulod Surigaonon Tausug Waray Mansakan Davawenyo Kalagan Kamayo Mamanwa Mandaya Mansaka Tagalic Kasiguranin Tagalog Old Tagalog † Batangueño Filipino (unclassified) Ata Danao Iranun Maguindanao Maranao Gorontalo–Mongondow Bintauna Bolango Buol Gorontalo Kaidipang Lolak Mongondow Ponosakan Suwawa Manobo Agusan Ata Manobo Binukid Cotabato Manobo Higaonon Ilianen Kagayanen Kamigin Matigsalug Obo Sarangani Tagabawa Western Bukidnon Palawanic Aborlan Tagbanwa Batak Central Tagbanwa Palawano Taawʼt Bato Southern Mindoro Buhid Hanunoo Tawbuid Subanen Western Subanon Kalamian Agutaynen Calamian Tagbanwa Minahasan Tombulu Tondano Tonsawang Tonsea Tontemboan Northern Luzon Arta Dicamay Agta † Ilocano Cagayan Valley Atta Cagayan Agta Gaʼdang Gaddang Ibanag Isnag Itawis Yogad Meso-Cordilleran Northern Alta Southern Alta Central Cordilleran Balangao Bontoc Ifugao Isinai Itneg Kalinga Kankanaey Tuwali Southern Cordilleran Bugkalot Ibaloi Iwaak Kalanguya Karao Pangasinan Northern Mindoro Alangan Iraya Tadyawan Sangiric Bantik Ratahan Sangir Talaud Other branches Ati Klata Umiray Dumaget Manide–Alabat Inagta Alabat Manide ?Katabangan † Reconstructed Proto-Philippine † † indicates extinct status ? indicates classification dispute

v t e Languages of the Philippines Official languages Filipino English Regional languages Aklanon Bikol Cebuano Chavacano Hiligaynon Ibanag Ilocano Ivatan Kapampangan Karay-a Maguindanao Maranao Pangasinan Sambal Surigaonon Tagalog Tausug Waray Yakan Indigenous languages (by region) Bangsamoro Iranun Pangutaran Sama Sama Bicol Region Albay Bikol Inagta Partido Manide Masbateño Mount Iraya Agta Mount Iriga Agta Northern Sorsogon Pandan Bikol Rinconada Bikol Southern Catanduanes Bikol Southern Sorsogon Cagayan Valley Arta Atta Bugkalot Central Cagayan Agta Dinapigue Agta Dupaningan Agta Gaddang Isinai Itawis Itbayat Kalanguya Karao Malaweg Nagtipunan Agta Paranan Agta Paranan Yogad Calabarzon Inagta Alabat Manide Hatang Kayi (Remontado) Southern Alta Umiray Dumaget Caraga Agusan Ata Manobo Butuanon Higaonon Kamayo Mamanwa Central Luzon Abellen Ambala Antsi Botolan Casiguran Dumagat Agta Indi Kasiguranin Mariveleño Northern Alta Southern Alta Umiray Dumaget Central Visayas Bantayanon Eskayan Karolanos Magahat Porohanon Cordillera Atta Balangao Bontoc Ga'dang Ibaloi Ifugao Isnag Itawis Itneg Iwaak Kalanguya Kalinga Kankanaey Malaweg Tuwali Davao Region Blaan Davaoeño Kalagan Klata Mandaya Mansaka Obo Sangir Sarangani Tagabawa Eastern Visayas Abaknon Baybay Kabalian Ilocos Region Bolinao Metro Manila Taglish Mimaropa Agutaynen Alangan Asi Batak Buhid Calamian Tagbanwa Central Tagbanwa Cuyonon Hanunoo Iraya Kagayanen Molbog Onhan Palawano Ratagnon Romblomanon Tadyawan Tawbuid Northern Mindanao Bukid Higaonon Ilianen Iranun Kamigin Matigsalug Subanen Western Bukidnon Soccsksargen Blaan Cotabato Manobo Ilianen Iranun Obo Tboli Teduray Western Visayas Ata Ati Caluyanon Capiznon Sulod Zamboanga Peninsula Sibuco-Vitali Sama Subanen Immigrant languages Arabic Basque Chinese Hokkien Mandarin French German Japanese Korean Malay Indonesian Malaysian Sindhi Spanish status Sign languages Filipino Sign Language Historical languages Proto-Philippine Old Tagalog Old Cebuano

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Manide language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manide_language) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manide_language?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.